Essays on Acetyl

1. Biot’s respiration named after Camille Biot is an abnormal ataxic breathing pattern, where rapid series of shallow respiration are followed by a period of apnea. In order to known how AMP kinase, knock down leads to Biot respiration in mice; it is necessary to known how AMP kinase affects respiratory rate. AMP kinase is a metabolic sensor and is activated in response to stretching of the lung alveolar cells and other stressors. During respiration, the lung goes through cycles of expansion and contraction (Budinger et al., 2008). When the alveolar cells stretch during expansion, the 5′ AMP-activated ...

Cellular respiration equation:

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+38ATP. Glucose+Oxygen→Carbon dioxide+Water+38ATP.

Photosynthesis equation:

6CO2+6H2O+sunlight, nutrients→C6H12O6+6O2. Carbon dioxide+Water→Glucose+Oxygen. Respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes. It means that products of cellular respiration are reactants of photosynthesis and vice versa: the products of photosynthesis are reactants for cellular respiration. It is known that plants are autotrophs. Thus, they have to realize cellular respiration because they need energy for their existence. Due to cellular respiration, they receive energy, which is used to make organic compounds (glucose) and oxygen during photosynthesis. From the other side, people are heterotrophs. They ...

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA, is a hormone the human body produces via the adrenal glands, which are above the kidneys. The exact effect of DHEA is not yet fully identified; however, it is believed to be a precursor of the female and male sex hormones, namely estrogen and testosterone, among others. Precursors are substances that the body converts into hormones.

The production of DHEA usually reaches its peak around the mid-20s and declines ever after. The same applies to estrogen and testosterone, whose production also declines with age. For that reason, if an individual wants to increase their hormone levels, it ...

Q. 1. Explain how gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) separates molecules on the basis of their mass/size.

A. In gel filtration, porous beads are packed into a column. The pores are of different size. The column is then packed with a buffer solution. This buffer solution is present inside the beads as well as around it. When molecules of different size pass through the columns, the smaller molecules pass through the pores and take a longer path. The larger molecules, however, travel around the beads. Thus, larger molecules travel faster than the ...

The human body is constituted in about 20% by protein. Proteins, on their hand, are constituted by amino acids. Therefore, the intake of proteic food is very important so that the proteins of such foods may be metabolized and the amino acids and energy gathered to maintain the body’s protein levels.

The existence of correct amounts of amino acids in the body is essential for several functions:

- the body’s skeletal muscle constitution; - for transport of nutrients to the same cells; - cell repair; - cell communication: - influence on organs’ good function; - eliminating residues from metabolism; - amino acids are also nutrients in itself, ...

Report on Case 1: Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, they speed up biological reactions and are also capable of regulation. Enzymatic reactions can be anabolic – where a new substance is built from smaller ones; or catabolic – where a substance is broken down to yield simpler molecules. In the example of fructose, enzymes catabolize this simple sugar to substances that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, allowing fructose, a 6-carbon sugar, to be used by cells to obtain energy in a way similar to glucose (also a 6-varbon sugar). Aldolase B is one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of fructose, and its deficiency results in ...

Introduction

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are very important processes. This paper highlights these two processes by giving an in-depth explanation of how these processes occur, where they occur, their importance, and the equations. The paper starts with the photosynthesis process as it answers the guiding questions, and ends with the cellular respiration process. Photosynthesis is the process of conversion of light energy into chemical energy and then storing it in sugar bonds. It occurs in plants and algae of the kingdom Protista. Photosynthesis is a process whereby the green plants utilize energy from the sun to convert water, carbon ...

[Student] [Professor] 1a) Name and describe sex-specific forms of obesity with regard to body shape. What are the differences, if any, in health risks, associated with each shape? Answer : There are various forms of obesity that are signified by age, gender and genetic predisposition. The sex-specific forms of obesity include Android obesity and Gynoid obesity. Both are in contrast with each other with respect to human tendency of developing adipose tissue in the body. The Android obesity is signified by fat deposit in "apple-shape" including shoulder, nape of neck, chest in the upper abdomen which ...

