Theory Term Papers Samples For Students

Fredrick W. Taylor started the scientific management movement. Taylor’s perspective focused on the principle that maximizing work performance done is more efficient than imposing on people. Taylor’s four doctrines of management were one; use scientific methods instead of the rule of thumb to study the work. The second rule is to match workers to specific jobs based on the motivation and productivity rather than random assignment. The third rule is to watch the performance closely and offer supervision and instructions. The fourth doctrine as advanced by Taylor is to allocate jobs between workers and managers. Frank Gilbreth ...

Originally, Sigismund Schlomo Freud, Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia, Austria. His father, Jacob, is a former widower and a Jewish merchant. His mother, Amalia, is the second wife of Jacob. Freud is the first born, among the eight children of Jacob and Amalia. He is the favorite child of his parents; thus, giving him all the educational opportunities. He attended high school at Leopoldstadter Communal-Real-und Obergymnasium, where he already exhibited excellent intellectual prowess. At the age of four, his family moved to Vienna, where Freud would spend most of his life. In 1881, he graduated ...

Who are the minority groups and what are the challenges have they been facing currently? Why blacks do commits the highest homicide or crime rate, and even kill among themselves despite the abolishment of slavery and segregation systems? These are some of the questions that I am going to handle in this paper. It is a fact that the minority groups in the past have gone through hard times of their life, whereby they were discriminated by the majority and the elite whites. Some were even killed by whites. But at present, blacks continue to indicate the highest rates of ...

PART A

1 a)
Wittgenstein employs the picture theory of meaning effectively to explain many important things in philosophy. In essence, the picture theory of meaning by Wittgenstein is a theory in which he argued that the state of things or the atomic facts could b pictured by a meaningful proposition. Using this theory, Wittgenstein managed to compare spatial pictures with the concept of pictures. In essence, the picture theory is seen as a correspondence to the truth theory. Wittgenstein’s arguments were to the effect that statements can only be meaningful in the event that they can be easily pictured or be defined in ...

Term Paper of Introduction to International Relations Theory

This term paper is going to deal with the concept of globalization and inequality. The terms ‘globalization’ and ‘inequality’ are going to be well defined and their minor relation identified. After that, the relation of the two terms with capitalism in the liberation theory is going to be well examined.
Globalization as a concept in today’s world is very wide. Technology has made the world a global village whereby everybody can connect with each other no matter where they are (Haugen 33). Thus, it is of great importance to establish whether it promotes inequality in terms of age, sex, ...

