Essays on Adult Learning

The article under the title “Heutagogy and lifelong learning: A review of heutagogical practice and self-determined learning” by Lisa Marie Blaschke is reviewed in this paper, aimed at the revealing of its importance, its strong and, perhaps, weak sides.

Summary of the Article and Author’s Recommendations

The analyzed article gives a reader a short outline of the development in education field: from pedagogy to andragogy, and then – to heutagogy, with a specific attention paid to the benefits of the application of the last element of this hierarchy (heutagogy) in a strong connection with Web 2.0. What is more, Blaschke (2012) has suggested to consider the heutagogy ...

Lifelong Learning in the United States and Japan

Lifelong learning is a concept that emerged in the 1960s after intellectual radical student movements demanded new modes of education that encourage pluralism, diversity, and individual freedom (Young & Rosenberg, 2006). According to the Commission of the European Community, the concept embodies formal learning, informal learning, and non-formal learning. Formal learning is carried out in recognized educational and training settings and results in the acquisition of legally recognized academic qualifications. Nonformal learning takes place where one works or within the activities of civil societies or organizations and one does not get legally recognized qualifications. Informal learning occurs as a consequence ...

Writing on a complex problem like adult learning can itself be a complex process. An adult student’s cultural literacy is formed over a lifetime of experiences with the written word and encompasses their expectations, their goals, and their understanding of their relationship to the broader world. It is no surprise, then, that I faced several challenges as I began to explore this issue and its impact on the educational experience. Being able to explain a complex concept to others requires you to first reach a complete understanding of the topic—no small task in itself, when faced with ...

Education is one of the basic requirements for survival today. In the past people used to ignore the importance of education because there were diverse ways of survival. Despite the desire for many adults to acquire knowledge through learning, a challenge of balancing between school and life responsibilities takes the center stage. I believe between college, and life responsibilities is a big challenge for many adult learners especially those with families. The following paper is a synthesis of the problem as a barrier to adult learning. The adult education program in collaboration with adult students and instructors should join ...

Introduction

Over the past couple of decades, poverty prevention advocates have become aware that it takes more than just emergency services to alleviate poverty. While such sources of aid as rent assistance, food stamps, food bank provisions, utility assistance and the like can help a family subsist from one month to the next, they do not help families escape the poverty cycle and move up to a better standard of living. As Hutson (2004) noted, “social service providers have increasingly recognized that families seeking assistance often face multiple, complex needs and that they require the services of more than one ...

Critical Analysis of the Three Main Theories of Learning and Their Relevance to Adults in Higher Education

Over the years of teaching practice, scholars and researchers from different areas of pedagogy, psychology, and philosophy have revealed the most effective theories and methods of teaching. Behaviorist, cognitive, and constructivist theories are considered to be the most efficient and productive learning approaches. The use of these theories in education helps teaching experience to gain the important ideas that fully meet the objectives of education of an active and mature personality. Hence, the selection of the optimal theory, or their mixing, aims at improving the learning process, making it more effective. This efficiency is due to the received result, ...

The aim of a needs assessment is to identify gaps and shortcomings in what currently exists and then consequently, make decisions targeted at rectifying the problem in order to reach the desired end. From the learning resources, it is clear that when it comes to needs assessment, the end is more crucial than the means. Through established procedures, priorities are determined and criteria for decision-making established. The aim is to bring about the required change. In order to enhance the performance of an organization in terms of higher service delivery, increased profitability, retention of employees, job satisfaction and proper ...

The theories of adult learning provide educators a clear insight into how an adult learns, thus helping trainers to be more effective in training adults through being more responsive to their learning needs. The theory of self-directed learning states that majority of adult learners take the decision to learn without the intervention of others. They also plan, execute and evaluate their learning experience and align their new knowledge with the job roles. The main advantage of self-directed learning is that the learner can readily incorporate what he learns through the training program into everyday workplace requirement. The limitation of ...

Adult learners are older individuals having different socio-cultural and educational backgrounds along with diverse experiences and family responsibilities. Mostly, adult learners do not continue their education in a regular school after completing their high school; instead, they return to school after acquiring work experience for some years. In other words, their necessity to enroll in a study program is driven by their need to remain competitive and a desire to develop their career. Adult learners usually continue their higher education through part-time programs while continuing to work and take care of their families. More often, adult learners take up ...

Abstract

Successful andragogy-based outcomes can be realized by the creation of comfortable professional development opportunities that focus on training applicability to address the concerns, interests, needs and issues pertaining to middle adult workers. Participation in practical activities and role playing enable middle adult learners to relate to novel teaching instructions and, by extension, keep them interested and engaged in their work place activities. The reason to keep middle adult staff engaged is to ensure that they have a positive attitude towards their job and that they are able to sustain their productivity for a considerable period. As such, there is ...

 Recently, Adult Learning (AL) has become a very popular and effective mode of learning. Globally, an increasing number of adults opt for further study and self-development. Adult learners learn for different reasons and have many valuable assets for continuing education. There are, however, challenges adult learners face in pursuing further education. Adult learners are differentiated based on age or cognitive maturity and can be classified as non-conventional learners. The paper engages the subject of adult learning from a critical viewpoint to explicate the problems that characterize it with the aim of problematizing the idea of adult learning beyond conventional ...

The past has taught me much about the role of emotions because they effect everything that happens in the life of each individual. People’s lives are influenced by everything that happens to them. This affects work as wll as personal life because people cannot separate their private self from their public self when it comes to their performance. Emotions are crucial for the way people behave in everyday lives and that is why everybody needs to take care about what they let have impact on their feelings. People need to understand that they cannot change everything in life ...

