Supreme Court Term Papers Samples For Students

Now it is time to give careful consideration to the nature of corruption that is the case in the USA. Pepys (2) notes that corruption within the system of justice may be defined as the use of management reserves or public authority to one’s own advantage or for personal gains resulting in an inappropriate legal protection of citizens and delivery of judicial services. In a broad context, the system of justice embraces judges, police, prosecutors, public defenders, court personnel, private bar, and a variety of court decision enforcement agencies, such as, for example, penal institutions. Whatever the variety of justice ...

Abstract

It is deemed unfair and unjust to administer the same punishment to adults and minors. For this reason, a justice and correction system is formulated to bring to justice minors who perform the act that are against the law. One of the modes of correction is probation. This paper discusses about probation, the juvenile system of justice and the juvenile probation system.

Juvenile Probations

Historically, minors faced the same criminal justice proceedings as adults. In some geographical areas of the world such as Australia, they even faced the same punishments as adults. There lacked a category for the juvenile offenders. This is regardless ...

ART WORK

The chosen artwork for this specific question is a piece of art by famous painter Leonardo da Vinci. This particular artwork is titled St. Jerome in the wilderness. This piece of art is dated as far back as 1480.thus, this particular art piece is very informative of the world as it existed in the 15th century and gives insight into the mind of artists as well as their emotions at that particular point in history. This is a painting that exists in the Vatican museum. Most of the artwork by Leonardo da Vinci is respected with almost all of his paintings ...

There are many issues that have been tackled in the Shakespeare’s work, Measure for Measure. The work contains several themes. There also exist some elements of irony, morality, and also matters of justice. All these elements were used by Shakespeare to ensure that the audience receives the message he had for them effectively. The way or the manner in which they have been used are unique to itself. Shakespeare employs several unique style in his work. Some of the styles are going to be analyzed in this paper. This document, therefore, seeks to address the issues of morality, ...

Define what a prosecutor is.

A prosecutor is a person mostly with specialization in law who institutes legal proceedings against a party. A prosecutor is a lawyer who stands the court side that accuses a person of some crime and tries to prove the guilt of the defendant. Within the American criminal justice system, Prosecutors are important officials. Attorneys serve as a bridge between criminals and justice. They respond to various crime problems through the efficient processing of criminal cases. In most jurisdictions whether foreign or local, prosecutors dispense their duties through coordination with different security sectors and the public (Blanchard, Hart, & Blanchard, 2006).
Prosecutors decide, based on ...

United States and China

I. Legal System
The United States criminal legal system is based on the British Common Law system. Common law refers to those laws that are created and imposed by judges in the absence of specific a specific code or applicable statute defining the law (LaFave, 2000). Accordingly, during the early years of the nation when a judge was faced with a criminal activity that was not covered by a statute, he would use precedent, or refer to the decisions of similar cases, for guidance. Absent statute and precedent, the judge would simple use his best legal, professional and personal judgment to make ...

Form of Government and Structure

A close analysis of New York City shows that it utilizes a mayor-council system form of governance. The fact that New York City falls is structured under the City Charted offers a comprehensive platform that enhances the success of mayor-council system of governance. Another crucial factor that is worth noting with regards to New York City’s government is that it is more unified than any other U.S. city. This is evident by the fact that the city’s government coordinates a wider array of matters regarding public education, welfare services, water supply, public safety, sanitation, recreational facilities, correctional institutions, as well ...

Rehabilitation versus Incarceration

JUVENILE OFFENDERS 2
Introduction
Crime is a prevalent factor in American society, and is committed among all individuals regardless of age, race, gender, or socioeconomic status. The majority of American juveniles, individuals under the age of eighteen, have admitted to committing some type of crime throughout their young life. While the majority of crimes by juveniles are considered petty, non-violent, and overall minor offenses, youths also commit dangerous and heinous acts of crime identical to what we see in the adult penal system. In the last 30 years, Sociologists, Criminologists, and Penologists have witnessed both major and minor ...