<h2>Abstract</h2> <p>The paper will address the social conflict theory that was instigated by Karl Marx in the 18th century. The theory had been in place since then but has undergone various changes with the changes in the society. The paper will exploit the developmental journey of the theory and discuss what was added or subtracted from the original ideologies of the theory in modernity. Moreover, there will be an examination of how the theory came to be. For instance, Marx came up with the theory after witnessing first-hand the exploitation of the lower class. He developed the theory to explain <!--more-->the exploitation. Therefore, the paper will go into detail on such. It will also highlight the development of the Marx theory and incorporation of theories such as the feminist theories. It will examine how the social conflict theory was shapes in the modern age and the things that determine its ideals. Social theories have been backed up by empirical research, which must be addressed in this paper. The strengths and weaknesses of the identified research and those that associate with how the theory developed will also be discussed.</p> <h2>Introduction</h2> <p>Social conflict theory is a concept that argues that relationships in the society are imbalanced and exist as a way to exploit people. The theory notes that the social groups or classes that constitute the community have varying amounts of resources, leading to the classification of the poor and the rich. The theory is premised on Marxism, who preaches on the exploitation of the weak by those who are economically advantaged. Social evolution, which denotes the growth of the society and relationships in it, gave rise to social conflicts in which those relationships occur for exploitation purposes. The economically strong have achieved their status through the exploitive means because that is how they gain. An example is when an employer pays an employee less than they deserve because they want to keep a magnitude of the profits. The discussion will be about the historical foundations of the theory, its development, and empirical research done in the areas while highlighting the weaknesses and strengths in both.</p> <h2>Karl Marx Conflict Theory Essays</h2> <p>The social conflict theory has its origin, as stipulated above, in thinkers such as Karl Marx. Other scholars have refined the ideologies behind the theories over time, and include people such as Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Even so, Karl Marx is known as the father of the social conflict theory. It has its roots deep in the eighteenth century, when Marx noted the classification of the society into the ruling and working classes of individuals (Rossides, 1998). The two classes formed the society and were defined solely by financial well-being. Karl Marx, a German, noted the need for a revolution or reform in the society that existed in the eighteenth century. The reason is that the bourgeoisie were seen to exploit the proletariats, who mainly formed the bulk of the working class. At the time, there were many bids for the revolution of the German society where government was to be taken away from the ruling class that constituted of the wealthy. What the theorist noted is that the people had surrendered all their rights to the government that was run by the wealthy. As a result, it had all the power and controlled all the means of production. The ruling class was also in charge of the political and legal systems. In such a way, the working class was left at the mercy of the ruling class that deeply exploited it.<br /> What instigated the origin of the theory in the century was when Marx determined that the work that was done by the workers was what led to the growth of the society (Stolley, 2005). He, therefore, found it ironic that the same people that cause the society to be what it is should be exploited. The society that they create through their work establishes relationships that are materialistic in nature. The emergence and growth of society in history were divided into three parts. The parts, namely economic, political, and social structures were responsible for the formation of the society. These three aspects came about as a result of the formation of relationships in the society. In the 19th century, the theory was based on criticism of the capitalism that was witnessed in most of the countries. Capitalism was seen as a major contributing factor towards what shaped the social conflict theory. The nineteenth century was a rush by many societies to a acquire wealth. They embraced the aspect of capitalism that propelled the society into formation of classes. There was a need for people to work in the broad industrialization that has spread throughout Europe. In addition, the aspect of private ownership of land caused an exploitation of the people who did not own property. Those who were in an advantageous position controlled legal and political institutions. Socialism stopped playing any role in how wealth was distributed in the society. To maintain the way things were, the ruling class developed a legal framework that was not favorable to the working class. Those who owned the capital controlled the politics and laws that could be used to change things. After carefully analyzing the situation, Karl Marx developed the social conflict theory. He also noted that those who were in a higher economic position had the power, given through political institutions, to make the working class do as they wished. Because of such mistreatments, there were conflicts in the society that existed between the two social groups. The conflict developed in the 1920s to include the aspect of intellectual controls. It was observed that the ruling class controlled how people thought by imposing ideas on them. The intellectualism of society, therefore, was in conflict because human beings have the freedom to think, but the ruling class made decisions for them.<br /> The 1950s were a period when sociologists exploited the theory that Marx had come up with and refined it accordingly. The theory was developed from the rawness that was used by Marx into something that reflected the changes that had occurred at the time. Society is not a permanent entity and is exposed to radical changes in the social, economic, legal and political system. For instance, Max Webber introduced the emotional aspect of the theory. He stated that the theory did not just involve the struggle for dominance in social classes, but had other aspects as well. Such issues included the ruling class using religion to instigate a particular behavior on people and control their emotions. In this sense, the ruling class would have absolute control power over individuals. Even so, the nineteenth century saw a lot of revolutions from followers of Marxism in scope of the social conflict theory (Eagly, Baron, Hamilton & Kelman, 2004). The German and Russian revolutions are good examples. The revolutions sought to seek control of legal and political systems because that is when the lower class could be completely free.<br /> In the wake of the rights of women, social conflict theory developed in the 1960s to facilitate the issues of the discrimination of women (Martindale, 1960). The theory was then referred to as the feminist conflict theory. The feminists argued that women were oppressed by men, and a conflict existed between the two groups of people. It was no longer about the rich and poor only, but also about men and women. Men wanted to maintain the position that was traditionally seen as theirs while women wanted more freedom and opportunities in mainstream matters. Women believed men incapable of giving up power over them even though there had been notable changes in the rights of women. For instance, they were allowed to participate in the voting system, unlike what was the position before the Second World War. A few women had gone to school. However, women believed that their continuous discrimination in matters that were far more important was exploitation for the gain of men. Therefore, the period led to the development of the feminist conflict theory.<br /> In the wake of modernity, mainly in the 20th century, there has was an overhaul of the system that was seen in the 18th century (Sitton, 1996). The people are no longer divided into clear social classes. The social classes do exist because equality has not been attained in terms of wealth. There are those people who are rich and those who are poor. However, the lower class is not as exploited as was the case in the 18th centuries. Political institutions have become accommodative of the common man, and legal rules are made in the interest of the ordinary man. There has been the rise of labor unions that advocate the rights of workers. Even so, the social conflict theory is still applicable in some situations and varies in degree. There is a global and international conflict. The global entities that often exist control countries in what they should do or things in which they should engage. There have been arguments on the issue of sovereignty when it comes to forging of some rules. The conflict also relates to international economics where those countries that are not yet financially independent are controlled by those that have achieved financial freedom. States foster interactions between one another that are meant to give rise to good relationships. They lead to trade where those that have a higher bargaining power overlook the others that may not be very fortunate. Additionally, conflicts have existed in aspects of the interactions that exist in a modern society. The interactions are based on the individual will of the people as opposed to the collective. Class is still something that the individuals, who exercise the free will of their thoughts, exploit. There exists the conflict of individual freedoms and the collective responsibilities in the society. People do not participate in the things they are supposed to in the society because of their free will. They form interactions that are in the interest of their free will as opposed to what collective responsibility entails. Who they interact with, therefore, will be dependent upon what they want as individuals. In a way, social conflict is still active in the modern society, but has developed to incorporate the above. People have been given freedom through the laws that advocate the rights and liberties of the individual.