Law Term Papers Samples For Students

A victimless crime refers to those acts of crime, which, although declared illegal, do not directly violate or threaten the rights of other individuals. Some of the examples of victimless crimes include prostitution, gambling, suicide, and illegitimate drug use (Schur, 1965). These acts are considered crimes under the laws of most of the countries around the world. Though homosexuality and sodomy were considered to be crimes, even a few decades back, in all the democratic countries around the world, since the late 20th and 21st centuries, however, these acts are no longer considered as crimes in many countries. The determination ...

The world of multinational corporations has witnessed a myriad of scandals involving its top management. However, no scandal has drawn much attention like the Enron Scandal. In 2001, revelations about the Enron Scandal began to resurface. The scandal involving top level management led to the state of bankruptcy of the firm (Sterling, 2002). Additionally, it contributed to the dissolution of one of its partners, Arthur Andersen, an audit firm. Apart from being one of the biggest scandals in the United States history, the scandal exposed the weaknesses in the audit sector. The paper seeks ...

Developing countries are vulnerable to a number of economic problems; they have struggled with relatively extreme poverty and are likely to suffer from the effects of the current financial crisis globally. To minimize the cost of poverty developing countries need to develop vibrant strategies to increase living standards of their people. In order to achieve high living standards of their citizens and to increase the level of the economy, the government has to liaise with foreign investors especially from developed countries. It has been proofed that foreign direct investment plays a key role by providing the finance that could not be ...

Introduction

Human sexuality is the way human being are attracted to others sexually. Human sexuality is derived by their individual’s sexual orientation that differs in many ways. That is individuals sexually attracted to the opposite sex (heterosexual), same sex (same sex) and both hetero and homo (bisexual). Human sexuality has influence on our daily lives, the issue surrounding human sexuality has raised concerns on over the political platform, legal field, social life and our cultural life therefore it is part of our life. Human sexuality can also affect morality, religion and ethic. However, different opinions have been raised from ...

What is the interaction between personal freedom and infringement of people’s liberty? Well, in order to understand this association, it is important to go back in time. Personal freedom is based on the maxim of liberty, and this was envisaged by early philosophers such as John Stuart Mill. The maxim of individual liberty envisions that individuals have the freedom of choice and make decisions without any restrictions. Most western democracies have taken measures to safeguard personal freedom as a fundamental right, and this has seen the protection of personal freedom by most constitutions in the world. Nevertheless, personal freedom ...

The novel The Round House is a political fictional novel that begins on the spring of 1988 in a reservation camp in North Dakota. A woman, Geraldine, has just been attacked and raped. She slips into silence and hence, the details of her experience remains within her, not even the police, her husband Bazil and Son Joe. The incident changes Joe’s world completely to such an extent that he becomes frustrated, and his closely knit family is torn in the middle. This is worsened by the fact that his mother cannot leave her room completely. His father goes on to ...

Introduction of the OSH Act

OSH Act was proposed due to the accidents that were being experienced in the industries. The industry- specific safety statutes were still being enacted at the period. Most of these statutes protected employees under the federal agency contractors, and those that dealt with maintenance. The health and safety issues were also limited to a number of unions that represented workers that were in hazardous industries. The most common hazardous industries back then were electrical industries, mining, construction and auto. As the incidents of industrial accidents rose in the late 1960’s, there was a need to come up with a health and ...

1. What is the role of congress in policy making process?
A policy is defined as a course of action that is established by the legislature, executive or the judiciary to influence the behaviors and decisions of the citizens in a federal state. Policy making process is not a monopolized affair and, therefore, involves decisive interactions among all arms of the government and the public participation. The congress and the President participate mutually in the legislative roles to a greater extent. However, their roles are made distinct at some point. The Congress is mandated in Law making, representation of the citizens as ...

The issue surrounding the legalization of marijuana is one of concern around the world. Many countries are currently assessing the move towards legalizing the drugs based on a number of recent studies that have been carried out in the field of medicine and economics. Researchers have proposed that the legalization of marijuana will not only offer medical improvements but, will also offer economic benefits to any country that seeks to legalize the drug. However, the arguments surrounding the legalizing of marijuana are strongly centered around money the government can earn and not so much on other areas.
The legalization ...

(Course/Major)

Swanson (1) avers that the uses of drones have both positive and negative uses for the use of drones in both commercial as well as law enforcement applications. However, Swanson is stating that with the absence of any actions by authorities, on the state and the Federal levels, to enact any policies or legislation to regulate any of the flights conducted by these “unmanned aerial vehicles” in America’s skies as these operators see fit. Federal authorities allowed more than 30,000 drone flights; police departments, for their part, have used drones to a low altitude of 400 feet, ...

Introduction

Capital punishment is one of the longest raging debates regarding punishment of criminals in the criminal justice system. Capital punishment, commonly referred to as the death penalty, is a method of retribution against capital crimes by killing the perpetrator (Mandery, 2011). The death penalty has received severe criticism in recent years from civil rights groups, activists and pro-life campaigners. The main aim of this paper is to consider a variety of methods used to execute criminals, their history, their effectiveness and peripheral matters regarding this issue.
The death penalty is one of the oldest recognizable forms of punishment for capital ...