Introduction

The Russian government is a federal type of government. The Russian federation includes 21 Republics 46 Oblast, 9 Kraj, 1 Autonomous Oblast, 4 Autonomous Okrug and 2 Cities of Federal Significance: Moscow and St. Petersburg. The president and the prime minister share the executive power though the president is the main political figure in government. The legislature on the other hand comprises of the Federal Assembly of Russia. The Federal Assembly of Russia is consists of two chambers. The first chamber is the lower house known as the Duma and the second legislative chamber is the upper house known as ...

Section 1: US Government

When the US constitution was set up, the founders divided the new government into three co-equal branches of government: The Legislative, the Executive and the Judicial. Each was given separate areas of responsibilities, that were designed to make the branches work together to govern the county. The idea was that no one branch would grow to dominate the other two. To make sure that didn’t happen, the founders built a system of checks and balances into the constitution. This system consists of a series of powers that each branch has over the other two, to prevent any one branch from ...

- What theory or theories of crime best justifies or justify the imposition of capital punishment
There are several legal theories that justify capital punishment in many jurisdictions. In such a punishment, the state puts one to death as a punishment for the crimes they may have committed. Legally, only capital offenses can attract capital punishments. The death sentence has always elucidated various reactions from the public, with some opposing it, and others support it. For instance, as of 2014, only 58 nations in the world actively practiced this punishment. 98 countries have so far abolished the punishment because it ...

The Ox-Bow Incident is an American western movie directed in 1943 by William Wellman and based on the novel by Walter van Tilburg Clark. The movie became a classic due to its original storyline different from the usual western movie plots. The movie is nowadays considered a movie classic due to its historical value and the importance of the message it delivers. Usually, the theme of the westerns revolved around morality and justice enforced or restored by a single character, classically a cowboy. The theme of The Ox-Bow Incident, however, is a tragic one, as not only the injustice is not redressed, but it ...

Individual Rights

Individual Rights
Individual Rights vis-à-vis Social Order
Individual rights pertain to the liberties and freedoms embraced in the human rights of every person. These rights are validated, confirmed and guaranteed by the Bill of Rights and the Constitutional amendments. These rights include the freedom to practice (or not) religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of petition, right against self-incrimination, right against self-incrimination, right to due process, and other rights granted in criminal proceedings (US Constitution). In democracies, such as the United States, individual rights play a significant role in society. Social ...

Introduction

Laws are intended to enforce and reflect the ethical and moral standards in a society that is civilized. Laws are used in civilized societies as fundamental instruments for controlling the behavior of man. There is a slight difference between ethics and morals that should be outlined. Morality deals with the aspects that are regarded as wrong or right. Morality originates from the conscience of the individual and from the values of a society that are based on political principles or religious traditions. A moral conduct, therefore, is that which is considered right in the conscience of the doer and the values of ...

Introduction

In the current world that is rapidly changing, the need for efficient management in prisons as well as other similar institutions is becoming greater. An effective prison management has been linked, both in practice and in theory, to sustainable economic development. In addition, effective prison management is credited as the key to the development of modern prison principles and systems. There have emerged various individuals as well as criminal rights groups asking for a complete overhaul of the current prison management systems to pave way for new systems. These individuals have also been calling for various changes to be instituted ...

Significance of parole and probation in criminal justice in the United States

I will start by defining the key terms in this question-parole, probation, and criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system is defined as the set of organizations and methods established by the administrations to perform and fulfill special goal- imposing penalties on those who breach laws and at the same time controlling crime. It is important to note that the United States is not made up of a single criminal justice system, but it is made up of many similar personage systems. The famous question that continue to revolve in our minds on how the criminal justice system works in ...

Question one: Procedural stages of a civil case

In the United States of America, the Constitution does not donate civil suits to the Federal Government. Under the doctrine of residual powers, it is the states that have the authority and mandate over civil cases. It is on that premise that civil procedure in the United States may be different from state to state. However, there has been a general approach applied by all the fifty states. In this section, the paper shall discuss the procedural stages in a civil suit.
A civil suit begins formally with the institution of the suit. Often, the suit can only be instituted ...