<br /> Also, modernity brought the concept of deviance into the social conflict theory (Pankin, 1981). In this sense, it was witnessed that when it came to deviance and committal of crimes, the lower class was more associated with it as compared to the higher level in the society. The lower class is dealt with in a different way than the privileged. The scenario is applicable to both white and blue collar crimes. The punishment in the society is not the same with the different classes that apply it. Those who are economically stable, in addition, can be used to influence the hand of the law in any direction that they see fit. Money changes things in the way the legal rules are set forth, hence, brings a conflict. Social conflict theorists have argued that the law is left as a weapon as opposed to it being a shield</p> <h2>Strengths and weaknesses of the theoretical development</h2> <p>The theoretical evolution of the theory draws its strength from the fact that it uses the aspect of morality to justify itself. In all of its development, the social conflict theory had embraced the aspect of morality in its discussion. Hence, it has drawn the attention of many people because it preaches the immorality of exploitation. It preaches of the issues behind the immoral aspects of exploitation under pretentious habits by the advantageous groups. In doing so, it recognizes the fundamentals in which the society is made of and identifies with the plight of the minorities. It recognizes the injustice that was afforded to the people who could not change the laws or political atmosphere as society developed from the 18th century. The fact is that the theory is the only one that sought to exploit the injustices that occurred in the society. As it proceeded and developed more, the theory recognized the changes that the society had made towards a better governing and social system. It incorporates other factors that have affected the developed society. Because of such a comprehensive and factual representation of what happens in the society, it is a realistic representation of what needed to be changed. It involved the change in the traditional setup, and what was needed in the modern scenario.<br /> However, the theory heavily discounts humanitarianism acts that may aimed towards the goodness of the society (Eagly, 2004). It places any acts that are done by the advantageous group to people who are less fortunate as having an ulterior motive. In this theory, there is no day that the people who have influential positions will do things that substantially benefit the society as a whole (Izvercianu, 2009). The theory stipulates that the society is devoid of any goodness. In the modern aspect, when it comes to crime, the theory presents a situation where the laws completely fail to protect those from a lower class. The scenario may be a misrepresentation that is fuelled with unfounded discriminatory innuendo. The issue of discrimination is not new when it comes to crime committal and punishment. However, the law has evolved to protect criminals and they, too, get to be afforded a high amount of rights. At the same time, it could be notably true that the higher class in the society often escapes high degrees of punishment. However, it does not mean that the lower class is usually unfairly punished as a result. The laws have tried to foster a fair approach to the provision of justice through constitutional reviews.<br /> Empirical Research denotes the routine of acquiring new knowledge and skills not through construing, but through undeviating and unintended observation. That explains why the outcomes that are deduced from the empirical research would only be evaluated and considered through qualitative as well as quantitative approaches. In other words, it is a product that brings out outcomes through experimentation and observation resulting to sound understanding not forgetting to remark that the research results to s comprehensive case study. One of the major strengths of the methods denotes the integration of the research itself as well as the practice. Moreover, it does offer admiration to contextual differences something that enables the acquired knowledge to be built upon. Even though the method have the exceeding features, it is worth noting that the process would not be trustworthy in case the full cycle was not adhered to and they include observation, induction, deduction, testing, and finally evaluation. Any failure in any of the phases would result to unwanted outcomes that would lead to wrong observation.</p> <h2>Conclusion</h2> <p>The social conflict theory has been an important element in the bid to solve the never-ending problems that exist in the society. The problems emanate from the legal, social, economic and political aspects since they are all related (Deutsch, 2000). Even with the presence of some weaknesses, the theory is still a good representation of those things that affect the society and need reform. Because of the social interactions that occur with different people in the society, conflicts are bound to exist.</p> <h2>References</h2> <p>Azar, E. (1990). The management of protracted social conflict: Theory and cases. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Dartmouth;.<br /> Ballantine, J. H., & Spade, J. Z. (2008). Schools and society: A sociological approach to education. Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press.<br /> Bartos, O., & Wehr, P. (2002). Using conflict theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br /> Brym, R. (2012, August 1). Collective and State Violence in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Limits of Classical Rational-Choice Theory. Canadian Review of Sociology.<br /> Dahrendorf, R. (n.d.). Toward a theory of social conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 170-183.<br /> Deutsch, M. (2000). The handbook of conflict resolution theory and practice. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.<br /> Eagly, A. (2004). The social psychology of group identity and social conflict: Theory, application, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.<br /> Eagly, A. H., Baron, R. M., Hamilton, V. L., & Kelman, H. C. (2004). The social psychology of group identity and social conflict: Theory, application, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.<br /> Explain all of the scientific advantages or disadvantages that Conflict/ Marxist theory has. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://essaytree.com/criminology/explain-all-of-the-scientific-advantages-or-disadvantages-that-conflict-marxist-theory-has/<br /> Hladki, J. (2002, September 22). Entangled Discursivity: Women's Social Relations in a Collaborative Filmmaking Process. (Research Articles/Rapports De Recherche). Resources for Feminist Research.<br /> Izvercianu, M. (2009, January 1). Conflict and strategy models in automotive competing markets.(Report). Annals of DAAAM & Proceedings.<br /> Martindale, D. (1960). The nature and types of sociological theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.<br /> Pankin, R. M. (1981). Social approaches to sport. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.<br /> Rossides, D. W. (1998). Social theory: Its origins, history, and contemporary relevance. Dix Hills, N.Y: General Hall.<br /> Savage, T. (2005, March 22). Applying Social Empowerment Strategies as Tools for Self-Advocacy in Counseling Lesbian and Gay Male Clients. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD.<br /> Schellenberg, J. A. (1996). Conflict resolution: Theory, research, and practice. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.<br /> Schlee, G. (2004, March 1). Taking Sides and Constructing Identities: Reflections on Conflict Theory. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.<br /> Sitton, J. (1996). Recent Marxian theory class formation and social conflict in contemporary capitalism. Albany: State University of New York Press.<br /> Social-Conflict Theory. (2009, September 29). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.ehow.com/facts_5476453_socialconflict-theory.html<br /> Sociology political process theory articles Meltdata.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.meltdata.com/articles/sociology-political-process-theory.html<br /> Sociology/ Conflict Theory term paper 15995. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.customessaymeister.com/customessays/Sociology/15995.htm<br /> Stolley, K. S. (2005). The basics of sociology. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.<br /> Väyrynen, R., & International Social Science Council. (1991). New directions in conflict theory: Conflict resolution and conflict transformation. London: Sage Publications.<br /> Weiner, I. B. (2013). Handbook of psychology. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.<br /> Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.</p> ...