Psychology-Lifespan Development (Adolescent)

In the Authoritative Style of Parenting, it is established that, parents in this category want the best for their children. Similarly, they do hope for the best for their children. At the same time, they have set standards that must be realized by their children. However, the standards set are realistic and attainable. In this regard, the level of demandingness and responsiveness is high. In the case where Michael a thirteen year old wanted to wanted An M Rated video player, in the event the parents were of the Authoritative type, they would not have accepted him buy the machine. ...

Now it is time to give careful consideration to the nature of corruption that is the case in the USA. Pepys (2) notes that corruption within the system of justice may be defined as the use of management reserves or public authority to one’s own advantage or for personal gains resulting in an inappropriate legal protection of citizens and delivery of judicial services. In a broad context, the system of justice embraces judges, police, prosecutors, public defenders, court personnel, private bar, and a variety of court decision enforcement agencies, such as, for example, penal institutions. Whatever the variety of justice ...

Introduction

In the course of time, there has been a substantive increase in the number of people using the internet globally. The internet serves as a platform that facilitates the realization of a wide range of objectives. There are countries that appreciate the essence of the internet thus they have included the access to the internet as part of their constitutional rights. Nations that are characterized by a relatively high level of internet penetration record higher levels of growth than countries that are embodied by comparatively low levels of internet penetration. This serves as an indicator of the rate of internet penetration can be a ...

Introduction

Before passing any law, the congress as well as the senate should undertake careful consultations from the public as well as special interest groups. In this context, issues regarding health policies are very critical. For instance, it might have been deemed that the legalization of Marijuana to the young adults is to the benefit of the society. According to the new amendment to Article XVIII of the Colorado constitution, the use of marijuana has been deemed legal to people who are above twenty one years of age. However, there are some things that should be considered optimally before the ...

Annotated Bibliography

Dunning, E., Murphy, P., & Williams, J. (1988). The roots of football hooliganism: An historical and sociological study. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 2-345 Retrieved from http://www.worldcat.org/title/roots-of-football-hooliganism-an-historical-and-sociological-study/oclc/18412025
This book specifically uses a solid background to show the origin of Hooliganism in football. The book through its well structured chapters denotes how football was used by ancient people to carry out manslaughter and eliminate those who were weak and unfit to live in the society. Through it development, it denotes the numerous stages the world has undergone to achieve the current rules and standards governing the game.
Knapp, B. A. (2011). ...

Islam and Democracy

Introduction
The literature that has been written about Islam and democracy are both highly complicated in terms of interpretation of the fundamentals of democracy and are in an equal sense argued from several points of reference. These factors are compelling and are significant to the level of democracy in the Islamic world. The comparative debate presented in arguments by Irfan Ahmad and Bernard Lewis creates major literature that reveals the limitations in this path of inquiry. The main proposition in their argument is the discussion of the cliché aspect that surrounds Islam and their objective levels. The core ...

Introduction:

The security of maritime field plays a significant role in the economy. Every day, thousands of cargo containers from around the world in field of exchange benefit pass through the nation’s seaports carrying items, goods and, possibly some that are not so welcome, such as drugs, explosives and weapons. The industry of the container shipping industry is highly vulnerable to terrorist attacks. In the U.S. maritime system, there are over 300 sea ports and river ports with more than 3,700 passenger and cargo terminals.

Major Concerns and Threats:

There are significant and various forms of threats to the container shipping network; however, ...

Abstract

It is deemed unfair and unjust to administer the same punishment to adults and minors. For this reason, a justice and correction system is formulated to bring to justice minors who perform the act that are against the law. One of the modes of correction is probation. This paper discusses about probation, the juvenile system of justice and the juvenile probation system.

Juvenile Probations

Historically, minors faced the same criminal justice proceedings as adults. In some geographical areas of the world such as Australia, they even faced the same punishments as adults. There lacked a category for the juvenile offenders. This is regardless ...

Abortion ideally refers to the medical procedures of terminating a pregnancy that result to the death of the embryo or fetus. It can also be defined as the spontaneous removal or expulsion of a fetus during its first twelve weeks of gestation. Abortions together with the related issues that are associated with abortion have been the center of discussions in various forums, in the United States. These forums range from political debates to those that have a religious inclination. 30 states in the United States already enacted legislation that prohibited abortion and its related issues. However, there were instances that were allowed ...

How to stop/prevent sex crimes and underage prostitution

There are several definitions of child prostitution. According to the United Nations, underage prostitution is the act that involves engaging minors to be involved or to take part in acts that are sexual in nature mostly for monetary gains, or whichever other consideration that the other person may propose. According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, underage prostitution refers to the act of obtaining sexual services from a minor for compensation. Usually, in most states, the age under which somebody is considered a minor is that of below sixteen years. In most cases, the child is ...

Brazil ranks as number 114 on the index of the world’s freest economies, falling well below average. Brazil shows a trend of moving towards more and more government regulation in business. In the 2000’s, Brazil was ranked as “moderately free” but has since then seen a steady rise in government regulation, rising by 0.8 from last year. Now it is ranked as “mostly unfree”. The regulatory system is non-transparent, which creates a loophole through which corruption can manifest. Brazil is one of the top ten largest economies in the world, has a large domestic market, enjoys a steady democracy and has a wealth ...

