Exercise Term Papers Samples For Students

What is the interaction between personal freedom and infringement of people’s liberty? Well, in order to understand this association, it is important to go back in time. Personal freedom is based on the maxim of liberty, and this was envisaged by early philosophers such as John Stuart Mill. The maxim of individual liberty envisions that individuals have the freedom of choice and make decisions without any restrictions. Most western democracies have taken measures to safeguard personal freedom as a fundamental right, and this has seen the protection of personal freedom by most constitutions in the world. Nevertheless, personal freedom ...

Introduction

Family is the most basic and fundamental unit of the society. The strength of the family units determines the overall welfare of the society. Social progress and the stability of the family units are inextricably intertwined. The health of the family determines the general welfare of the society. Rules and regulations have been promulgated in different jurisdictions to protect the family from unqualified medical practice. In relation to this, mental health practice for a long time had been encroached by quacks and untrained medical practitioners. For the last twenty give years, therapy has been confined to individual and family therapy ...

Introduction

There are many approaches and methodologies that can be used to teach English to speakers of foreign language. Each approach and method comes with its own strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, the writer will outline the main approaches and methods that he has adapted to and finds to be the most appropriate for the teaching of English to people who are learning English as a second language. To this end, the paper will provide a reflective analysis of important course readers that have been utilized in the duration of the course and provide an adaptation of what could be the ...

Rituals are part of every aspect of life and are practiced in different ways. There are rituals that are distinct to religion, sports and even education. In religion, rituals are common are form part of religious practice. Most religions in society today practice different activities that set them aside and distinguish them from each other. Most of the rituals that are practiced in religion serve different purposes and more importantly they serve and represent the beliefs of the different religion. Some of the world religions that indulge in religious rituals and practices include Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, ...

Summary of Parts 1, 11 & 111

Section 1 outlined the PICO problem. It stated that human errors and poor communication among members of the preoperative, the operative team and the surgeon were the main reasons for these irregularities. Surgical time-out, accurate site marking and effective channels of communication among medical attendants are among the major guidelines to correct or lower incidences of wrong site surgery. While these guidelines are apparently effective theoretical; it is important to understand that the wrong site surgery cases are mainly caused by small errors during surgery and preoperative procedures. Thus, it is critical that an organization focuses on identifying the ...

Introduction

Wrestling is a combat sport in which two opponents with the help of different grappling techniques like throws and takedowns, clinch fighting, pins, and joint locks try to obtain and maintain a superior position (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014). Wrestling is a form of ancient martial art that was very popular in the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. It is believed that the ancient Greeks developed wrestling in order to prepare soldiers in hand-to-hand combat. After the Greeks were defeated by the Romans, wrestling was borrowed by the Romans who modified the sport by eliminating much of the brutality of the Greek way wrestling. ...

1970-1980’s (Newman, Parse, Watson, Rogers) iv. Development of the metaparadigm per Fawcett

v. Development of paradigms
1. Simultaneity and Totality
2. Particulate-Deterministic, Interactive -Integrative, Unitary Transformative
III. Discuss knowledge development in nursing (10 points)
a. Carper’s Ways of Knowing
b. Emancipatory Knowing
c. Ways of unknowing
d. Role of research
e. Role of the socio political environment
IV. Application/Synthesis for Advanced Practice (10 points)

Describe how the new advanced knowledge, in the course to date has informed and influenced your own perspective on nursing:

i. Philosophic
a. What philosophy is most congruent with your own personal philosophy and why?
ii. Paradigm of Nursing
a. Discuss the congruence between your nursing philosophy and your nursing paradigm
b. Describe ...

When I entered this course, I had very little idea about Jainism. I only knew that most Jains were devout vegetarians, and some wore white clothes. The three important things I learned from this course are the codes of living which the Jains follow devotedly such as ahimsa, satya – asteya and aparigraha. I especially found the concept of satya and asteya very captivating. It is interesting to think of leading single day of complete truthfulness as a vow. Whereas, I do follow asteya by not stealing, truthfulness is much harder to practice, and while I do try to follow ahimsa, ...

Introduction

Congestive heart failure is a condition whereby the heart is not able to pump enough oxygenated blood to the body (Kulick & Shiel, 2013). It is a common heart condition which is experienced all over the world. People with kidney, liver or lung problems are more predisposed to the condition than people without those problems. It can be a fatal disease if not carefully managed. Patients with congestive heart failure usually have to undergo a lot of treatment procedures to avoid fatalities. Nursing care can be administered at home for cases that are not severe. There are a variety of drugs used in treating congestive ...