Introduction

Handedness can be considered as the use of the hand for better, faster and more precise performance or control in certain tasks. In the concept of handedness, right and left hands are considered, and generally the use of one hand more than the other is considered. However, there are four kinds of people in terms of handedness: right-handed people, left-handed people, mixed-handed people, and ambidextrous. Left-handedness is less frequently found than right-handedness. Researchers have found that left-handedness is fairly more common in men as compared to women (Papadatou-Pastou, Martin, Munafo, & Jones, 2008).

Theories of left-handedness

Several theories have been presented in order ...

Introduction

Domestic violence is considered a serious offense that regularly happens around the globe. It has indeed been confirmed that its major causes comprise physical, psychological, mental, and sexual forms of distress inflicted upon by the absolute abuser over their victims. This paper focuses on the analysis of the comprehensive conceptual structure of domestic violence with a major purpose of bringing sufficient understanding of these elements. The paper will involve a basic yet robust foundation upon which domestic violence will be understood, thereby advancing past and present debates regarding justice systems and their response to numerous domestic violence transgressions. This article progresses its ...

There are clear rules and laws that discriminate between legal and illegal things but there are no given reasons as to why this discrimination is made. In the case of drugs, there is no other opinion apart from being harmful and illegal. Marijuana in particular, is referred to as a main source of enjoyment for the generations today. Since the very existence of the drug, there has been a non-stop debate regarding its legalization in the United States of America. It has been tested and proved that marijuana has a positive impact on the society in numerous ways. Marijuana is a natural plant ...

Capitalism is an economic environment in which factors of production and trade are privately controlled to maximize profits. Capitalism is characterized by such factors such as capital accumulation and competition in markets and wages. A lot of theories have been postulated in a bid to explain the origin of modern capitalism. This paper focuses on two theories on the origin of capitalism by Karl Marz and Max Weber. Special Focus is given to the alienation theory by Karl Marx and the origin of capitalism as explained in by two theories.

KARL MARX THEORY OF ALIENATION

In the theory of alienation, Karl Marx explains and discusses ...

This paper is divided into three sections. The first section is a review of academic research and studies on corporate theories, positions and counter-positions. The second part discusses the two theories – stakeholder value theory and shareholder value theory. This section evaluates key arguments associated with each theory. In the third part, the paper evaluates why value-driven stakeholder approach should be embraced by managers of corporations. The paper finalizes the discussion by concretizing the arguments in a summary and offering submissions for future managers.
This paper hypothesizes that profit maximization is no longer the only priority of organizations; other non-economic features ...

Interpersonal Communication Theories and Infidelity

Interpersonal Communication Theories and Infidelity
Infidelity is a common problem found in many relationships and marriages. Whether couples are married or dating, straight or gay, it appears that 48% of couples are unfortunately bound to experience a period of infidelity . Many believe that infidelity only brings on episodes of conflict between the couple, followed by an inevitable breakup or divorce. They do not think there is any way through infidelity, or that there is any other type of communication involved. However, interpersonal communication is far more complex than that, and the couple can become mired in several different theories in ...

Growing up in a single-parent family, I learned from an early age to collaborate with my mother and my brother in everything we did. Many times, while organizing the household’s choruses, the activities within our family were very well divided. On a higher level, we all knew our functions: while I and my brother were responsible with learning, our mother was the provider of our household. My mother was not quite the prototype of a traditional mother who is dependent on the domestic sphere, taking care of her housewife’s activities. Although she made sure to also organize and coordinate the ...

1970-1980’s (Newman, Parse, Watson, Rogers) iv. Development of the metaparadigm per Fawcett

v. Development of paradigms
1. Simultaneity and Totality
2. Particulate-Deterministic, Interactive -Integrative, Unitary Transformative
III. Discuss knowledge development in nursing (10 points)
a. Carper’s Ways of Knowing
b. Emancipatory Knowing
c. Ways of unknowing
d. Role of research
e. Role of the socio political environment
IV. Application/Synthesis for Advanced Practice (10 points)

Describe how the new advanced knowledge, in the course to date has informed and influenced your own perspective on nursing:

i. Philosophic
a. What philosophy is most congruent with your own personal philosophy and why?
ii. Paradigm of Nursing
a. Discuss the congruence between your nursing philosophy and your nursing paradigm
b. Describe ...

(Author)

Cognitive-Behavior Theory

Introduction to Cognitive-Behavior Theory (CBT)
Cognitive-behavior theory deals with micro practice or social work. Micro practice is one of the most common kinds of social work in which people interact with individuals or families to solve their problems. Cognitive structures are designed to work on the reaction and work of individuals in their personal lives as everyone has a unique cognitive structure that is based on individual experiences of life and biological predispositions. The hyphenated term “cognitive-behavioral” shows the significance of both cognitive aspects as well as behavioral approaches to understand and help human beings. Both of them ...

- Introduction

Learning theories in Psychology.

The introduction will contain a preface to learning theories in psychology and the importance it has in the world. It will also contain the key points of the research paper.