Introduction

This analysis will focus on the excess intake of saturated fats and cardiovascular disease. The analysis is based on the report detailing my nutrient intake recorded for two days starting from September 4, 2014 to September 6, 2014. According to the analysis, my diet during the two-day period predisposes me to cardiovascular disease since it is high in saturated fats. According to the food guidelines given by USDA, saturated fats should contribute less than 10 percent of the total daily calories. However, my nutrient report indicates that saturated fats contribute 12 percent of my total daily calorie intake. Consequently, ...

Introduction

Aspirin is a commonly used drug. One of the properties of aspirin is that it is an analgesic, meaning that it relieves of pain. Aspirin is also an antipyretic drug meaning that it relieves on of fever. It also has anti-inflammatory properties meaning that if readily relieves swelling from tissues (Ahluwalia, Sunita & Adarsh 231). Salicylic acid has two functional groups. One of the functional groups is the phenolic group while the other functional group is carboxylic acid group. The presence of these two functional groups means that salicylic acid can undergo esterification in two different reactions. In one reaction, ...

History

As indicated by heading research, Alzheimer's illness is the sixth heading reason for death in the United States, and just ailment inside the main ten that can't be cured, eased off, or prevented.(Alzheimer’s Association) In the United States alone, there are in excess of five million individuals experiencing Alzheimer's, and one in eight are senior natives. Medicinal expenses of the illnesses are over $100 billion for every year, making it one of the priciest infections in the United States. (Imouye, 2013) It is the heading reason for dementia on the breakdown of the cerebrum, and reasons issues ...

- Ingestion of fava beans increases the formation of free radicals in red blood cells which in turn causes disruption on the normal functioning or reduction of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase enzyme. Consequently, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reduces and therefore the red blood cells are incapable of defending themselves from the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species. This makes the damaged cells to breakdown and rupture prematurely hence hemolysis.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase pathway

The G6PD gene is located from base pair 153,759,605 to base pair 153,775,795 on the X chromosome. - Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cell cytoplasm. Fatty acid synthesis ...

Report on Vinyl Chloride

Report on Vinyl Chloride The case involves a man who went into a polymerization tanks measuring 8 feet in high and 5 feet wide. The man went into the tank alone at night, and there was no light in the pit. After 20 minutes, the man did not return, and somebody went to check him. The man was found lying in the pit. The person who was looking for the man climbed in order to get the man out, but the person was overwhelmed by the gas. The person immediately shut the open valve feeling dizzy. The person dragged himself ...

Q1 Insolation can be described as the amount of energy of solar radiation received on a certain surface area and recorded in a given time. It is also known as solar irradiation and expressed as daily irradiation when recorded during a day and hourly irradiation when recorded during an hour. Throughout the year, the seasons undergo changes based on the quantity of sunlight hitting the Earth as it circles around the Sun. Seasons occur as a result of Earth tilting on its axis, moving in a loop around the Sun every year. Summer occurs when the hemisphere is angled towards the Sun ...

- Chemistry of Cholesterol C27H45OH is the molecular formula of cholesterol. The molecules consist of three regions: a hydrocarbon tail, a hydroxyl group, and a a ring structure region with 4 hydrocarbon rings. The solubility of the hydroxyl group in water can be attributed to its polar nature. The 4-ring region that also comprises cholesterol is a common ring in all steroids. The rings have a carbon atom at each corner with two hydrogen atoms that extend off the ring. That is why it is called a hydrocarbon ring. The ring region and the tail region cannot dissolve in water, as they are both ...

Substance that ionizes in aqueous solution to produce hydrogen ion (H+) is defined as acid. It is proton donor and electron pair acceptor. Acid tastes sour, changes litmus from blue to red. Whereas, base releases hydroxyl ion (OH-) in their aqueous solution. It is proton acceptor and electron pair donor. It tastes bitter; changes red (acidified) litmus to blue. Salt is an ionic compound produced from reaction of an acid and a base. It is formed by the incomplete or complete substitution of the hydrogen ion (H+) of an acid by a basic radical. Three examples of acid used in ...