The Article on the Standards of Practice for Culturally competent Nursing Care: 2011 update published in the Journal of Transcultural Nursing in 2011, looks into the practical standards that can be applied in the health care setting to ensure safe and effective health care services to the patients. The standards stated in the article reflect a global health care practice environment in terms of clinical practice, education, research as well as administration. Therefore, the standards addressed in the article address different parties for health care services which range from individuals to populations. One such party is the Military population in ...

I have a very great passion for nursing profession. One of my biggest objectives is to become a distinct nurse with strict adherence to the nursing code of ethics. This will enable me to make a positive change in peoples’ lives. I wish to become an example to many and show them that it is possible to provide quality health care to the patients despite high demands that our patients could be having. Another objective is to expand my knowledge base through pursuance of academic advancement. My aim is to be a holder of a bachelors degree after which I will enroll for a master’ ...

It goes without question that for coexistence in any society, there is a need for certain values which should guide the conduct of individuals in that society. One of the core societal values is the freedom of religion with the right for everyone to practice his or her own faith. Freedom of religion can be defined as the right to exercise religious choices and options as one desires without being blamed or condemned for exercising such options. In other words, it refers to the right to self-determination with regards to religious matters. Freedom of religion goes hand in hand with ...

Introduction

The current business environment has created a tough competition among companies each struggles to appear in top ten of the best-practice companies. The Financial Economics uses several factors in determining the suitability of an organization to be ranked among the best practice companies. On the other hand, the best-practice companies share some similarities, and also there are some differences in their operations. A company becomes recognized for its best practices based on the amount of revenues in the respective fiscal year. In addition, the classification is based on the market value that determines the company’s share price as a product ...

Reflection on Prior Instructor-Led Learning

- Determine the Objective
- Pre-test for existing knowledge
- Outline the Objective for the students
- Give step-by-step instructions on how to reach the Objective
- Show examples
- Have students practice examples
- Give post-test to see if Objective has been achieved.
The very first thing is for the Instructor to think about what the objective of the lesson is to be. What do you want the students to learn? All instructions and learning materials should be geared to the objective. You wouldn’t come to a Science class with ingredients ...

Background and definition of yoga

According to Tait, Laditka, Laditka, Nies and Racine, the number of Americans resorting to Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has increased tremendously in the recent past decades (24). Yoga, a term used to denote the physical, mental and spiritual disciplines that form part of the six principal systems of Indian thinking called darsana (Desikachar, Skelton, and Carter 1), is one form of CAM which, even though has its origin and wide usage in India, has spread rapidly to all parts of the world owing to its numerous and essential health benefits. As Desikachar, Skelton, and Carter assert, the term Yoga, ...

Accountability is a professional value that supersedes boundaries. It is taking responsibility for one’s actions despite the consequences. Also, it embraces refraining from making excuses or casting blame on another member of the team just to be acceptable by authorities. In the following pages of this document the author will discuss in detail what it means to be accountable.

Nursing: Professional Accountability

Professional nursing encompasses practicing as a professional nurse. It is distinct from all other health care disciplines. The Calgary Health Region Framework embraced the concept that ‘professional nursing is a commitment to compassion; caring and strong ethical values’ (Girard et.al, 2005). It involves ...

An Analysis

[Institution Title]

Abstract

The paper is entitled Nursing Informatics Theory Paper: An Analysis and it generally discusses Patricia M. Schwirian’s Nursing Informatics Theory called NI Pyramid and Schwirian Cube. The goal of the paper is to establish its usefulness in the clinical nursing practice and find ways in which the system can further be developed to address the recent trends in information technology to fit the demands of the nursing health care delivery system. After extensive review it was established that the model has perfect use for the clinical nursing practice. However, issues on security, cost and maintenance should ...

Importance of Nursing Theories

Importance of Nursing Theory
Nursing theory can be defined as a belief or a set of proposed procedures or policies that must be followed concerning every nursing action. It is a set of frameworks of concepts that are developed to act as a guide for nurses. The theories were created to analyze and give meaning to the practice of nursing, guide the practice and offer a platform for clinical decision making (Masters, 2011). Nursing theories were developed through the collaboration of nurses with other healthcare professionals. In most cases, nurses use a range of approaches to carry out their ...

Abstract

Introduction
Nursing practice recognizes altruism through various interventions such as understanding different beliefs and cultures, advocating for vulnerable patients, taking risks on behalf of other workers and patients and mentoring other professionals. In altruism, interpersonal factors such as respect and compassion are considered virtues that cultivate a caring attitude towards others. As such, some people feel that altruism usually places heavy demands on the nurses’ self-sacrifice, thus overlooking the challenges that these nurses face while in practice especially with acute-care settings and psychiatric situations. In this regard, it means that master’s prepared nurses have a role to play ...