Key points:

- Introduction to learning theories in psychology over the years.
2. Skinner’s Behaviourism as a learning technique.
3. Operant Conditioning- the experiment.
4. How the experiment can be extended to human beings.
5. Behaviour modification therapy.
II- A. Learning theories in psychology.
- Classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov.

This section will contain an introduction to classical conditioning, it’s advantages and disadvantages.

- Operant Conditioning by B. F. Skinner.
Skinner’s reasons for developing this ...

[Class Title]

Defending the Guilty
In 1840, Lord William Russell, an English nobleman was murdered. There was strong evidence that his butler, Courvoisier may have perpetrated the crime. Despite the strong circumstantial evidence, the butler maintained his innocence and was duly represented by his lawyer, Charles Phillips. During the court proceedings, Phillips vigorously defended his client as expected. At this point, Phillips would have already known the guilt of his client. In fact, it would be reasonable to believe that Courvoisier might have already admitted his guilt to his lawyer before the later accepted the case. During the course of ...

The history of human evolution has always been a heated topic for debate; many theories abound as to what factors led to the evolution of apes into man, using the concepts of trait adaptation, among others, to help explain why we became what we became. There are those who believe that the major contributing factor was the development of language, or the forming of groups with hierarchical structures. Others believe that the development of monogamy as a social concept is the most important factor leaving to the evolution of humanity. However, it is my concerted belief that the most important contributing ...

Introduction

Theories are abstractions from the real world to give explanation to phenomenon that are affecting variables under consideration. Several theories have been propounded to give explanation to how and why human beings behave in a certain manner. Among these theories is the Elton Mayo’s Haworth experimental student to show what motivate workers to put the extra performance during their productivity hours. Other motivational theories propounded by human behavioral school of thought include Abraham Maslow hierarchy of need theory, Federick Herzberg Two factor theory, Douglas MC Gregory’s X and Y theories, Bandura’s cognitive theory and the social learning ...

BUSINESS PROCESS CHANGE PLAN

Flowchart
Summary of the plan
Tesco PLC is a multinational general merchandise and grocery retailer. It operates in twelve countries and is headquartered in the United Kingdom. The work environment in the organization is based on respect, trust, and staff motivation. The company’s customer-based approach involves listening, supporting, and thanking customers by providing a revolutionary shopping experience. The company prides itself on understanding and prioritizing the needs of customers. It is crucial for Tesco to improve its customer service since it has been recording losses as many customers have been shifting their loyalty to other supermarket chains. Customer ...

Introduction

Aging is broadly defined as a decrease in the ability to survive. Aged people have less ability to perform strenuous physical activities and show the deteriorating condition of the organs and increased susceptibility to the diseases. Life expectancy is defined as the average length of the life of the individuals in a population. In developed countries, the life expectancy has increased due to the availability of modern medicines, public health care, nutrition and housing.

Aging of cells, tissues, organs and systems

Aging affects cells, tissues, organs and the system in different ways. The efficiency of the cellular functions decreases and the shape of the cell organelles like nuclei ...

Question 1

This argument is rather pedestrian, especially considering that the modern society is based on co-existence. Taking the United States as an example, multi-cultural societies are inevitable in the contemporary world, where globalization is the force behind the destiny of the human race. Race should not be the determining factor as far as what one will do is concerned. On the contrary, all races should be treated equally with such doctrines as the equal employment opportunity being the guiding principles. The origins of this person’s logic could be the basic reasoning of a person in a society with class conflict, with ...

Theory and the rationale for selecting the theoryEnvironmental theory is one of the nursing theories by Nightingale. This theory incorporated the restoration of the standard health status of both nurses and clients into the delivery of healthcare. The theory has its bases on the fact that nursing is an act of environmental utilization of the patient so as to assist him in his recovery. That means that the nurse has to be initiative so as to configure the environmental settings that are appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patient’s health as well as the external factors that ...

[Professor’s name appears here]
[Date appears here]

Bowlby's theory of attachment: An Introduction
The Attachment theory by John has acquired wide recognition for perceiving social and emotional growth of children. It has offered a theory on which to shape human perception concerning the pivotal role of the parent-child interaction and its impact on psychological development. The force of attachment theory is not only affecting parenting, however also have a direct bearing on child care policies and practices, with the emphasis for sensitivity in the children – caregiver interaction. The attachment rules are also considered important for the work of ...

Background

Amazon is the largest online trading company based in the US, a creation of its CEO Jeff Benzos in 1994 during the internet boom. It sells retail goods e.g. jewelry, consumer electronics e.g. e-books and digital content which include e-books, videos and mobile applications. With a market share of over 60 million customers, Amazon is the largest online retailer. Amazon has been most popularly known for its online bookstore where published materials are transacted.
Amazon has about 88,400 employees employed and working in care centers, offices and warehouses all over the world. Acquiring $61 billion in sales revenue and $ ...

Business management in the present times has become complex as compared to the early years. Market competition continues to exert pressure on managers to do their best in providing goods and services. Employees form a vital part in a business organization because their dedication and motivation leads to an improvement in organizational performance. Managers have formulated policies to enhance workers productivity through research.
McGregor’s theory x and y are managerial theories that explain certain worker behaviors in business institutions. These theories help managers deal with certain types of workers with regards to the best interest. The thesis of my ...