Shelby County v Holder is a famous case that deals with the constitutionality of certain provisions, given in voting rights act, 1965 which was enacted in order to address deep-rooted racial biasness in voting system of America. American Supreme Court elaborated this issue in changing circumstances and made it more effective while deciding this case. This paper intends to discuss Shelby County v Holder case and further examines several other related aspects of the subject.
The voting rights Act of 1965 was enacted with an intention to expand the periphery of civil rights and make it reach to everyone ...

Abstract

The submission introduces the topic it intends to cover by defining what a crime scene is and the importance of crime scenes in the criminal justice system. It then outlines the categories of crime scenes then gives the types of crime scenes under each category while briefly describing how each type of crime scene is and stating some of the aspects to appreciate under each type of crime scene. The submission then goes to discuss the law relating to admissibility of illegally collected materials and in doing that the locus classicus in the subject matter and other cases are subsequently ...

Introduction

This submission seeks to analyze the decision in Mapp v. Ohio and bring out the facts of that case, highlighting the similarities and differences in facts between the case and the fact pattern. It will then highlight the rules that the United States Supreme Court developed in deciding Mapp v. Ohio and apply the same to the fact pattern in a bid to arrive at a decision consistent with the legal principle of stare decisis.
In the Mapp’s case, police in Ohio got wind of a bombing suspect and an illegal gambling machine that were in Mapp’s house. When ...

The Declaration of Independence has been under extensive scholarly and judicial inquiry since its adoption in 1776 by congress. It was used by the 13 colonies that initially formed the United States to justify the declaration of independence from Britain. After the revolution, the document has evolved to inspire numerous democratic principles. One of these is concept of human rights. It is vital to ensure that everyone can enjoy their rights and freedoms without interference. Human rights are essential because all humans are entitled to the same privileges and restrictions. Human beings share common values and fundamental freedoms. One’ ...

In human existence, morality, ethics, and fairness are key factors that drive every person. The aspects of rightness emanating from these variances constitute justice. Therefore, justice entails fairness and equity in provision and determination of rights devoid of any discrimination. Such discriminations can be racial, gender, ethnic, faith or age as is determined by the Universal Human Rights. Justice ensures that regardless of one’s background, impartiality is administered in a nation. Social equity is akin to equality. The distinction emerges in the area of jurisdiction and manner of application. Take for instance, a family of two girls and two boys ...

Part I: The Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers and Self Government Matrix

Figure 1: Adapted from Patterson (2012, p. 40). The separation of powers derives from the need to limit the government’s power by creating separate institutions that share power with no single power being able to exercise decisive power without the approval or support by the rest of the institutions.
The people of the United States have the power of self-government, expressed in the constitution ensured through the provision for individual liberties. The people have the original power including the power to change the constitution, which subsequently gives and governs the exercise of power. However, in order to ...

Introduction

The Sikh Code of Conduct or Sikh Rehat Maryada is essentially based upon Guru Granth Sahib teachings and Sikh conventions and traditions. These rules are actually meant for carrying out the religious ceremonies in addition to enforcing faith discipline in a uniform way throughout the entire world. It is worth noting that no organization or individual has the right to amend or frame new rules.
I think that the rule, which surprises me most in Sikh Code of Conduct, is that they must under no circumstances cut their hair since this is considered as interfering with the will of ...

Admissibility of the statement made by Martin to Justice

One of the rights protected under the Fifth Amendment is the right against self incrimination or the right to remain silent (Fireside, 1998). Essentially, the right protects a person from either being compelled to make an incriminating statement, or the same statement being used against the person. Accordingly, a statement obtained from a suspect in violation of this right is not admissible in court, and may be suppressed.
However, a statement made voluntarily without any coercion is not protected under the amendment, regardless of how incriminating or ruinous it may be. This was established in United States v. Washington. The court further ...

