Chapter V
Introduction
Guidelines and funding for equal employment were presented in 1961 in an Executive Order signed by Democratic President J. F. Kennedy (Stewart, 2012). And then, the Supreme Court was the center of forming the foundational legal concepts of affirmative action (FAQ, 2003). And later, Republican President Richard M. Nixon supported employment equity by establishing federal contractors to meet affirmative action standards. Three decades later, 32 years after the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the California legislature passed a ban on affirmative action. The law had been initiated by California Proposition 209 which had been accepted in a popular vote. The ...