Introduction

After the current economic crisis, the thing that emerged like essential for the entities is their inner confidence and efforts to compete with other organizations operating in similar line of business and control (Adair & Thomas, 2004). Growth and Development in regular concession is extremely essential for an organization, because it is the only thing that can keep it edgy and productive in terms of their competitors. The power of competition has increased heavily in all over the world especially after the current economic crisis, and from that period, the stance of competition is increasing heavily (Elias, 2007).
History ...

Netflix’s marketing strategy change

Introduction
Change is an integral part of everyday life both for organizations and individuals. It is often considered negative, since it involves a certain level of stress for the system and a disruption of the conventional organizational practices. However, along with the negative side, change also entails benefits, if it is conducted in the right way. This paper aims to present an example of the recent change in Netflix strategy and to explain the possible reasons for its failure. This example applies change management theories and concepts to the Netflix case, in order to identify what went wrong and, thus ...

Introduction

Capital punishment has been evolving over the centuries all over the world. The reasons for the use capital punishment were many which led to abuse of the system. More countries that were practicing capital punishment have ceased to do so in the modern world. Some of the methods used for the executions became unacceptable leading to the drive to eradicate the practice. This paper will show that the use of death penalty/capital punishment as a crime control method is declining around the world and on the way out, replaced by more civilised methods of punishment.
- Capital punishment in ...

Introduction

This document examines change in a department or unit. The identified change is allowing more autonomy for obstetric nurses to function according to their scope of practice and developed competencies; The unit or department is obstetrics. Kurt Lewin change model along with the Grandfolkie model were used as techiqques for the change development.

Identification of problem/Issue

Experts have contended that in the same way as how World Health Organization described health being not merely the absence of disease, but complete physical, mental and social wellbeing; similarly, healthy work environments mean more than the absence of malfunctions or irregularities, but one in which ...

Introduction

The secret to a long life has always been a fascinating topic and an appealing scientific inquiry. People are interested with the elixir of life. This is because everyone wants to die old and extend their stay on earth. The whole of humanity embraces youthfulness and life, in general. The manner by which people live is also paramount. Most people anywhere in the world are interested with health and wellness. Public health has also become a necessity while modern medicines and several technologies are trying to slow down the natural processes of ageing (Manning, et. al., 2012).
Most popular longevity factors ...

The long-term care system in the United States is becoming an increasingly importunate policy issue. With the increasing number of the elderly people in the U.S., there is need for policy makers to incorporate policies to take care of their needs. Despite the fact that long-term care receives little attention than health care, long-term is also of equal importance in the U.S. There are challenges in implementing the long-term care system in the U.S. because of many unmet demands and the chronic illnesses of the elderly. The state and the federal government differ on who should finance the long-term ...

Quite often people ask themselves why some achieve greatness while others fail to do it. What is the difference between these groups of people and what are the secrets of greatness? These issues are widely discussed in Colvin’s article “What it takes to be great”. In it the author dwells on the possible measures that people can adopt in order to become great and to achieve success. Moreover, Colvin believes that greatness is available for everyone and mentions the fundamental principles people should live by if they want to achieve success. According to the author, it is not ...

Customer Inserts name of instructor:

(14th March 2016)

Mission Statement

EduCare’s mission is to provide care to the mentally challenged, critically ill, elderly, and substance abuse victims in the society (Texas). In particular, the organization is a non-profit firm dedicated to the provision of excellent services to humanity that enhances their living conditions, especially the mentally challenged. Through efficiency and effectiveness, EduCare ensures that persons with disability achieve the highest quality support. EduCare has over 30 years experience in providing mental health home services to clients in Texas.
The organization mission relates to social work practice whereby service is based on skill, compassion, respect and ...

Introduction

Mining activities can pose serious environmental and health implications. Although, these environmental and health hazards can be mitigated and effectively managed through sound engineering and environmental practices, these environmental and health issues associated with mining operations could not be totally eradicated. In general, there are three major players in the mining industry: the company, which include the employees and the stockholders; the regulatory bodies, which include the government and other national and international environmental organizations; and the community, which are not directly related to the mining industry, but is impacted by its operations. Each one of these stakeholders has ...

Effectiveness of written, verbal, nonverbal and electronic communication

Communication is the exchanging of ideas, conclusions and data among individuals by discourse, written work or signs. Different individuals communicate in different ways. Viable communication is integral to all restorative association and is progressively recognized in norms of wellbeing and social forethought. The right of a single person to utilize their dialect of decision is additionally perceived. The nature of communication that an individual exercises is important, and especially in nursing since it affects the interaction with clients.
Verbal or oral communication uses spoken words to impart a message. Simply put, verbal communication is talking and listening. Verbal communication is ...