Syrian Chemical Attack August

Introduction
Social Judgment Theory (SJT) is a persuasive theory that was proposed by Muzafer sheriff, Carolyn sheriff and Carl Hovland. Epistemologically this theory states that there exists a single universal interpretation (of one truth) on how people judge received messages. Ontologically, the SJT theory is deterministic since individual behavior is predictable (Connolly et al. 2000). Axiologically, SJT is value-neutral since the theoretical propositions remain objective and free from biasness. The theory of SJT explains how individuals judge the messages get. The theory also predicts that people accept or reject particular attitudes and messages (Connolly et al. 2000). Weekley and Ployhart ( ...

Immanuel Kant claims that good will is good without any qualification, implying that good will is good regardless of the results of its action. He held that what makes a person good is his possession of the will that in a certain way makes decisions based on the moral law. J.S. Mill who is a utilitarian philosopher is quite opposed to this idea and focuses primarily on the consequences of an action to justify its moral uprightness. Mill holds persons, actions, and institutions need to be assessed based on how well they promote the human happiness. Mills approach to morality is superior ...

There have been several theories that seek to explain several issues about criminal activities and offenders. These theories explain the reasons behind criminal activities and the drives that make people to commit these crimes. In the criminal justice system, these theories are important since the crime management personnel use them to understand the reasons behind criminal activities as well as means to control these criminal activities. Felson and Clarke are also important contributors to criminal theoretical perspectives. They are responsible for the Crime opportunity theory, which has a subsection referred to as routine activity theory. The crime opportunity theory seeks ...

One of the main problems of classical mechanics is that of turbulent fluid flow. The reason for this is that there is the presence of thin no-slip boundary which requires a lot of meshpoints in order for the solution to be arrived. There is a research which has been arrived and researched upon which shows that with the use of slip boundary condition to be the model for friction to be achieved for the small skin, there is the possibility for predictive simulation for mean quantities. An example of such mean quantities is the drag and lift turbulent flow with millions ...

Introduction

Since many kinds of sports are games, it is not surprising that examples from sports are often being used for illustration of classical problems from game theory, while game theory is, also may be applied to improve performance in sports (Chiaporri et al 12). Choice of direction of shots in tennis is often being used for understanding of mixed strategies, and, the other way around, mixed strategy have been used to explain how footballers might decide on where to spot the penalty kicks (and for goalkeepers – how to try to save them). At the same time, chess in itself ...

Science from a philosopher’s perspective

Science has undergone a lot of transformations and many theories have been formed to form the basis of truth and knowledge. The nature of science is that it introduces the use of experiments as a means of reaching to an idea. It is therefore important to note that science is based on objectivity that basically means that one has to look into the two sides of the divide then come up with an informed choice that satisfies the need for knowledge search. Scholars, for the sake of coming up with theories have adopted the use of paradigm. The replacement of one ...

Background:

The outcome of Second World led to a bipolar world with the dominant forces coming into enacting power. One of these was the Socialist state of Russia that had suffered the most in Second World War and had contributed the most towards the defeat of Germany, the Second was an outside force in form of United States of America that had aided the Allies in the War and made their victories possible.

Introduction:

The end of World War saw a non conventional and unprecedented war in form of a Cold War. In this war, the battle was not fought on battle grounds between ...

Abstract

Aging is a reality of life, at some point the beauty of youth fades and is replaced with a gradual destruction of body tissues, organs, and the reduction in energy as well as desire for most things. For many, aging is a challenge and psychologically traumatizing experience. However, it is important for the society to understand that aging is a natural process, and there is no known cure for the process of aging. Still, the world has developed such that some of the happenings of old age such as the ease of acquiring diseases, the comfort of life as well as the life span ...

The data shows the age distribution of the male and female respondents in the research. The total number of males is 704 while there are 791 female respondents. We can use the data on the sexes and age distribution to formulate and test the hypothesis by calculating the various parameters of statistical data as follows:

Statistical assumptions of this test include:( Ning-zhong S. & Jian T, 2008)

- The data is symmetrical about its mean
- The data assumes a normal probability distribution
- The distribution is completely defined by mean and standard distribution
- The data assumes a 95% level of confidence
In this case, the independent variable ...

Nature vs. Nurture

Abstract
For centuries man has been trying to determine what makes a person moral. Some have theorized that babies are born with an innate sense of morality while others debate this theory with their own beliefs that human ethics are molded by their environment. Those in the field of psychology have long endeavored to find commonalities that would explain human personalities. Even though all humans have similar traits there are also many ways that make us all unique. In the search to understand the relationship between commonality and uniqueness, several different theories of personality have been developed ("The study ...

Comparing Z. Freud’s Conceptions and E. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
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Psychosocial development theory is the theory of psychosocial reeks of personality, created by Eric Erickson, in which he describes the eight stages of personality development and focuses on the development of the individual I am.
The issue of personality psychosocial development is not only of scientific interest. Psychoanalysis seeks and finds the roots of the problems in the various stages of childhood and adolescence. It turns out that not only all of us from childhood, but our ...

Reflection Paper

Reflection Paper
The concepts that are critical in training students with special needs are clearly introduced and described in chapters 4, 13 and 14. These chapters are therefore, essential in empowering a teacher with skills of differentiating and managing a classroom setting. Chapters 4, 13 and 14 also present some of the critical factors that support good teaching practices. After evaluating these chapters, I have realized that a teacher ought to be creative in planning and in reacting to emerging situations. The chapters have also provided various theories that a teacher may apply in order to adopt good teaching practices. For instance, ...

