Essays on Acetaminophen

Introduction

Migraine is a common type of headache disorder which is characterized by moderate to severe recurrent headache. Migraine headaches are generally severe and could last up to 3 days, wherein the pain affects half of the head but the pain is pulsating in nature. People with acute migraine headache may have suffer from sensitivity to light, vomiting, nausea, and sensitivity to smell and sound. In some cases, the pain may become severe and worsen after physical activity. In 1/3rd of patients with migraine, a short period of visual disturbance or aura occurs which is an indication that the pain ...

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Chronic pain is a condition of pain caused by an unresolved injury. Usually, a pain is considered chronic, if it persists for more than 3 months. It is not only a symptom of other problems but can be a syndrome having both physical as well as psychological dimensions. In order to evaluate the chronic back pain, detailed history of the patient has to be taken and thorough physical assessment has to be done (Buttaro, 2013).

Evaluation of a patient with back pain

Pain assessment can be done by the use of a mnemonic device, PQRST. P is related to provocative-palliative factors such as ...

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Question 1: Pathophysiology of Mr. Jensen’s post-operative hypovolemia

Hypovolemia is a surgical condition that indicates the rapid fluid loss that may result in organ failures. The outcomes of the hypovolemia are mostly due to insufficient circulating volume or scarce perfusion. Often hypovolemia is secondary to hemorrhage the reason of which includes severe internal or external blood loss and GI, thoracic and abdominal bleeding maladies (Devitt, 2001). Hypovolemia involves significant fluid loss other than blood that can be further accompanied by refractory gastroenteritis and widespread burns. Hypovolemia may develop in post-surgical incidence, bone fracture, due to ...

Introduction

Zika virus also termed as ZIKV is a known to have gained worldwide attention, especially in the USA, South East Asia, and Australia. The Zika belongs to the Flaviviridae family which comes under the genus Flavivirus (Wikan & Smith. 2016). The Zika virus is spread though day time mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes family. Some of the most common mosquitoes to contain and spread Zika include A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The name of Zika originated in 1947 where it was first isolated from the Zika forest in Uganda. Based on evidence, the Zika virus was associated with varying viral ...

The study of drugs and their interaction in human bodies is called pharmacology, and comes from pharmakon, a Greek word meaning drug or medicine and logy meaning a study of. In other words, pharmacology can also be termed as a study of either drugs or medicine, and examines their origin, their nature, their reactions in the body as well as side effects (Turley, 2003). The discussion hereunder will focus on different types of drugs that are used to relieve pain, their mechanism as well as their side effects.

Types of drugs used to relieve pain ((Turley, 2003)

Over-the-counter (OTC): These are drugs used to relieve pain, and ...

Advantages

Male circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin. Circumcision may be performed for various reasons such as medical reasons, religious and cultural reasons and HIV prevention. Firstly, circumcision might be done to treat the following conditions: Phimosis is a condition wherein the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the glans penis. This can be a cause for pain during erection and may cause urination to be painful and difficult.

Recurrent balanitis is the inflammation of the foreskin and head of the penis.

Paraphimosis wherein the foreskin can’t be returned to its original position Penile cancer Aside from the medical reasons mentioned above, circumcision is a religious and ...

Introduction

At an old age, multiple medical medicals are almost unavoidable. The wellness of the body reduces and several elements may contribute to the ill condition of the individual. The elderly need special care with proper medical interventions. Geriatrics is a specialty aiming at resolving medical issues for old people. It is significant in promoting prevention as well as treatment of diseases in older adults. The medical wellness for the elderly is affected by some factors. One of the most sensitive factors influencing the participation of older individuals in medication regimen is the irresponsiveness of the body to the drugs. ...

What is Cholecystitis and the common signs and symptoms associated with it?

Cholecystitis is termed for a disease of the gallbladder which is accompanied by the presence of the inflammation of the gallbladder. Most cases of gallbladder are not accompanied by symptoms and people with gallstones would not necessarily develop Cholecystitis. One of the major reasons for Cholecystitis is the blockage of the cystic duct by gallstones. Abdominal pain is a common sign of Cholecystitis but is often associated with the build-up of bile which increases the pressure within the gallbladder (Nikfarjam, M., et al. 2011). The inflammation of the gallbladder is mainly caused due to bacterial infection of the gallbladder ...

Patient information

The patient under review is a 42 year old female Indian who is admitted into the emergency room presenting with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Prior patient diagnosis reveals the patient had suffered from dental abscess and also a fractured tooth, which was subsequently treated with antibiotics. However, a tooth extraction procedure was carried out for the extraction of the tooth. Ensuing dental ache was treated with drugs purchased over the counter (OTC) including ibuprofen and acetaminophen before the medical prescription of Vicoprofen. The patient complains of nausea and headache in addition to vomiting copious amounts of a dark brown liquid ...

South University

This is a proposed care plan on a case study of a 40-year-old Asian American male, working as a roofer, with complains of low back pain. As such, to have full comprehension of the patient’s case and a comprehensive care plan, I intend to carry out in-depth literature review from the authentic databases and propose suitable evidence based care strategic plans in view of the complaints, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Analyzing the Disorder

Low back pain is acute or chronic disorder that is manifested by pains at the lower back (Kantor and Creek, 2015). Patients might have back firmness, diminished development ...