Introduction

Some actions such as divorce, same sex marriage and other practices were considered morally wrong in the past (Giletti, 2012). However, in the modern times, they have been legally accepted and most people are now thinking that these practices are not morally wrong. This is now the trend in the ethical issues of downloading digital music and videos. People think that downloading digital music and videos from the internet is morally wrong because it is still illegal. However, there are also people thinking that the illegality of this practice is not enough to settle its morality or ethical judgment.
...

Other Details:

Family Emotional Systems Theory: An Insight

Introduction

The theory of Family Emotional Systems was first introduced by Murray Bowen in 1974 and became popular as the Bowen Theory. It was one of the first theories on the institution of family and is being used by psychologists in their practice of family therapy. It has also been the basis of considerable research. The theory focuses on relationships within a family. Bowen contends that too much closeness or too much distance in a relationship generates anxiety. The level or extent of anxiety is determined by the level of sensitivity and the amount ...

Term Paper: Jean Jacques Rousseau vs. John Locke

Economic inequality is a menace that has been witnessed in the developing and the developed nations since ancient times. Legislation regarding the ownership of property has drawn heated criticism from various scholars and human rights activists. John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are among the activists who have expressed strong ideas concerning the issue of ownership of private property. John in the Second Treaties of Government takes a soft stance. He defends the natural right of acquiring private property despite the economic inequalities that the move bears to the people of the nation. John’s stance on the matter has widely been embraced ...

Abstract

Incredible advancements in nursing service intervention have forged immense reformation of techniques in treating numerous diseases. The overall aim is to improve outcomes and promote efficient nursing care. As such, the American Nurse Credential Center (2008) has developed a model which provides the framework for future nursing practice. Also, it is expected to serve as a guideline for organizations wishing to achieve recognition in the Magnet Hospital program (American Nurse Credential Center, 2008). This exposition encompassing a literature review is a sample of both the components of this model as well as forces linked to its execution process within the context of magnetism ( ...

Behavioral interventions can be grouped as either antecedent-based interventions (ABI) or consequence-based interventions (CBI). CBI is a group of practices in which the problem behaviors are addressed by manipulating the reinforcement or punishment stimuli following an observed behavior, whereas ABI refers to a group of behavioral interventions that are concerned with the modification of environmental factors that are believed to precede problem behaviors (Tullis, Cannella-Malone, & Payne, 2015). Therefore, ABI strategies are implemented before the problem behavior occurs, so their unique quality is the possibility of problem behavior prevention, which makes the behavioral change easier to maintain compared to results ...

Personal Philosophy of Nursing

Nursing is a profession whose primary function is to provide care to patients who need it. As a result, the practice is not inclined towards those who pursue it for a hefty paycheck or fame, but rather those who are ready to provide care and show support to their fellow human being. It is for this I decided to pursue the nursing profession. I believe that I was called to the practice and equipped with requisite skills and values such as honesty, caring, and understanding, to enhance the quality of my work. In other words, the nursing practice chose ...

Theories offer a logical way of understanding situations, events and human behavior. Patient care, particularly psychiatric care, warrants nurse practitioners to clearly understand the case background and current circumstances to give conscientious care to the patients and their family members. Theories guide practicing nurses to shape their personal philosophy, behavior and work ethics to fit into the realm of certain established principles and procedures of nursing care. A wide range of nursing theories introduced to nursing professionals during their training helps them to select a particular theory that suits their aspiration and passion to inspire their career development goals. ...

Social work is often misinterpreted in mainstream society as a job that one can simply walk into, knowing the ins and outs. Social workers have a job to better communities and families, and to do so appears to be a matter of common sense. Many are surprised to find out an individual may need a University level degree in order to get a job as a social worker. Stranger still, many are surprised you need a degree at all. While it is true that much of what social workers do does involve common sense, they still have laws to abide by. There are still ethical codes ...

- List one contribution and one criticism of cognitive theories of development.
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has been recognized for its contribution in developing scientific study in psychology. Its contribution is significant in linking cognitive changes with the aggregate neural and visceral changes in the body with the resulting emergence of the psychophysiological development approach in the study of psychology. However, the theory is also criticized owing to its lack of scientific approach to its theory development involving the issues on using small samples for its tests and the absence of using statistical figure analysis in ...

(Author Name)
(Course Name/Number)
The Tavistock Model was originally developed at the Tavistock Clinic in London around the onset of the First World War It started as a classroom experiment for students studying infants, but soon became an accepted practice throughout the social science field as a means of observing infants, children, and adults. The model itself has deep roots in Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory and was developed as a collaboration between child psychoanalyst Esther Bick and Dr. John Bowlby. Because the concentration started as a means of observing the stages of emotional and mental development in children, ...