Ford Pinto Case

The Ford Motor Company, under the advice of its vice president Lee Lacocca, in May 1968 set out to introduce a cheaper car in the US in May 1968. In a rush to gain a significant market share, Lee Lacocca put the design and development of the Ford Pinto auto automobile on a schedule of 25 months instead of the normal 43 months taken to , so it would take to get a car from conception to production. Due to this the accelerated production, the Pinto had dangerous design flaws. The Pinto’s gas tank was dangerously placed at the back of the vehicle, and ...

<h2>Abstract</h2> <p>The paper will address the social conflict theory that was instigated by Karl Marx in the 18th century. The theory had been in place since then but has undergone various changes with the changes in the society. The paper will exploit the developmental journey of the theory and discuss what was added or subtracted from the original ideologies of the theory in modernity. Moreover, there will be an examination of how the theory came to be. For instance, Marx came up with the theory after witnessing first-hand the exploitation of the lower class. He developed the theory to explain <!--more-->the exploitation. Therefore, the paper will go into detail on such. It will also highlight the development of the Marx theory and incorporation of theories such as the feminist theories. It will examine how the social conflict theory was shapes in the modern age and the things that determine its ideals. Social theories have been backed up by empirical research, which must be addressed in this paper. The strengths and weaknesses of the identified research and those that associate with how the theory developed will also be discussed.</p> <h2>Introduction</h2> <p>Social conflict theory is a concept that argues that relationships in the society are imbalanced and exist as a way to exploit people. The theory notes that the social groups or classes that constitute the community have varying amounts of resources, leading to the classification of the poor and the rich. The theory is premised on Marxism, who preaches on the exploitation of the weak by those who are economically advantaged. Social evolution, which denotes the growth of the society and relationships in it, gave rise to social conflicts in which those relationships occur for exploitation purposes. The economically strong have achieved their status through the exploitive means because that is how they gain. An example is when an employer pays an employee less than they deserve because they want to keep a magnitude of the profits. The discussion will be about the historical foundations of the theory, its development, and empirical research done in the areas while highlighting the weaknesses and strengths in both.</p> <h2>Karl Marx Conflict Theory Essays</h2> <p>The social conflict theory has its origin, as stipulated above, in thinkers such as Karl Marx. Other scholars have refined the ideologies behind the theories over time, and include people such as Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Even so, Karl Marx is known as the father of the social conflict theory. It has its roots deep in the eighteenth century, when Marx noted the classification of the society into the ruling and working classes of individuals (Rossides, 1998). The two classes formed the society and were defined solely by financial well-being. Karl Marx, a German, noted the need for a revolution or reform in the society that existed in the eighteenth century. The reason is that the bourgeoisie were seen to exploit the proletariats, who mainly formed the bulk of the working class. At the time, there were many bids for the revolution of the German society where government was to be taken away from the ruling class that constituted of the wealthy. What the theorist noted is that the people had surrendered all their rights to the government that was run by the wealthy. As a result, it had all the power and controlled all the means of production. The ruling class was also in charge of the political and legal systems. In such a way, the working class was left at the mercy of the ruling class that deeply exploited it.<br /> What instigated the origin of the theory in the century was when Marx determined that the work that was done by the workers was what led to the growth of the society (Stolley, 2005). He, therefore, found it ironic that the same people that cause the society to be what it is should be exploited. The society that they create through their work establishes relationships that are materialistic in nature. The emergence and growth of society in history were divided into three parts. The parts, namely economic, political, and social structures were responsible for the formation of the society. These three aspects came about as a result of the formation of relationships in the society. In the 19th century, the theory was based on criticism of the capitalism that was witnessed in most of the countries. Capitalism was seen as a major contributing factor towards what shaped the social conflict theory. The nineteenth century was a rush by many societies to a acquire wealth. They embraced the aspect of capitalism that propelled the society into formation of classes. There was a need for people to work in the broad industrialization that has spread throughout Europe. In addition, the aspect of private ownership of land caused an exploitation of the people who did not own property. Those who were in an advantageous position controlled legal and political institutions. Socialism stopped playing any role in how wealth was distributed in the society. To maintain the way things were, the ruling class developed a legal framework that was not favorable to the working class. Those who owned the capital controlled the politics and laws that could be used to change things. After carefully analyzing the situation, Karl Marx developed the social conflict theory. He also noted that those who were in a higher economic position had the power, given through political institutions, to make the working class do as they wished. Because of such mistreatments, there were conflicts in the society that existed between the two social groups. The conflict developed in the 1920s to include the aspect of intellectual controls. It was observed that the ruling class controlled how people thought by imposing ideas on them. The intellectualism of society, therefore, was in conflict because human beings have the freedom to think, but the ruling class made decisions for them.