Osteoarthritis is a common disease affecting many across the world, especially, the elderly (65 years and above).It is usually caused by the wearing out of the cartilage located on the bone ends (Hochberg et al., 2012). The disease is usually associated with mild symptoms in its benign stages and with time, progress to severe levels which are characterized by debilitating symptoms such as pain within the affected joints, stiffness, tenderness, grating sensation and bone spurs (Loeser et al., 2012). Osteoarthritis has got no cure but symptoms can be managed through lifestyle modification and use of pharmacological approaches (Berenbaum, ...

Chemistry can be described as the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.

The Mechanisms and Synthesis of Aspirin

Aspirin is also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a salicylate drug used as an analgesic (something that relieves pain without producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness) for minor aches and pains, as an anti-inflammatory drug, and as an antipyretic to suppress fever. (Vane & Bottling 2000) The name “Salicylic acid’ was derived from salix, which is the willow family of plants. In ancient ...

Side effects and Structure of Acetaminophen

The most common drug used in the United States for treating pain is the Acetaminophen. In 2005, there is an equivalent purchased of 28 billion doses of the medicine. Since 1997, the combination of hydrocodone–acetaminophen has been the most commonly recommended treatment in America. Nevertheless, beyond the limit of the suggested dose of acetaminophen can result to severe liver injury and can eventually lead to death. Acetaminophen is the general term for medications that can be obtained in numerous ordinary trade name of over the counter and prescription products. It is very significant because its effectiveness in ...

Critical Thinking Questions

- What clinical manifestations are present in Ms. G? Ans. The clinical manifestation present in Ms. G. is inflammation of the left leg. The characteristics of inflammation in the patient are pain, redness and edema of the leg, fever and elevated WBC count. - What recommendations would you make for continued treatment? Provide a rationale for your recommendations. Ans. Acetaminophen may be given PRN for controlling the fever. However, it may be administered in the case of high fevers only. Acetaminophen prevents acute swings in temperature and nullifies the cycles of chilling and perspiring. Other nursing interventions ...

REPORT: OPIOIDS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Introduction In many instances, young people use prescription drugs without prescription from physicians; this is prescription drug abuse. National surveys reveal that prescription drugs used in the treatment of ADHD, pain and anxiety are abused by young adults. The commonly abused prescription drugs include; Central Nervous System depressants, opioids and stimulants. Opioids are drugs prescribed for pain treatment. This report presents an analysis of opioids and their effects on young adults within my community. In order to do this, it explored description, prevalence statistics, effects and possible solutions to use. Opioids are medications used in pain relief; ...

Over the recent years, the number of patients having physical therapy for pain management has drastically increased. Physical therapy involves physical exercises such as stretching and a range of motion exercises aimed at maintaining flexibility, strength, and mobility. Physical therapy embraces hot and cold therapy to mitigate pain in body parts. Chronic pain among people is one of the major illnesses, which have presented itself people around the world. People have, over the years, been using drugs in mitigating chronic pains. There has been a persistent use of prescribed medicines to manage pain. Improvement in technology and medical skills have significantly ...

Over the recent years, the number of patients having physical therapy for pain management has drastically increased. Physical therapy involves physical exercises such as stretching and a range of motion exercises aimed at maintaining flexibility, strength, and mobility. Physical therapy embraces hot and cold therapy to mitigate pain in body parts. Chronic pain among people is one of the major ailments which have presented itself people around the world. People have, over the years, been using drugs in mitigating chronic pains. There has been a persistent use of prescribed medicines to manage pain. Improvement in technology and medical skills have significantly ...

Introduction

Migraine is characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches and autonomic nervous system symptoms such as aura. The headache pulsates on one side of the head only. Additional symptoms of migraine include sensitivity to light and sound, nausea and vomiting. According to Robbins and Lipton, migraines are caused by both genetic and environmental factors and affect up to 15% of the global population at some point in life.1 Typically, the severe headache persist for over two hours but may last up to three days.

Pathophysiology of Migraines

Migraines are chronic neurovascular disorder. Goadsby asserts that the condition starts in the brain and ...

Pain: State in which the individual experiences and communicates the presence of severe discomfort or an uncomfortable feeling.

Related factors: Pain resulting from musculoskeletal disorder; in this case, osteoarthritis; immobility

Features: Verbal communication of pain descriptors, level 8-9 pain reported by patient

Evidence: Mrs. Hardy experiences great knee pain when climbing stairs, a symptom associated with her osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis cannot be cured, but pain can be controlled.

The primary client-centred goal for Mrs. Hardy is pain management (Bijlsma, Berenbaum and Lafeber, 2011). Expected measurable outcome is that Mrs. Hardy will experience relief of pain as evidenced by Mrs. Hardy’s ...

Section 2. Drug Metabolism

1. i. Referring to the primary literature, investigate the metabolism of paracetamol; Using a diagram as an aid, explain the metabolism of paracetamol noting the types of reaction (functionalisation, conjugation) and enzyme families (CYP, UGT, SULT) involved in these pathways. There are two primary metabolic pathways for paracetamol within the liver – the first and most common is glucuronidation, wherein the paracetamol binds to the glucuronic acid enzyme. Sulfation, which accounts for most of the rest of these occasions, has the paracetamol combining with a sulphate to form a nontoxic conjugate (Hendrickson et al., 2006). (Hendrickson e al., 2006) ii. ...