Introduction:

Carbon dioxide is generated through cell metabolism that takes place in the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide amount that is produced is dependent on the metabolism rate as well as on the relative carbohydrate, protein and fat amount being metabolized. The amount of carbon dioxide produced at rest is usually about 200 ml per minute eating a mixed diet (Arthurs &Sudhakar 2005). Carbon dioxide is one of the main products that are released following metabolism and the level of it in the body is highly regulated. This paper aims at discussing the production and transport of carbon dioxide from the cells through ...

(City, State)

Introduction

A balanced diet refers to the food intake, which incorporates all the dietary needs of an organism in the right proportions. This is unlike the adequate diet, which includes the energy that is sufficient energy for the need of an individual. A balanced diet, therefore, includes both sufficient energy as well as all the dietary requirements that are needed by an individual at the right proportion. The main components that make up a balanced diet include carbohydrate, proteins, vitamins, fats, dietary fiber, water and minerals. Carbohydrates as a source of nutrients in the body are usually broken down through ...

Environmental and Nutritional Requirements of Lactobacillus casei

Lactobacillus species have attracted considerable attention during the past few years due to the health benefits to the gastrointestinal tract when they are added as probiotics to food products such as yogurt and other fermented milk drinks (Broadbent, Larsen, Deibel, & Steele, 2010). In general, Lactobacillus species exhibit very complex nutritional and environmental requirements for optimal growth. Particularly, Lactobacillus casei is a rod shaped, aciduric (prefers acidic environments), facultative (capable of living in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) and mesophilic (temperature range between 15-40°C) lactic acid bacterium. These characteristics allow its isolation from different environments including fermented milk, meat or vegetable ...

Introduction

Matcha Green Tea which is also known as maccha is a fine powder of green tea.1 It’s origin is in Japan though it has come to be spread in most parts of the world, notably in Asia. It is gradually creeping into the rest of the world, including America.4 Though it is mainly used as a beverage; matcha is also used in various ways such as flavoring as well as dying of foods which include green tea ice cream, noodles, soba and mocha noodles.1 It is also widely used for the making of Japanese confectionary also known as the wagashi. ...

The glyoxylate refers to the anaplerotic pathway of the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle, which enables growth in organisms using C2 compounds and bypassing the steps that generate carbon dioxide in the TCA cycle. The two unique enzymes that are used in this route are malate synthase and isocitrate lyase and malate synthase (Dunn, Ramírez-Trujillo, & Hernández-Lucas, 2009). Another notable difference between the glyoxylate cycle and the TCA cycle is that the glyoxylate cycle uses two molecules of acetyl CoA enter in every turn as compared to one acetyl CoA molecule used in the citric acid cycle. Just ...

In today’s competitive market, companies are seeking opportunities to provide new products and services in order to remain relevant and still make substantial profit margins. There are different alternatives available to a company through which it can provide these services and goods to the market.

The Eastman Chemical Company

The Eastman Chemical Company is a global company that specializes in the production of additives, speciality chemicals and fibres found in products that are used every day by everyone. In 2012, the company desired to extend its territorial reach and offer a more diversified and sustainable product portfolio. There were several options available to achieve both ...

PART-1 DILUTIONS

a) the technique of transferring an exact amount of liquid from one container to another a) The process of achieving a precise volume in one container while still being able to thoroughly mix the contents.

While pipetting, one should take care to avoid errors. The reading is taken by positioning the eye in correct point with the lower meniscus. Water is added little at a time to the volumetric flask to enhance proper mixing. Tap water is undesired since it has impurities plus ions, which interferes with the results of the experiment. When the water meniscus is almost fill line a “disposable pipette” ...

The doctor suspects mitochondrial disease which can occur at multiple levels in different mitochondrial processes. To help the doctor determine where the defect might have occurred:

1. Explain what would happen if the interconversions of the Cori cycle occurred and remained within a single cell.

The cori cycle refers to a pathway of carbohydrate metabolism which links the processes of anaerobic glycolysis (glucose breakdown) in skeletal muscle tissue and glucose synthesis that is gluconeogenesis in liver cells. Anaerobic glycolysis is the major source of energy in form of ATP for skeletal muscle cells when they are under intense activity; it generates ...