Implications of Change in Healthcare Delivery System on nurse leadership

Technology drives most of the healthcare delivery system and the changing technology has resulted in the transforming face of modern healthcare system. The practice of nursing becomes quite dynamic when seen in purview of the technological advancements and their implications (Melnyk et al., 2012). For example, genetics and genomic field has encountered a substantial change as large number of diseases, risk factors, therapies and treatments have genomic elements which are influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors, thus having a greater impact on nursing practice. This compels the nurse leaders know more about genomic and genetics to effectually teach and ...

Critical Analysis of the Three Main Theories of Learning and Their Relevance to Adults in Higher Education

Over the years of teaching practice, scholars and researchers from different areas of pedagogy, psychology, and philosophy have revealed the most effective theories and methods of teaching. Behaviorist, cognitive, and constructivist theories are considered to be the most efficient and productive learning approaches. The use of these theories in education helps teaching experience to gain the important ideas that fully meet the objectives of education of an active and mature personality. Hence, the selection of the optimal theory, or their mixing, aims at improving the learning process, making it more effective. This efficiency is due to the received result, ...

Introduction

The American healthcare system is the most expensive in the world as indicated by mirror reports in 2010, 2007, 2006, and 2004 (Davis, Stremikis, Squires & Schoen, 2014, p. 7). According to Bhattacharya & Hyde, (2013, p. 251), by 1960, America’s expenditure on healthcare was low to an extent that it could only spend a twentieth of her Gross Domestic Product on healthcare costs. The U.S. ranks the first in term of cost related problems since the price elasticity of healthcare services in America is relatively elastic. Considering that many people are price sensitive, they opt for alternative care other than ...

Philosophy

The theory of situated cognition postulates that human thoughts are related to the environment in which we are situated. That what a human perceives, and how we conceive the activities we are involved in develops together with what we do physically.
Situated cognition suggests that the learning process of an individual is tied to the authentic activity, culture and context of an individual. I.e., it is difficult for a person to learn from unnatural activities for instance learning a foreign language by immersion is easier than having to learn a new language through secondary media such as textbooks and vocabulary appendices.
...

Religion and spirituality continue to be unrecognized as effective strategies for coping against tragedies and life pressures and as essential factors in self-protection and psycho-emotional resiliency (Bryan-Davis, Austria, Kawahara & Willis, 2014). Despite that, these concepts constitute key pathways towards the holistic health and well-being of women (Bryant-Davis, Gray & Bhang, 2014). This paper explores the influences of religion and spirituality on women’s wellbeing, the few specific forms of nontraditional spirituality (such as Astrology, Hinduism, Gnosticism, Yoga, and Meditation), the seven markers of spiritual wellness according to Pazzino (2014), my personal definition of spirituality, my personal spiritual wellness self-assessment, and ...

Individual Rights

Individual Rights
Individual Rights vis-à-vis Social Order
Individual rights pertain to the liberties and freedoms embraced in the human rights of every person. These rights are validated, confirmed and guaranteed by the Bill of Rights and the Constitutional amendments. These rights include the freedom to practice (or not) religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of petition, right against self-incrimination, right against self-incrimination, right to due process, and other rights granted in criminal proceedings (US Constitution). In democracies, such as the United States, individual rights play a significant role in society. Social ...

Duality and free will

Religions have long taught about the relationship between the body and soul. The Hinduism religion that is observed in a substantial part of Asia teaches that the soul and the body are two independent things. It is for this reason that they teach their followers about the immortality of the soul and the mortal nature of the human body. The religions, especially the ancient Asian religions teach that the soul of an individual will wander in space after the death of the body until it finds another human body. They further explain that the soul in a baby that has just ...

Any officer of the law is expected to be above suspicion and present themselves as a stalwart example to the community they protect. Corruption in law enforcement is supposed to remain rooted in fictional stories and television and films that are made to entertain the masses. It is unfortunate then that the truth is that the depiction of corruption in law enforcement within the fictional boundaries has a very solid, realistic base from which to work. Despite their trusted and respected roles in their communities, police officers are not immune to temptation. Accepting gratuities are among the worst violations ...

Integration of Health System

Over the years, vertical and horizontal integrated delivery systems have been regarded as the panacea for the many problems that face the healthcare delivery system. In this regard, two integrated health systems will be appraised. For the horizontally integrated health system, the Mayo clinic will be considered while for the vertically integrated health system, the Intermountain Health Care, Inc. (IHC) will be considered.
The Intermountain Health Care, Inc. (IHC), is the leading hospital chain and HCO in the entire Intermountain West (Burns, 2014). The IHC has a capacity of 23 hospitals and it caters for the needs of over ...

Leadership is an intricate construct, with widely disparate qualities and definitions. According to Northhouse (2007) and Giltinane (2013), leadership refers to the focus of several group processes i.e. it is a process of influencing group processes in setting and achieving mutually negotiated goals. By implication, leadership is a contextual construct born out of interactions among leaders and their respective followers. Specifically, Rowe (2007) describes leadership as a process of influencing members of a group to agree on, and understand what needs to be, and how it should be done, as well as the process of mediating group and individual efforts to attain shared ...