The article addresses how insanity is used as a defense in the courts. Insanity refers to a situation whereby an individual has a mental problem hence is affected psychologically. In this case, the individual cannot be responsible for his/her actions. An individual has to prove to the court that he/she was not responsible for the criminal activities because he/she had mental problems.
According to the article, judges are aware that the insane individuals can claim insanity as a defense. In that case, the insane person is said not to be guilty. However, when a jury is involved the results are different. A jury ...

Introduction

Terrorist activities are on the rise worldwide; USA has not been left behind following the recent Boston bombing attack. These attacks and constant threats lead to counteractive measures by governments in a bid to ensure their citizens’ safety. In respect to the US situation, the lives of Americans and other individuals end in these attacks. This causes fear among the citizens. The government has a responsibility of acting against these attacks; this ensures the safety of its citizens. The US Department of Justice prepared a secret 16-page memo in reference to the terrorism situation. This memo provides for the assassination of American ...

Constitutional rights have always been regarded supreme to other rights and, therefore, prima facie would take preference in case of any conflict with any other rights. However, as the world develops there have been proliferations of other conditions and needs that are essential and should be protected to ensure tranquility in the society. This means that despite civil rights being created to grant citizens exclusive rights to enjoy their free will in response to the conditions at that time; the law and the supreme court have in some cases found it necessary to curtail these rights in order serve ...

Civil Liberties in the Bill of Rights
Evolution of Civil Liberties
Throughout time, civil liberties contained within the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution have evolved throughout years of scrutiny by the Supreme Court through the assessment of several cases. While civil liberties including the freedom of religion, speech, right against unlawful searches and seizures and the like have remained standing throughout time, new interpretations have nevertheless emerged from the Supreme Court. Among the most compelling developments introduced by the Supreme Court as part of existing civil liberties is the doctrine of ...

The Due Process is a system of legal proceedings that ensure the protection and enforcement of the rights of the citizens. It was established by the US constitution under the fifth and the 14th Amendments. The section 5 is applicable to the federal courts while the 14th Amendment is for the states. The two amendments and it clarify, that no government actions can deprive the accused person his/her right to life, liberty or property without the due process. They demand that government actions follow the same rules for all individuals accused of any crimes in US. This ensures fair trials ...

Introduction

The federal government comprises of three main bodies i.e. the legislature, the judiciary and the executive arm of the government. It helps to ensure the smooth running of the social, political and economic aspects of the nation. This paper gives a brief history about the development of the federal government in the nation besides exploring the different branches of the government.

History of the system

The American constitution of the 1987 created a system that counterbalanced interests, powers, and ambitions. Majority injustices and the popular disturbances disturbed James Madison, one of the founding fathers of the federal government in America. While concerned by the 1780s ...

The war for independence was over 200 years ago. The tensions between Great Britain and the US have long been forgotten and the two countries are, in fact, very close. Regarding the international issues and world politics, London and Washington are almost always on the same side.
The civil war ended in late 19th century. It seems that it is, as well, a part of our nation's history. The slavery has been abolished completely in all the states and former slaves became citizens. Of course, the process took a while. Many states continued to practice racial segregation. An excellent example ...

I feel better equipped to deal with emerging issues in my profession after completing the course on health equity and social justice. This is because I learned several key issues about social justice and health during my classes. A key issue I got to learn is that before any authority addresses the disparities in population health, they should first seek to establish and understand the underlying causes behind it. As I undertook this course, I learnt that addressing such disparities without any consideration for underlying causes only solves the problem for a short period. After this period, the disparities are ...

A Judge is one of the chief officials of very high rank who interprets the law and provides judgment based on the evidences. A judge can be a male or a female and the verdicts provided by them affect the society and the lives of people. The judges are appointed in civil courts, high courts and supreme courts. The judge is required to follow the rules and regulations laid by the United States Constitution or the laws of the State Constitution depending on where the judge is posted. The basic duty of the Judge is to listen to the Accused, the ...