In the last century, psychoanalysis has incorporated itself as one of the paramount disciplines within the field of psychiatry. The father of psychoanalysis is unequivocally Sigmund Freud; and while the science of psychoanalysis has advanced far beyond Freud, and his basic principles, his influence is still strong and pervasive.
Freud’s basic principles are central in the practice of psychiatry and in psychotherapeutic practice; namely, psychic determination, unconscious mental activity, and the effects on childhood on the development of our adult psyche (Semple, Smyth, Burns, Darjee, & McIntosh, 2005). Freud also focused on the role of meaning in his vision ...

[Date (May 23, 2013)]

- Introduction to alcohol consumption
Alcohol consumption is taken as a leisure activity among many people across the world. There are many forms of alcohol available depending on the level of alcohol content and the manufacturing process used. Based on the alcohol content, it is classified as wines, spirits and beer while under manufacturing processes it is classified as commercial and traditional brew. Commercial alcohol (manufactured in industries) is a legal drink worldwide while the traditional brew is outlawed in majority of the countries. The question on the effect of alcohol on the behaviour of human ...

This research paper will seek to answer the research question “Does the amount of baby deaths get affected by the GDP of the country?” The study thus seeks to determine whether the GDP of a country has an effect on the number of baby deaths that may be experienced in the country.

- The GDP of a country is inversely proportional to the rate of baby deaths in that country.
In order to answer the research question and test the proposed hypothesis of the study data was collected from 30 different countries indicating the number of recorded baby deaths and ...

PART 1

Society and institutions are key concepts in sociological studies. From as early as the 1980s, there have been attempts to revise the key sociological concepts of institutions giving rise to ‘New Institutionalism” or “Neoinstitutionalism.” At first, the ideas were based on organizational theory but the ideas quickly broadened to include micro sociology or individualism and global sociology. In sociological studies, institutional analysis is conducted for understanding how institutions affect and influence individual and collective human behavior. Conclusions can be made through empirical approaches or inferential analyses, which give various scientifically admissible conclusions on the subject. Past studies have shown ...

Introduction

The development of children is one of the most important topics in psychology. There are several theories that have been developed to explain the behavior of children at different stages of their life. Some of the renowned theorists include Freud, Erickson, Lacan, Piaget and Melanie Klein. Melanie Klein is one of the few women who developed theories that seek to enhance our understanding of children at their infancy stage. This paper explores Klein’s object relations theory within the treatment of children.

Major concepts of the theory

The Kleinian theory seeks to not only explain some of the fears and anxieties of babies but ...

Abstract

The paper discusses infantile amnesia – the phenomenon of the inability of adults to recollect any memory before the rough age of three years. The science behind the phenomenon is brain development. However brain development theory is being questioned today for its inability to explain a few aspects of childhood memory. Sigmund Freud’s explanation is his theory of repression of traumatic sexual experiences. Other psychologists meanwhile believe that language development holds the key to the explanation behind infantile amnesia. The paper also discusses the concept of identity and focuses on some empirical results that have been developed to prove the ...

Introduction

Prospect theory is defined as human thriftiness behavior that explains how the human opt the most risky casuistry alternatives knowing the level of consequences they will have to face afterwards. This theory describes that usually people assess the probabilistic alternatives keeping in mind their possible gains and losses using common sense techniques rather than keeping focus on the final consequences. This model focuses on real-life facts rather than talking about idealistic approach. Professor Daniel Kaheman, in assistance of Amos Tversky, developed this theory in 1979 at Psychology Department of Princeton University as a more realistic and psychologically quite optimum explanation ...

Introduction

Whistle blowing refers to the process through which an employee or employees reveal information concerning the organization that is harmful and detrimental in nature. Often, the information is brought out to the public domain do the chagrin of the organization and its management. Whistle blowing should be divorced from investigations, spying or other kinds of cover ups and revelations. It also must be noted that whistle blowing must not be in bad faith or in the interest of the employee who reveals the information. This paper shall examine the elements of whistle blowing with a keen coverage on the paradoxes ...

- List one contribution and one criticism of cognitive theories of development.
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has been recognized for its contribution in developing scientific study in psychology. Its contribution is significant in linking cognitive changes with the aggregate neural and visceral changes in the body with the resulting emergence of the psychophysiological development approach in the study of psychology. However, the theory is also criticized owing to its lack of scientific approach to its theory development involving the issues on using small samples for its tests and the absence of using statistical figure analysis in ...

A group is a non empty set G with a binary operation, * defined on it and so that the following axioms hold.
G1: a *(b*c) = (a*b)*c for all a, b, c in G
G2: there is an element 1 in G such that 1*a = a*1 = a for all in a in G
G3: for every element a in G, there is an element a-1 in G such that a*a-1 = 1 = a-1*a
Any group is an abelian group if for a, b in G then a*b = b*a. it is very common to write abelian group operations with additive operation because many of the groups arise from additive ...