<h2>Abstract</h2> <p>The paper will address the social conflict theory that was instigated by Karl Marx in the 18th century. The theory had been in place since then but has undergone various changes with the changes in the society. The paper will exploit the developmental journey of the theory and discuss what was added or subtracted from the original ideologies of the theory in modernity. Moreover, there will be an examination of how the theory came to be. For instance, Marx came up with the theory after witnessing first-hand the exploitation of the lower class. He developed the theory to explain <!--more-->the exploitation. Therefore, the paper will go into detail on such. It will also highlight the development of the Marx theory and incorporation of theories such as the feminist theories. It will examine how the social conflict theory was shapes in the modern age and the things that determine its ideals. Social theories have been backed up by empirical research, which must be addressed in this paper. The strengths and weaknesses of the identified research and those that associate with how the theory developed will also be discussed.</p> <h2>Introduction</h2> <p>Social conflict theory is a concept that argues that relationships in the society are imbalanced and exist as a way to exploit people. The theory notes that the social groups or classes that constitute the community have varying amounts of resources, leading to the classification of the poor and the rich. The theory is premised on Marxism, who preaches on the exploitation of the weak by those who are economically advantaged. Social evolution, which denotes the growth of the society and relationships in it, gave rise to social conflicts in which those relationships occur for exploitation purposes. The economically strong have achieved their status through the exploitive means because that is how they gain. An example is when an employer pays an employee less than they deserve because they want to keep a magnitude of the profits. The discussion will be about the historical foundations of the theory, its development, and empirical research done in the areas while highlighting the weaknesses and strengths in both.</p> <h2>Karl Marx Conflict Theory Essays</h2> <p>The social conflict theory has its origin, as stipulated above, in thinkers such as Karl Marx. Other scholars have refined the ideologies behind the theories over time, and include people such as Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Even so, Karl Marx is known as the father of the social conflict theory. It has its roots deep in the eighteenth century, when Marx noted the classification of the society into the ruling and working classes of individuals (Rossides, 1998). The two classes formed the society and were defined solely by financial well-being. Karl Marx, a German, noted the need for a revolution or reform in the society that existed in the eighteenth century. The reason is that the bourgeoisie were seen to exploit the proletariats, who mainly formed the bulk of the working class. At the time, there were many bids for the revolution of the German society where government was to be taken away from the ruling class that constituted of the wealthy. What the theorist noted is that the people had surrendered all their rights to the government that was run by the wealthy. As a result, it had all the power and controlled all the means of production. The ruling class was also in charge of the political and legal systems. In such a way, the working class was left at the mercy of the ruling class that deeply exploited it.<br /> What instigated the origin of the theory in the century was when Marx determined that the work that was done by the workers was what led to the growth of the society (Stolley, 2005). He, therefore, found it ironic that the same people that cause the society to be what it is should be exploited. The society that they create through their work establishes relationships that are materialistic in nature. The emergence and growth of society in history were divided into three parts. The parts, namely economic, political, and social structures were responsible for the formation of the society. These three aspects came about as a result of the formation of relationships in the society. In the 19th century, the theory was based on criticism of the capitalism that was witnessed in most of the countries. Capitalism was seen as a major contributing factor towards what shaped the social conflict theory. The nineteenth century was a rush by many societies to a acquire wealth. They embraced the aspect of capitalism that propelled the society into formation of classes. There was a need for people to work in the broad industrialization that has spread throughout Europe. In addition, the aspect of private ownership of land caused an exploitation of the people who did not own property. Those who were in an advantageous position controlled legal and political institutions. Socialism stopped playing any role in how wealth was distributed in the society. To maintain the way things were, the ruling class developed a legal framework that was not favorable to the working class. Those who owned the capital controlled the politics and laws that could be used to change things. After carefully analyzing the situation, Karl Marx developed the social conflict theory. He also noted that those who were in a higher economic position had the power, given through political institutions, to make the working class do as they wished. Because of such mistreatments, there were conflicts in the society that existed between the two social groups. The conflict developed in the 1920s to include the aspect of intellectual controls. It was observed that the ruling class controlled how people thought by imposing ideas on them. The intellectualism of society, therefore, was in conflict because human beings have the freedom to think, but the ruling class made decisions for them.