United States v. Crews: Case 445 U.S. 463

Description of the findings

The case was presented in court on October 31, 1979, and the verdict presented on March 25, 1980 (U.S Supreme court, 1980). It is based on the fourth amendment and the implications presented by arresting an individual without probable cause. It is about a woman who on January 3, 1974, got robbed at gunpoint by a male who forced his way into a stall she occupied in the restroom. He went ahead and made sexual advancement to her and threatened to kill her if she asked for help in less than twenty minutes after he left the restroom. ...

The framers of the United State of America constitution did not want to create any arm of government with a lot of power or few powers. The constitution was drafted in such a way that the judiciary should check on the powers of the executive. The legislative part of the government will keep a check on the executive and judiciary. Decisions made by one arm of government can be challenged through another branch of the government. To facilitate such checks, framers of the constitution had to draft a constitution that allowed separation of powers. The separation of powers was supposed to eliminate the ...

Midterm Question

Max Weber’s model of bureaucracy has had a profound impact on the literature of contemporary public administration, as well as the justice system. In essence, bureaucracy refers to the power held by offices and refers to the rule conducted through an office or desk such as the compilation and dispatch documents. Various fields such as sociology and public administration borrow largely from bureaucracy. According to Weber, bureaucracy is both generic and scientific system capable of working in both private and public sectors. Weber defines bureaucracy as the means of moving community action through rationally organized social action (Weber, 1946). ...

Question one

In organizational research, one of the main things a researcher must consider before conducting the research is the ethical part of the research. Ethical issues are the issues concerning the research that affect the organization’s workers and any other related parties that the research touches. Researchers have to identify the ethical issues in the research and find ways of how to ensure that the research is carried out in an ethical and responsible manner.

The most common ethical issue is the anonymity of organizational respondents. In organizational research, it is usually challenging because in small organizations, any ...

The following paper takes into account the issues pertaining to juvenile justice and rehabilitation. The paper explains the interest I have in juvenile justice and rehabilitation, and a description of the research that I have done about the same topic. The paper explains the relevance that the topic has on the society and gives some examples of court cases that have been litigated to the subject. The paper also gives a detailed summary of how juvenile justice system best suits the issues discussed in the paper. Punishments and ineffective juvenile programs should be replaced with rehabilitation and evidence- based programs in ...

Introduction

The right to privacy is perhaps one of the most fundamental cornerstones of America’s democracy. The constitution under the Fourth Amendment ensures that all Americans have a right to privacy and this privacy can only be violated through a search warrant as defined by the constitution. The Supreme Court has since determined the nature and circumstances under which a warrant can be issued. However, one the most pertinent issue arises from searching a vehicle of suspect without a warrant. Several states have argued that if a suspect poses danger and there is evidence of probable cause, police officers may search the vehicle without having ...

Imprisonment or incarceration plays a major role in keeping away dangerous persons and perpetrators of heinous crimes from our communities. In fact this has been the practice among humans since the beginning of time. However, in the past, people preferred a more permanent solution to wrecked characters. These solutions involved cutting off limbs, crucifixion and stoning to death. Prisons and incarcerations were later introduced as less punitive measures so as to give such persons a second chance in the society. Different nations have developed a judicial system that handles matters of police operations, the judicial process and the incarceration of such persons. Countries, ...

What supreme case established the right to privacy?

The Griswold vs. Connecticut (1965) is the crucial case which pushed the Supreme Court to rule for the protection of the right to privacy (Hartman, Mersky, and Tate 346).

Describe the facts of that case.

There was a law in Connecticut that prohibited the use of any type of drug or medicine or any medical tool thereof with an intention of preventing a woman from conceiving. Any form of birth control was regarded in accordance to this law as unlawful and thus a criminal offence. Any passing violating this law was liable to a fine of 40 dollars or more or to a term of 60 days and more. The ...

In the history of criminal justice, there were various approaches to system’s functions and meaning of punishment in it. In the beginning of the modern criminal justice development, the main goal of punishment was to prevent crimes; therefore, laws and measures were strict and sometimes even unfair. This refers mainly to the times of the Wild West colonization and development of the first laws and institute of sheriffs’ service. In the last century, during the supremacy of liberal thought, an emphasis was placed on rehabilitating function of criminal justice and punishment itself. The prevalence of this approach in ...