<br /> The 1950s were a period when sociologists exploited the theory that Marx had come up with and refined it accordingly. The theory was developed from the rawness that was used by Marx into something that reflected the changes that had occurred at the time. Society is not a permanent entity and is exposed to radical changes in the social, economic, legal and political system. For instance, Max Webber introduced the emotional aspect of the theory. He stated that the theory did not just involve the struggle for dominance in social classes, but had other aspects as well. Such issues included the ruling class using religion to instigate a particular behavior on people and control their emotions. In this sense, the ruling class would have absolute control power over individuals. Even so, the nineteenth century saw a lot of revolutions from followers of Marxism in scope of the social conflict theory (Eagly, Baron, Hamilton & Kelman, 2004). The German and Russian revolutions are good examples. The revolutions sought to seek control of legal and political systems because that is when the lower class could be completely free.<br /> In the wake of the rights of women, social conflict theory developed in the 1960s to facilitate the issues of the discrimination of women (Martindale, 1960). The theory was then referred to as the feminist conflict theory. The feminists argued that women were oppressed by men, and a conflict existed between the two groups of people. It was no longer about the rich and poor only, but also about men and women. Men wanted to maintain the position that was traditionally seen as theirs while women wanted more freedom and opportunities in mainstream matters. Women believed men incapable of giving up power over them even though there had been notable changes in the rights of women. For instance, they were allowed to participate in the voting system, unlike what was the position before the Second World War. A few women had gone to school. However, women believed that their continuous discrimination in matters that were far more important was exploitation for the gain of men. Therefore, the period led to the development of the feminist conflict theory.<br /> In the wake of modernity, mainly in the 20th century, there has was an overhaul of the system that was seen in the 18th century (Sitton, 1996). The people are no longer divided into clear social classes. The social classes do exist because equality has not been attained in terms of wealth. There are those people who are rich and those who are poor. However, the lower class is not as exploited as was the case in the 18th centuries. Political institutions have become accommodative of the common man, and legal rules are made in the interest of the ordinary man. There has been the rise of labor unions that advocate the rights of workers. Even so, the social conflict theory is still applicable in some situations and varies in degree. There is a global and international conflict. The global entities that often exist control countries in what they should do or things in which they should engage. There have been arguments on the issue of sovereignty when it comes to forging of some rules. The conflict also relates to international economics where those countries that are not yet financially independent are controlled by those that have achieved financial freedom. States foster interactions between one another that are meant to give rise to good relationships. They lead to trade where those that have a higher bargaining power overlook the others that may not be very fortunate. Additionally, conflicts have existed in aspects of the interactions that exist in a modern society. The interactions are based on the individual will of the people as opposed to the collective. Class is still something that the individuals, who exercise the free will of their thoughts, exploit. There exists the conflict of individual freedoms and the collective responsibilities in the society. People do not participate in the things they are supposed to in the society because of their free will. They form interactions that are in the interest of their free will as opposed to what collective responsibility entails. Who they interact with, therefore, will be dependent upon what they want as individuals. In a way, social conflict is still active in the modern society, but has developed to incorporate the above. People have been given freedom through the laws that advocate the rights and liberties of the individual.<br /> Also, modernity brought the concept of deviance into the social conflict theory (Pankin, 1981). In this sense, it was witnessed that when it came to deviance and committal of crimes, the lower class was more associated with it as compared to the higher level in the society. The lower class is dealt with in a different way than the privileged. The scenario is applicable to both white and blue collar crimes. The punishment in the society is not the same with the different classes that apply it. Those who are economically stable, in addition, can be used to influence the hand of the law in any direction that they see fit. Money changes things in the way the legal rules are set forth, hence, brings a conflict. Social conflict theorists have argued that the law is left as a weapon as opposed to it being a shield</p> <h2>Strengths and weaknesses of the theoretical development</h2> <p>The theoretical evolution of the theory draws its strength from the fact that it uses the aspect of morality to justify itself. In all of its development, the social conflict theory had embraced the aspect of morality in its discussion. Hence, it has drawn the attention of many people because it preaches the immorality of exploitation. It preaches of the issues behind the immoral aspects of exploitation under pretentious habits by the advantageous groups. In doing so, it recognizes the fundamentals in which the society is made of and identifies with the plight of the minorities. It recognizes the injustice that was afforded to the people who could not change the laws or political atmosphere as society developed from the 18th century. The fact is that the theory is the only one that sought to exploit the injustices that occurred in the society. As it proceeded and developed more, the theory recognized the changes that the society had made towards a better governing and social system. It incorporates other factors that have affected the developed society. Because of such a comprehensive and factual representation of what happens in the society, it is a realistic representation of what needed to be changed. It involved the change in the traditional setup, and what was needed in the modern scenario.