<br /> The 1950s were a period when sociologists exploited the theory that Marx had come up with and refined it accordingly. The theory was developed from the rawness that was used by Marx into something that reflected the changes that had occurred at the time. Society is not a permanent entity and is exposed to radical changes in the social, economic, legal and political system. For instance, Max Webber introduced the emotional aspect of the theory. He stated that the theory did not just involve the struggle for dominance in social classes, but had other aspects as well. Such issues included the ruling class using religion to instigate a particular behavior on people and control their emotions. In this sense, the ruling class would have absolute control power over individuals. Even so, the nineteenth century saw a lot of revolutions from followers of Marxism in scope of the social conflict theory (Eagly, Baron, Hamilton & Kelman, 2004). The German and Russian revolutions are good examples. The revolutions sought to seek control of legal and political systems because that is when the lower class could be completely free.<br /> In the wake of the rights of women, social conflict theory developed in the 1960s to facilitate the issues of the discrimination of women (Martindale, 1960). The theory was then referred to as the feminist conflict theory. The feminists argued that women were oppressed by men, and a conflict existed between the two groups of people. It was no longer about the rich and poor only, but also about men and women. Men wanted to maintain the position that was traditionally seen as theirs while women wanted more freedom and opportunities in mainstream matters. Women believed men incapable of giving up power over them even though there had been notable changes in the rights of women. For instance, they were allowed to participate in the voting system, unlike what was the position before the Second World War. A few women had gone to school. However, women believed that their continuous discrimination in matters that were far more important was exploitation for the gain of men. Therefore, the period led to the development of the feminist conflict theory.<br /> In the wake of modernity, mainly in the 20th century, there has was an overhaul of the system that was seen in the 18th century (Sitton, 1996). The people are no longer divided into clear social classes. The social classes do exist because equality has not been attained in terms of wealth. There are those people who are rich and those who are poor. However, the lower class is not as exploited as was the case in the 18th centuries. Political institutions have become accommodative of the common man, and legal rules are made in the interest of the ordinary man. There has been the rise of labor unions that advocate the rights of workers. Even so, the social conflict theory is still applicable in some situations and varies in degree. There is a global and international conflict. The global entities that often exist control countries in what they should do or things in which they should engage. There have been arguments on the issue of sovereignty when it comes to forging of some rules. The conflict also relates to international economics where those countries that are not yet financially independent are controlled by those that have achieved financial freedom. States foster interactions between one another that are meant to give rise to good relationships. They lead to trade where those that have a higher bargaining power overlook the others that may not be very fortunate. Additionally, conflicts have existed in aspects of the interactions that exist in a modern society. The interactions are based on the individual will of the people as opposed to the collective. Class is still something that the individuals, who exercise the free will of their thoughts, exploit. There exists the conflict of individual freedoms and the collective responsibilities in the society. People do not participate in the things they are supposed to in the society because of their free will. They form interactions that are in the interest of their free will as opposed to what collective responsibility entails. Who they interact with, therefore, will be dependent upon what they want as individuals. In a way, social conflict is still active in the modern society, but has developed to incorporate the above. People have been given freedom through the laws that advocate the rights and liberties of the individual.<br /> Also, modernity brought the concept of deviance into the social conflict theory (Pankin, 1981). In this sense, it was witnessed that when it came to deviance and committal of crimes, the lower class was more associated with it as compared to the higher level in the society. The lower class is dealt with in a different way than the privileged. The scenario is applicable to both white and blue collar crimes. The punishment in the society is not the same with the different classes that apply it. Those who are economically stable, in addition, can be used to influence the hand of the law in any direction that they see fit. Money changes things in the way the legal rules are set forth, hence, brings a conflict. Social conflict theorists have argued that the law is left as a weapon as opposed to it being a shield</p> <h2>Strengths and weaknesses of the theoretical development</h2> <p>The theoretical evolution of the theory draws its strength from the fact that it uses the aspect of morality to justify itself. In all of its development, the social conflict theory had embraced the aspect of morality in its discussion. Hence, it has drawn the attention of many people because it preaches the immorality of exploitation. It preaches of the issues behind the immoral aspects of exploitation under pretentious habits by the advantageous groups. In doing so, it recognizes the fundamentals in which the society is made of and identifies with the plight of the minorities. It recognizes the injustice that was afforded to the people who could not change the laws or political atmosphere as society developed from the 18th century. The fact is that the theory is the only one that sought to exploit the injustices that occurred in the society. As it proceeded and developed more, the theory recognized the changes that the society had made towards a better governing and social system. It incorporates other factors that have affected the developed society. Because of such a comprehensive and factual representation of what happens in the society, it is a realistic representation of what needed to be changed. It involved the change in the traditional setup, and what was needed in the modern scenario.