LEADERSHIP AND MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES

Introduction
Motivation is a term coined from a Spanish word meaning to move. Motivation entail the psychological mechanism that rejuvenates the mind causing stimulation, direction, and persistence of involuntary actions that are targeted to the success of a particular undertaking (Blanchard et al, 1985). By definition motivation is the in- built willingness to exert the necessary effort toward an individual or organizational goal, powered by the efforts ability to satisfy a certain need. In this circumstance, a need is a certain drive that makes certain outcomes becomes attractive (Blanchard et al, 1985). There are several theories that try to explain motivation and its effects ...

Introduction

Criminality is one of the most complicated concepts in the study of social sciences. Understanding criminal behavior is an uphill task considering that gurus in the field of criminology have yet to reach a consensus on whether or not criminality is a rational conduct. Currently, most criminologists argue that criminals are rational human beings and, considering that, the criminals are usually sober minded people, criminal conduct is a rational conduct since the people committing the offense are sane and know what they want. Apparently, the aims of most criminals have been connected to human wants, usually physical wants. What people have yet ...

There are many professionals in both the fields of sociology and the field of education. There are almost as many opinions on the topics that are studied as there are professions. Some of the topics that are frequently studied are the ways in which people learn, the ways in which they interact, and the ways in which the make choices in the early years and how these choices influence them throughout their lives. Fortunately, much of the research that has been done in these areas has come to a consensuses and the professionals and learning to collaborate better with each ...

- A
Thomas D. Cook is affiliated with the northwestern university. He is also a faculty fellow at the institute for policy research . At the Northwestern University, Thomas Cook is a professor in the fields of psychology, sociology, education and social policy. Thomas Cook’s major area of concentration is the methodology of program evaluation. He has written many books and articles in his stellar career and for his efforts and contributions, he has been awarded several awards. Some of the awards he has received are the Myrdal prize in 1982, the Rossi Award in 2012 and the Campbell prize ...

Current Events and US Diplomacy

United States presidential doctrine refers to course of action that a particular president in power adopts in dealing with in handling foreign policies. It is an ideological ground from which a US president executes a policy on a foreign country or region in an attempt to accomplish the US foreign objectives. Most if not all United States presidents had their own presidential doctrines. In fact, there have been many presidential doctrines in the United States. Nearly all the United States presidents have had their doctrines of dealing with their foreign policies.
President J. F. Kennedy’s doctrine was a foreign policy that he ...

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are two fundamental basics of discussion, research, and theory when discussing child development and psychology. Before Freud came to the United States, ‘talk therapy’ was not even something that was used here, but was becoming popular in Europe. This concept was fought as a controversial technique in the United States, but Freud was determined, and it is now the basic and most common type of therapy in psychiatry today.
Erikson focused more on child development, which is a growing field of research today. Children are not merely little adults, but function in a very different way. ...

Studies relating to juveniles systems are dynamic and this is why various theorists have come up with various theories to explain the behavior of individuals. Even though these theories have different views, none of them can be said to be more correct that another. All these theories are equally important and are helpful in understanding the cause of unwanted behaviors in the society. The study of causes of these behaviors is important in helping to come up with ways of preventing these behaviors. These theories are also important in coming up with methods of punishing the involved parties. This ...

Comparison and Contrast: Social Control and Social Learning Theories

Introduction
People often think that what motivates criminals to commit crimes is brought about by a need to steal money from others, a mental or drug problem that leads to perpetration of rape or heinous crimes, or even masked fear and anger. Some commit crimes due to repeated exposure to situations that support a negative behavior. Some do it due to inferiority complex in childhood, thus, they strive for superiority in adulthood. There are various other reasons for committing crimes and these can be explained by criminological theories. For the purpose of the presentation, the criminological theories that will be the ...

This paper focuses on the 2009 case on Ricci v. DE Stefano, and the decisions made by the Supreme Court based on the hearings of the case. This case also had a big impact on how employers and employees relate in their work settings. This case’s decision turned out to be a dangerous outcome for employers in terms of testing and hiring of employees. This is in relation with the United States’ anti-discrimination law. This case can be analyzed using two legal theories of civil rights. They include the adverse impact theory and the disparate treatment theory. The two theories ...

Aristotle was an ardent proponent of slavery. One thing that is worth noting is that the topic of slavery remains controversial both exponents and defenders of slavery fail to agree whether slavery is unjust or not. In contemporary times, slavery would be viewed as a breach to human rights which is well stipulated in the universal rights spelt out in international treaties and conventions. However, in the ancient times slavery was viewed by a reasonably large proportion of society as being just. This paper seeks to critically analyze aspect of slavery in politics.

First of all, Aristotle maintained that there are ...

Introduction

Genetic evolution refers to change(s) in inheritable traits occurring across succeeding generation of organisms. The change (evolution) is responsible for the diversity at all levels including the molecular level e.g. genetic variations, individual organisms in the same species (intra-species variations) and among species (interspecies variations). It is believed that all organisms emanated from common ancestry about 3.7 billion years ago and then evolved over time to the present biodiversity. Therefore all organisms have some shared traits at the morphological and molecular level with the species sharing a more recent ancestry having more similar traits. The process of evolution involves ...

Economics is a social science that is chiefly concerned with how firms, individuals and governments make choices regarding the allocation of their limited resources towards the satisfaction of unlimited wants. Economics is thus a mechanism for the allocation of limited resources among competing wants with the firms, households and the government as decision makers. A market refers to that set up that facilitates acquisition of information by buyers and sellers and enables them carry out business activities with one another.

An economy refers to a social system made up of households as well as firms that are involved in the exchange of ...