<br /> However, the theory heavily discounts humanitarianism acts that may aimed towards the goodness of the society (Eagly, 2004). It places any acts that are done by the advantageous group to people who are less fortunate as having an ulterior motive. In this theory, there is no day that the people who have influential positions will do things that substantially benefit the society as a whole (Izvercianu, 2009). The theory stipulates that the society is devoid of any goodness. In the modern aspect, when it comes to crime, the theory presents a situation where the laws completely fail to protect those from a lower class. The scenario may be a misrepresentation that is fuelled with unfounded discriminatory innuendo. The issue of discrimination is not new when it comes to crime committal and punishment. However, the law has evolved to protect criminals and they, too, get to be afforded a high amount of rights. At the same time, it could be notably true that the higher class in the society often escapes high degrees of punishment. However, it does not mean that the lower class is usually unfairly punished as a result. The laws have tried to foster a fair approach to the provision of justice through constitutional reviews.<br /> Empirical Research denotes the routine of acquiring new knowledge and skills not through construing, but through undeviating and unintended observation. That explains why the outcomes that are deduced from the empirical research would only be evaluated and considered through qualitative as well as quantitative approaches. In other words, it is a product that brings out outcomes through experimentation and observation resulting to sound understanding not forgetting to remark that the research results to s comprehensive case study. One of the major strengths of the methods denotes the integration of the research itself as well as the practice. Moreover, it does offer admiration to contextual differences something that enables the acquired knowledge to be built upon. Even though the method have the exceeding features, it is worth noting that the process would not be trustworthy in case the full cycle was not adhered to and they include observation, induction, deduction, testing, and finally evaluation. Any failure in any of the phases would result to unwanted outcomes that would lead to wrong observation.</p> <h2>Conclusion</h2> <p>The social conflict theory has been an important element in the bid to solve the never-ending problems that exist in the society. The problems emanate from the legal, social, economic and political aspects since they are all related (Deutsch, 2000). Even with the presence of some weaknesses, the theory is still a good representation of those things that affect the society and need reform. Because of the social interactions that occur with different people in the society, conflicts are bound to exist.</p> <h2>References</h2> <p>Azar, E. (1990). The management of protracted social conflict: Theory and cases. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Dartmouth;.<br /> Ballantine, J. H., & Spade, J. Z. (2008). Schools and society: A sociological approach to education. Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press.<br /> Bartos, O., & Wehr, P. (2002). Using conflict theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br /> Brym, R. (2012, August 1). Collective and State Violence in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Limits of Classical Rational-Choice Theory. Canadian Review of Sociology.<br /> Dahrendorf, R. (n.d.). Toward a theory of social conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 170-183.<br /> Deutsch, M. (2000). The handbook of conflict resolution theory and practice. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.<br /> Eagly, A. (2004). The social psychology of group identity and social conflict: Theory, application, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.<br /> Eagly, A. H., Baron, R. M., Hamilton, V. L., & Kelman, H. C. (2004). The social psychology of group identity and social conflict: Theory, application, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.<br /> Explain all of the scientific advantages or disadvantages that Conflict/ Marxist theory has. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://essaytree.com/criminology/explain-all-of-the-scientific-advantages-or-disadvantages-that-conflict-marxist-theory-has/<br /> Hladki, J. (2002, September 22). Entangled Discursivity: Women's Social Relations in a Collaborative Filmmaking Process. (Research Articles/Rapports De Recherche). Resources for Feminist Research.<br /> Izvercianu, M. (2009, January 1). Conflict and strategy models in automotive competing markets.(Report). Annals of DAAAM & Proceedings.<br /> Martindale, D. (1960). The nature and types of sociological theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.<br /> Pankin, R. M. (1981). Social approaches to sport. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.<br /> Rossides, D. W. (1998). Social theory: Its origins, history, and contemporary relevance. Dix Hills, N.Y: General Hall.<br /> Savage, T. (2005, March 22). Applying Social Empowerment Strategies as Tools for Self-Advocacy in Counseling Lesbian and Gay Male Clients. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD.<br /> Schellenberg, J. A. (1996). Conflict resolution: Theory, research, and practice. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.<br /> Schlee, G. (2004, March 1). Taking Sides and Constructing Identities: Reflections on Conflict Theory. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.<br /> Sitton, J. (1996). Recent Marxian theory class formation and social conflict in contemporary capitalism. Albany: State University of New York Press.<br /> Social-Conflict Theory. (2009, September 29). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.ehow.com/facts_5476453_socialconflict-theory.html<br /> Sociology political process theory articles Meltdata.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.meltdata.com/articles/sociology-political-process-theory.html<br /> Sociology/ Conflict Theory term paper 15995. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.customessaymeister.com/customessays/Sociology/15995.htm<br /> Stolley, K. S. (2005). The basics of sociology. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.<br /> Väyrynen, R., & International Social Science Council. (1991). New directions in conflict theory: Conflict resolution and conflict transformation. London: Sage Publications.<br /> Weiner, I. B. (2013). Handbook of psychology. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.<br /> Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.</p> ...