Antonin Scalia is one of the current Supreme Court Justices. He holds the position of Associate Justice. Justice Scalia has been a part of the Supreme Court since President Ronald Reagan nominated him in 1986. Prior to becoming a Supreme Court Justice, Scalia worked in private practice as an attorney for six years. Additional experience as an attorney includes serving as General Counsel of the Office of Telecommunications and Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel, both during the Nixon administration. In regards to teaching experience, Scalia was a law professor at the University of Virginia and the University of ...

Criminal law

Is risk a gendered phenomenon?
Criminologists are in consensus on the universality of gender gap in crime. Women are at an average statistics less to commit criminal acts. Patterns of offences committed by women and male are noteworthy both for their differences and for similarities. This variation of risk-taking depends on organizations of gender, motivational factors, context of risk, as well as biological factors. The issue of risk being a gender phenomenon varies in diverse content domains, this include financial, recreational, social, ethical, as well as safety.
In the past decade, a lot of study has been carried out on ...

Introduction

In society, people are concerned with the issue of justice. Justice is seen as the foundation on which people can live in harmony with others. Human rights activists are usually up in arms where they feel that personal liberties are being infringed on. There are scholars who have debated on the concept of justice and given their arguments in support of their theories.

The Theory of Justice

The theory of justice is based on three principles of utilitarianism, fairness and Libertarianism. The principle of utilitarianism states that justice is attained where the laws and the institutions in the region are structured in such a ...

The Impact of Racial Ethnic Americans.

Introduction

The purpose of this presentation is to explore ways in which people of color and minority groups are represented in various cultural forms. It is hoped that this would create greater understanding of how these images are connected to particular events in their American history. Art, music, film, literary forms are some artifacts that would be highlighted as references. Importantly, perceptions of ethnicity and racial profiling have all emerged from these socio- cultural factors.
Consequently, the writer chooses to divide this paper into two distinct components. First, a brief discussion of the films ‘ethic notions,’ ‘spirit of crazy ...

Introduction

There have been various occasions when employees are discriminated against in terms of promotion on the basis that they are not of the required sex, not that they are not qualified to be in those positions. Because of this, class action lawsuit has been formulated to be applied by the victims of promotional or salary discrimination to fight for their rights.

This write up explains the use of class Action lawsuit by the affected people to ensure they are not discriminated against in promotion at workplace on the basis that they are not of the required sex while they ...

Discretion is the basic right to act in relation to one’s own judgment. This is an essential aspect of criminal justice. Within the criminal justice system, those who have any form of authority, including police officers, court officials, and probation officers, are given a level of discretion in order to utilize their ability to process those who have broken the law. Beginning with the police, who are given the discretion to make arrests, an individual is then given to the discretion of the court system, and the scrutiny of judge and public attorney. After this, a person might ...

Introduction

The case of Boy Scouts of America (BSA) v. Dale was a controversial case decided in 2000. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the unanimous decision by the New Jersey Court and ruled that because the Boy Scouts association was a private organization it had constitutional tight to remove openly gay persons from leadership positions. The petitioners in this case were the BSA and their Monmouth Council. The organization was a private non-profit making whose work was to instill values in the youth. This organization emphasizes that homosexuality is not consistent with the values it aims at instilling. The respondent in this case ...

Shortly after the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. on September 11, 2001, Congress passed the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act. As a result of real concerns over the security of the nation as well as more than a little mass hysteria over America’s vulnerability in the new age of global terror, the 342-page long USA PATRIOT Act, as it is popularly known, sailed through Congress a mere 45 days after the attacks with little debate or analysis but with broad bipartisan support. Indeed, in the Senate, the ...