<br /> However, the theory heavily discounts humanitarianism acts that may aimed towards the goodness of the society (Eagly, 2004). It places any acts that are done by the advantageous group to people who are less fortunate as having an ulterior motive. In this theory, there is no day that the people who have influential positions will do things that substantially benefit the society as a whole (Izvercianu, 2009). The theory stipulates that the society is devoid of any goodness. In the modern aspect, when it comes to crime, the theory presents a situation where the laws completely fail to protect those from a lower class. The scenario may be a misrepresentation that is fuelled with unfounded discriminatory innuendo. The issue of discrimination is not new when it comes to crime committal and punishment. However, the law has evolved to protect criminals and they, too, get to be afforded a high amount of rights. At the same time, it could be notably true that the higher class in the society often escapes high degrees of punishment. However, it does not mean that the lower class is usually unfairly punished as a result. The laws have tried to foster a fair approach to the provision of justice through constitutional reviews.<br /> Empirical Research denotes the routine of acquiring new knowledge and skills not through construing, but through undeviating and unintended observation. That explains why the outcomes that are deduced from the empirical research would only be evaluated and considered through qualitative as well as quantitative approaches. In other words, it is a product that brings out outcomes through experimentation and observation resulting to sound understanding not forgetting to remark that the research results to s comprehensive case study. One of the major strengths of the methods denotes the integration of the research itself as well as the practice. Moreover, it does offer admiration to contextual differences something that enables the acquired knowledge to be built upon. Even though the method have the exceeding features, it is worth noting that the process would not be trustworthy in case the full cycle was not adhered to and they include observation, induction, deduction, testing, and finally evaluation. Any failure in any of the phases would result to unwanted outcomes that would lead to wrong observation.</p> <h2>Conclusion</h2> <p>The social conflict theory has been an important element in the bid to solve the never-ending problems that exist in the society. The problems emanate from the legal, social, economic and political aspects since they are all related (Deutsch, 2000). Even with the presence of some weaknesses, the theory is still a good representation of those things that affect the society and need reform. Because of the social interactions that occur with different people in the society, conflicts are bound to exist.</p> <h2>References</h2> <p>Azar, E. (1990). The management of protracted social conflict: Theory and cases. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Dartmouth;.<br /> Ballantine, J. H., & Spade, J. Z. (2008). Schools and society: A sociological approach to education. Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press.<br /> Bartos, O., & Wehr, P. (2002). Using conflict theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br /> Brym, R. (2012, August 1). Collective and State Violence in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Limits of Classical Rational-Choice Theory. Canadian Review of Sociology.<br /> Dahrendorf, R. (n.d.). Toward a theory of social conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 170-183.<br /> Deutsch, M. (2000). The handbook of conflict resolution theory and practice. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.<br /> Eagly, A. (2004). The social psychology of group identity and social conflict: Theory, application, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.<br /> Eagly, A. H., Baron, R. M., Hamilton, V. L., & Kelman, H. C. (2004). The social psychology of group identity and social conflict: Theory, application, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.<br /> Explain all of the scientific advantages or disadvantages that Conflict/ Marxist theory has. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://essaytree.com/criminology/explain-all-of-the-scientific-advantages-or-disadvantages-that-conflict-marxist-theory-has/<br /> Hladki, J. (2002, September 22). Entangled Discursivity: Women's Social Relations in a Collaborative Filmmaking Process. (Research Articles/Rapports De Recherche). Resources for Feminist Research.<br /> Izvercianu, M. (2009, January 1). Conflict and strategy models in automotive competing markets.(Report). Annals of DAAAM & Proceedings.<br /> Martindale, D. (1960). The nature and types of sociological theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.<br /> Pankin, R. M. (1981). Social approaches to sport. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.<br /> Rossides, D. W. (1998). Social theory: Its origins, history, and contemporary relevance. Dix Hills, N.Y: General Hall.<br /> Savage, T. (2005, March 22). Applying Social Empowerment Strategies as Tools for Self-Advocacy in Counseling Lesbian and Gay Male Clients. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD.<br /> Schellenberg, J. A. (1996). Conflict resolution: Theory, research, and practice. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.<br /> Schlee, G. (2004, March 1). Taking Sides and Constructing Identities: Reflections on Conflict Theory. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.<br /> Sitton, J. (1996). Recent Marxian theory class formation and social conflict in contemporary capitalism. Albany: State University of New York Press.<br /> Social-Conflict Theory. (2009, September 29). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.ehow.com/facts_5476453_socialconflict-theory.html<br /> Sociology political process theory articles Meltdata.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.meltdata.com/articles/sociology-political-process-theory.html<br /> Sociology/ Conflict Theory term paper 15995. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.customessaymeister.com/customessays/Sociology/15995.htm<br /> Stolley, K. S. (2005). The basics of sociology. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.<br /> Väyrynen, R., & International Social Science Council. (1991). New directions in conflict theory: Conflict resolution and conflict transformation. London: Sage Publications.<br /> Weiner, I. B. (2013). Handbook of psychology. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.<br /> Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.</p> ...

Literature

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Cultural Overview

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