Existentialism is a movement in both philosophy and literature that highlights the importance of individual freedom and choices. According to the philosophy of existentialism, some events or occurrences that happen with a person are irrational or absurd having no explanation for that. They believe that there are no universal guidelines to follow as well as there is no objective form of truth. Therefore, existentialism is based on one’s choices, decisions that are unique and unchangeable. The philosophers of existentialism argue that human choice is a subjective matter, because individuals are supposed to make choices without external influence of societal standards (ethical ...

Ethics Violations of PharmaCARE

When viewing the behavior of PharmaCARE in marketing and selling its drug AD23, there are a number of ethical issues that the company is brazenly violating. The first and most brazen violation of marketing ethics was creating a subsidiary (CompCARE) to do the marketing for AD23 in order to circumvent the regulation of the FDA. This is a clear violation of the ethical need to comply with government regulation, which businesses are expected to do. By creating CompCARE and shuffling off the product to them, creating a hasty renovation and shifting of resources, the goal was to prevent the FDA from being able ...

Corruption

The definition of corruption is the misuse of public power for private profits. We can see this occurrence in large firms or enterprises. We can also see this in most of the activities regulated by the government. To speak more about corruption, it is scanning off money for their own profits. We can see these conditions where organisation don’t work properly because of which normal people have to money for their problems to be solved. Corruption stages will differ among a country side for various sorts. For example, there can also be minoroutstanding corruption during a country with a comparatively clean ...

There are many issues that have been tackled in the Shakespeare’s work, Measure for Measure. The work contains several themes. There also exist some elements of irony, morality, and also matters of justice. All these elements were used by Shakespeare to ensure that the audience receives the message he had for them effectively. The way or the manner in which they have been used are unique to itself. Shakespeare employs several unique style in his work. Some of the styles are going to be analyzed in this paper. This document, therefore, seeks to address the issues of morality, ...

Define what a prosecutor is.

A prosecutor is a person mostly with specialization in law who institutes legal proceedings against a party. A prosecutor is a lawyer who stands the court side that accuses a person of some crime and tries to prove the guilt of the defendant. Within the American criminal justice system, Prosecutors are important officials. Attorneys serve as a bridge between criminals and justice. They respond to various crime problems through the efficient processing of criminal cases. In most jurisdictions whether foreign or local, prosecutors dispense their duties through coordination with different security sectors and the public (Blanchard, Hart, & Blanchard, 2006).
Prosecutors decide, based on ...

A broker in the dictionary is defined as a go-between in making relationships or a middleman (for example, a stockbroker or an insurance broker). (Tennyson 8)
A broker is any person engaged in the business of effecting transactions in securities for the account of others. (Compliance Guide to the Registration and Regulation of Brokers and Dealers)
In general broker operates as an intermediary between different organizations or private people that are willing to cooperate as partners in a sustainable development initiative.
There are internal and external brokers. Internal broker is a person, who deals within a partner organization and organizes negotiations and ...

Economics

Why movie prices are the same, but different for live concerts
It is a good entertainment experience to watch a film or concerts on causal occasion. However, there is an unanswered question as to why all seating prices are the same for a film in a cinema. Why don’t cinema industry set different ticket prices for different seats from the first row to the last row in a room that is available to hold almost 200 audiences? While different seating prices vary greatly for concerts, the highest prices at concerts are over hundreds of dollars more expensive than the most expensive cinema ...

United States and China

I. Legal System
The United States criminal legal system is based on the British Common Law system. Common law refers to those laws that are created and imposed by judges in the absence of specific a specific code or applicable statute defining the law (LaFave, 2000). Accordingly, during the early years of the nation when a judge was faced with a criminal activity that was not covered by a statute, he would use precedent, or refer to the decisions of similar cases, for guidance. Absent statute and precedent, the judge would simple use his best legal, professional and personal judgment to make ...

The Patriot Act was passed after the 9/11 terrorist attacks to strengthen domestic security and increase the ability of the government to identify and stop terrorists. It has proved to be one of the most controversial laws in U.S. history (Doyle, 2001). It is comprised of ten titles which give federal law enforcement greater authority. Advocates claim that the Patriot Act is constitutional and instrumental in the war on terror. They cite a number of successful investigations and arrests of terrorists, and believe that law strikes an effective balance between civil rights and the ability of the government to protect ...

Rehabilitation versus Incarceration

JUVENILE OFFENDERS 2
Introduction
Crime is a prevalent factor in American society, and is committed among all individuals regardless of age, race, gender, or socioeconomic status. The majority of American juveniles, individuals under the age of eighteen, have admitted to committing some type of crime throughout their young life. While the majority of crimes by juveniles are considered petty, non-violent, and overall minor offenses, youths also commit dangerous and heinous acts of crime identical to what we see in the adult penal system. In the last 30 years, Sociologists, Criminologists, and Penologists have witnessed both major and minor ...

Introduction

Stalking is an objectionable and unwanted behavior of an individual towards others. Stalking exists since the beginning of human history but recently it has been categorized as a crime in various countries. A number of people may not consider stalking as a crime or serious problem but reality is different and it causes various problems and harassments for others. Stalking does not create problems for individuals only but it presents various challenges for law enforcement agencies and legal system. The problem has become more complicated as stalking has widened its area from physical stalking to cyber stalking. This paper intends to ...

There are clear rules and laws that discriminate between legal and illegal things but there are no given reasons as to why this discrimination is made. In the case of drugs, there is no other opinion apart from being harmful and illegal. Marijuana in particular, is referred to as a main source of enjoyment for the generations today. Since the very existence of the drug, there has been a non-stop debate regarding its legalization in the United States of America. It has been tested and proved that marijuana has a positive impact on the society in numerous ways. Marijuana is a natural plant ...

[Institution Title]
The United States of America is known all over the world for its so many names and titles. However, the country with the highest quality of health care is not among those title. In fact, in 2000 the United States ranked 38 among the 101 countries included in the World Health Organization’s list of Health Care System in the world . This rating was earned despite leading the per capita spending on health care issues and concern. In the 2010 online article, it enumerated the United States taking the spot among the seven highly industrialized nations ...