FBI VS Jewish Defense League

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has been in operation as a major criminal investigation bureau in the US. This national crime-fighting agency of security goal is to protect America and the larger international community from criminal dangers that affect the world today (US Department of Justice, 2011). It was started in 1908 when Theodore Roosevelt was the president of the US by Robert Bonaparte (Weiner, 2013). Robert Bonaparte was the then attorney general of the US. It started as a task force of special agents, whose work was to track the major crimes that were happening in various ...

The founding fathers of this nation pieced together Constitutional guarantees for the citizens of the land to protect them from anarchy and tyranny. They had just overthrown the yoke of the most vilianous colonial regime in Great Britain. They were also determined that no American citizen should ever be subject to such tyranny especially in the name of the law. Hence, we have our Constitutional Amendments. The Fifth Amendment allows a citizen not to testify in court if the information would be self-incriminating. The Sixth Amendment allows citizens to the right to have their day in court. They are entitled ...

1. What is the role of congress in policy making process?
A policy is defined as a course of action that is established by the legislature, executive or the judiciary to influence the behaviors and decisions of the citizens in a federal state. Policy making process is not a monopolized affair and, therefore, involves decisive interactions among all arms of the government and the public participation. The congress and the President participate mutually in the legislative roles to a greater extent. However, their roles are made distinct at some point. The Congress is mandated in Law making, representation of the citizens as ...

Abstract

The project deals with the problem of juvenile justice and court punishment provided for juvenile offenders. The research gives a full coverage to the reasons that motivate the youth to commit crimes. There are various types of offenses and punishment considered based on the information provided by the finest law experts who represent international organizations and the collegiums of lawyers, addressing the problem of juvenile justice and the ways of overcoming the issue in their respective reports, reviews, and programs.
Key words: juvenile justice, crime, offender, court, delinquency
Adult delinquency is high enough while that of youth is ...

Abstract

Shortly after WW2, Japan became a place where the Allies put on trial Japanese military criminals of different standing. Overall, the process looked methodical and well-though-out, with an ad hoc classification developed for determining the guilt of offenders. The post-war years witnessed the execution of generals and the punishment of soldiers following their brutal orders. However, several years later, a complex of factors like the deliberate destruction of evidence or the enormous number of cases halted the prosecution process expediting its termination. As unethical and immoral as it was, the USA had its reasons not to prosecute some of ...

Probation and parole are alternative sentences to incarceration, which offer convicted offenders the opportunity to remain in the community, but operate under supervision (Hanser 12). Whereas probation takes place before and often instead of imprisonment, parole usually occurs as an early prison release. The convicted offender is required to comply with probation and parole conditions. The offenders are subjected to warrantless searches without any reasonable cause.
In the United States, over 2,000 agencies administer probation on offenders who commit felonies as well as misdemeanors. Adult probation as well as parole are established in executive branches of state government ...

Introduction

Death penalty which had been abolished in 1970s was quickly restored during 1970s itself. There have been charges of racial discrimination in the application of death penalty both before and after abolition and restoration of death penalty. Research on the subject suggests a pattern of racial discrimination. Since 1976, percentage of blacks executed has been 35 while, the blacks form just 12 % of the total population. Research indicates that blacks are four times more likely to receive death penalty than if the defendant is white. In 2000, percentage of blacks on death row statewide were 46 % in Alabama, 36 % California, ...

(Institute/University)

Abstract

Recent news of police engaging lethal force to contain seemingly non-dangerous situations has dominated headlines in the news. News such as the shootings of Kajieme Powell, Michael Brown and countless others and the seeming impunity that the system grants the accused proffer that the system will use any avenue to impose the upper classes’ will on the lower class in the guise of crime control. However, rather than project a racist slant, the research also looks on the possibility that the police officers, in the line of duty, must be given enough latitude in determining the situations that ...

[University]

Introduction

Perhaps no clause in the U.S. constitution has been so misconstrued and debated as the Second Amendment. In fact, even the Supreme Court could not make up their mind as to the true meaning of “A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed”. A decisive interpretation to this clause has been quite elusive. Since its ratification, only a few cases have found its way to the Supreme Court while the court’s decision has not helped clarify the matter more than being ...