Introduction

Over the past decade, drug crimes and drug abuse have garnered a lot of attention. It is estimated that every year about $110 billion is cost to the country through drug related accidental injuries and deaths, health care, criminal behaviors, dependency treatment and so on. Both the state and federal laws prohibit the manufacturing, possession, and the sale of certain controlled substances such as cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana, and ecstasy. Drug's relation to crimes is through the effects drugs make on the user's behavior by influencing him to commit violence and other illegal action connected to drug trafficking. In 2004, ...

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Introduction
According to Martinez-Cobo, “Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those which, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them” (as qt in Morgan 56). These people constitute the societal sectors that are non-dominant presently. However, they demonstrate the determination of preserving, developing, and transmitting their ethnic characteristics and inherited territories to their future generations. The indigenous communities are striving to survive as peoples and to keep their unique cultural patterns, ...

Introduction

The legal system is present in all aspects of our lives to ensure that everything in life is fair and is done with a particular protocol. The labour market is not exempt from laws. It is an area that especially needs legality for it to function properly. Employees are otherwise powerless in determining their wages and treatment. Laws ensure that they have power and a voice. Without legality, the labour market will be a flood of unfair payment under unscrupulous employers.

Law in remuneration

Laws directly affects remuneration of employees in both public and privates sector. Laws stipulate how employees ought to be paid, how ...

Oliver L. Brown, et. al. vs. The Board of Education of Topeka, et. Al
The number of plaintiffs totaled up to thirteen and they were parents representing their children. Oliver Brown represented his daughter Linda who was a third grader. The basis of the case was racial discrimination in schooling. The Educational Fund and the legal defense of NAACP represented a big group including Jews who were invited by Mr. Brown as Amicus Curiae (friend of the court). At the district court Oliver lost the case but applied for an appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court. It is in ...

Violence associated with gun use is one of the most prevalent social problems that countries worldwide are facing nowadays. Among the many violent crimes committed with the use of guns, mass shooting is one of the most alarming because it usually involves multiple victims. Also, the increasing incidences of youths being involved with mass shooting crimes make the whole concept of gun violence more disturbing to the public masses. The problem regarding mass shootings and gun violence may be greatly attributed to poor gun control measures. But what are the most effective ways to control gun violence? How can ...

Scandals break a politician’s reputation, mostly because the public looks up to them and becomes doubtful of the politician’s credibility, once they’re publicly humiliated and exposed. Hence, these individuals need to conduct themselves in a way that suits them best.
It is also certain that scandals often affect a politician’s reputation more than anything and usually damage hard earned reputation for good. This happens mostly because a nation, which constitutes of the common man, tends to look up at these public figures. While it is certainly true that every individual has a right to a personal life, it cannot be ...

Introduction

In the discipline of forensics, the field of ballistics is the “study of motion, dynamics, angular movement, and projectile units (bullets, missiles, and bombs). In the context of a criminal investigation, there are a host of possible applications to aid in the facilitation of a criminal conduct. Bullets that are discharged at a crime scene will be inspected in an attempt to discover pieces of evidence and information. Among the pieces of information that police hope to recover from the bullet are the possible type of gun used in the crime, whether the gun was used in a previous crime, and other information that ...

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, about 18 people die every day waiting for a new organ transplant. It is currently illegal in the United States for anyone to sell their organs or tissue on the open market. It is time to change this policy not only for the benefit of organ and tissue recipients but for organ and tissue donors.
Currently, most organ donations in America are from recently deceased persons who enrolled in a local or state organ donation program when they were still alive. This is not exactly a popular option for organ donation ...

Shortly after the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. on September 11, 2001, Congress passed the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act. As a result of real concerns over the security of the nation as well as more than a little mass hysteria over America’s vulnerability in the new age of global terror, the 342-page long USA PATRIOT Act, as it is popularly known, sailed through Congress a mere 45 days after the attacks with little debate or analysis but with broad bipartisan support. Indeed, in the Senate, the ...

How good people make tough choices: Resolving the dilemmas of ethical living

Kidder’s book entitled as above makes interesting reading on what people encounter in their day to day lives as ethical dilemmas with tough choices of choosing or deciding between right vs. right. Kidder went to the extent of establishing an Ethics Institute inviting people to join a think tank for resolving the tough choices. It was while the author was interviewing in 1986 Barbara Tuchman, twice Pulitzer Prize historian, he was warned of imminent breakdown of public morality unable to make choices between two right ethical decisions an issue as serious as The Nuclear Threat, Environmental Degradation, The population ...

Abstract

No one should have to endure and experience the death of a child, particularly when a child is such an early age. However, there are factors that would tend to redirect the focus of the death of the child to more scientific reasons rather than just mere negligence. True, there are situations that criminal angles are factors in the death of these infants, but whether these were in control of their faculties’ remains to be discussed. The paper seeks to determine the reasons behind “sudden infant death syndrome,” the possible scientific and legal foundations, and when can these be separated from ...

PCL-R Defined

The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is asymptomatic instrument used to rate an individual is psychopathic or introverted inclinations. Individuals who are psychopathic prey mercilessly on others utilizing appeal, misdirection, roughness or different routines that permit them to get with they need. The indications of psychopathy incorporate absence of a soul or feeling of blame, absence of compassion, egocentricity and neurotic lying. In addition, rehashed infringement of social standards, slight for the law, shallow feelings, and a history of defrauding others.
Initially intended to evaluate individuals blamed or indicted for unlawful acts, the PCL-R comprises of a 20-item side effect rating scale ...

The ratification of the national constitution was the founders' political response to excessive democracy

The American Revolutionists have difficulties in unifying the United States which comprises of colonies which are newly independent. The constitution was approved in the convention in 1787 and the states will be responsible for the ratification. Ratification of the constitution is very important during that time since it could result to the division of the United States if it did not happen. However, debates have arises and separated the nation into two political parties which is the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists (Wood, 2003, p. 164). The Federalists are the ones that favored the centralized government that is provided in ...

Introduction

The Russian government is a federal type of government. The Russian federation includes 21 Republics 46 Oblast, 9 Kraj, 1 Autonomous Oblast, 4 Autonomous Okrug and 2 Cities of Federal Significance: Moscow and St. Petersburg. The president and the prime minister share the executive power though the president is the main political figure in government. The legislature on the other hand comprises of the Federal Assembly of Russia. The Federal Assembly of Russia is consists of two chambers. The first chamber is the lower house known as the Duma and the second legislative chamber is the upper house known as ...

Section 1: US Government

When the US constitution was set up, the founders divided the new government into three co-equal branches of government: The Legislative, the Executive and the Judicial. Each was given separate areas of responsibilities, that were designed to make the branches work together to govern the county. The idea was that no one branch would grow to dominate the other two. To make sure that didn’t happen, the founders built a system of checks and balances into the constitution. This system consists of a series of powers that each branch has over the other two, to prevent any one branch from ...

Introduction

The Family and Medical Leave Act is a federal law in the United States of America that requires all covered employers to provide to employees unpaid and job-protected leaves whenever there arises medical and family reasons (Budd et al. 2003). Such reasons may include, among others: pregnancy, illnesses, adoption and family military leave. This law is administered by the State’s Wage and Hour Division.

Enactment date

This bill was signed into law on 5th, 1993, taking effect on 1993, August 5th. During Bill Clinton’s first term in office, the bill was a major agenda. The intention was to find a good balance ...

The Ox-Bow Incident is an American western movie directed in 1943 by William Wellman and based on the novel by Walter van Tilburg Clark. The movie became a classic due to its original storyline different from the usual western movie plots. The movie is nowadays considered a movie classic due to its historical value and the importance of the message it delivers. Usually, the theme of the westerns revolved around morality and justice enforced or restored by a single character, classically a cowboy. The theme of The Ox-Bow Incident, however, is a tragic one, as not only the injustice is not redressed, but it ...

Political Science

Politics Stream
The lack of government response after the passage of Affordable Act of 2010 (ACA) is in relation to the insufficiency of the government funding to provide long-term care for all U.S. citizens. The best way to address this issue is by implementing policies to lower the costs of healthcare and make it economical for all (Patel & Rushefsky, 2014). The actors that are involved in this issue are the Democrats and the Republicans. The competing values and philosophies of policy actors of the Democrats and Republicans sought different actions. On the part of the Democrats, they have ...

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Introduction

Perhaps no clause in the U.S. constitution has been so misconstrued and debated as the Second Amendment. In fact, even the Supreme Court could not make up their mind as to the true meaning of “A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed”. A decisive interpretation to this clause has been quite elusive. Since its ratification, only a few cases have found its way to the Supreme Court while the court’s decision has not helped clarify the matter more than being ...

[Class Title]

Defending the Guilty
In 1840, Lord William Russell, an English nobleman was murdered. There was strong evidence that his butler, Courvoisier may have perpetrated the crime. Despite the strong circumstantial evidence, the butler maintained his innocence and was duly represented by his lawyer, Charles Phillips. During the court proceedings, Phillips vigorously defended his client as expected. At this point, Phillips would have already known the guilt of his client. In fact, it would be reasonable to believe that Courvoisier might have already admitted his guilt to his lawyer before the later accepted the case. During the course of ...

Individual Rights

Individual Rights
Individual Rights vis-à-vis Social Order
Individual rights pertain to the liberties and freedoms embraced in the human rights of every person. These rights are validated, confirmed and guaranteed by the Bill of Rights and the Constitutional amendments. These rights include the freedom to practice (or not) religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of petition, right against self-incrimination, right against self-incrimination, right to due process, and other rights granted in criminal proceedings (US Constitution). In democracies, such as the United States, individual rights play a significant role in society. Social ...

Abstract

The project deals with the problem of juvenile justice and court punishment provided for juvenile offenders. The research gives a full coverage to the reasons that motivate the youth to commit crimes. There are various types of offenses and punishment considered based on the information provided by the finest law experts who represent international organizations and the collegiums of lawyers, addressing the problem of juvenile justice and the ways of overcoming the issue in their respective reports, reviews, and programs.
Key words: juvenile justice, crime, offender, court, delinquency
Adult delinquency is high enough while that of youth is ...

Introduction

The law of contracts is largely based on three set areas of law. The most ancient of these, and arguably the founding principles are based on common law. The second and the more specific governing laws are found on statutory provisions which may be different from one jurisdiction to another. The third area of law that offers substantial amount of fairness in the United States is the Uniform Commercial Code. Finally, with global commercial transactions becoming a key determinant on the general global economy, there are the more general laws of contact put forward by the United Nations called the ...