Adult education embraces many countries to produce people who have better-working capabilities, have good family relations, as well as forming the foundation for better citizenship. “Adult and Continuing Education Programs play a very crucial role in the development aspect of any society. “(Rogers). Adult education enhances the education levels for various individuals who are not able to receive the core and the standard education. “A persons; lifestyle” is a part of their level of education (Barton) Adult education serves all individuals who are sixteen years and older without an education. It also includes people with no education at all ...

Introduction

Training and development is a major function that varied human resource managers have to take seriously to ensure that employees are influenced to utilize the skills learnt. It is imperative to consider the most effective training methods such as the blended training methods that incorporate on job training and the technological based training methods. While on job training methods involve training employees on various functional aspects including wash fits, pant fits and dry cleaning, technological methods are aimed at improving flexibility of training. It is also strategic to consider the learning principles including motivational factors, self-efficacy and adult learning ...

Adult education is a system that has been embraced by various countries to produce people who have better-working capabilities, have good family relations as well as forming the foundation for better citizenship (Rogers, 1). Adult education is a system that has been able to enhance the education levels for various individuals could not be able to get the core and the standard education. “A persons’ practice can be located in their history of literacy (Barton & Hamilton, 6) This form of education is a system that incorporates all the individuals who have the age of sixteen years and above and ...

Problem Overview

A primary concern surrounding diversity at the workplace is the lack of inclusion which leaves employees feeling left out. In human resource management creating an environment that everyone receives respect and dignity and where the skills and talents of different groups of people receive equal value. Through these measures, workforce productivity greatly increases while the service or product customers become happier. Further the workforce is more contented, has high motivation and aware of the benefits that accrue through inclusion. Equality and inclusion issues in any organization usually arise from the protected characteristics as outlined in the Equality Act of ...

Introduction

Training and development is a major function that varied human resource managers have to take seriously to ensure that employees are influenced to utilize the skills learnt. It is imperative to consider the most effective training methods such as the blended training methods that incorporate on job training and the technological based training methods. While on job training methods involve training employees on various functional aspects including wash fits, pant fits and dry cleaning, technological methods are aimed at improving flexibility of training. It is also strategic to consider the learning principles including motivational factors, self-efficacy and adult learning ...

Introduction

Researchers and educationists would appreciate more knowledge concerning factors that may enhance or otherwise hinder deep involvement by students in contemporary learning processes (Jonassen & Land, 2012). The present society structure is leading to situations where adults and even older adults may continue to be expected to be productive within national labor forces. Such situational forecasts underscore the need to comprehensively understand the effects of learning environments on adult learning. In educational ideology, a theory that illustrates the existent interactions between the environment and the learner is the practice theory. Given that 21st Century educational needs are unique in comparison ...

Introduction

In this day in age, the need for older workers to enter the education realm is increasing. More adults are starting to participate in training and education programs in order to increase their skills and employability. The twenty-first century learners are now given endless options when it comes to obtaining educational resources. This has exposed these individuals to several different learning opportunities, such as online learning in higher education. Online learning gives these individuals the skills they need in order to retain their current positions through the comfort of their own home. This paper addresses the advantages and disadvantages ...

Malcom Knowles theory of adult learning

The Andragogy theory by Knowles primarily focuses on adult learning experience as well as effective adult education approaches (Knowles, 1984). The theory contends that adults expect to be accountable for their decisions, and they are self-directed. As a result, adults often design their learning schedules and are encouraged to commit to their studies (Knowles, 1975). Adult education is also collaborative because adults compared to children, like working together and reviewing each other’s coursework with the primary objective of comprehending a subject. Besides, adult learning is rather casual, and grades do not matter, as adult instructors focus on the ...

As opposed to a traditional, "right out of high school" college student, an adult learner has well-defined and clear objectives with regard to the education process. An adult learner knows what opportunities he/she will be exposed to after obtaining a college degree and in what other ways he/she will benefit from obtaining it. Speaking in terms of career, typical "right out of high school" college students do not know what they want to pursue in their lives, while an adult learner views college as an opportunity for personal and professional; development. In actual fact, the combination of the above-mentioned ...

Abstract

The paper focuses on understanding the pedagogical and andragogical approaches of learning and instruction. Pedagogical approach is usually curriculum based learning imparted by the teachers for making the learners understand the basic concept on which their future learning will be based. On the contrary, andragogical approach is based on self directed learning, a motivation towards learning and development, orientation which focuses on learning, willingness to gain knowledge and previous learning experiences. Andragogical approach is mostly used by organizations to train employees on various organizational issues which in our case is sexual harassment and its complaint handling. Sometimes, a blend ...

Introduction

Learning is a lifelong process evolving through cognitive abilities particular to developmental stages for acquiring knowledge as humans, reach adulthood. Adult development relating to personal experiences underpins the choices adults make in their professional or career and personal life choices. The following academic learning exercise integrates the life learning essay, understanding of adult physical changes learned from course readings, theoretical stages of adult development by Erikson, assessment of the learning style inventory as completed, as well as other specific academic concepts gained during the course experience including the Adult Development and Life Assessment Adult Learning Guide.

Life Learning Essay

The framework of ...

I concur with the idea that ways in which adult learn is different from the ways in which children learn, especially the notion that experience provides the basis for adult learning activities. This notion is also being supported by the study conducted by the Colorado Christian University (CCU). In its study, the CCU found out that whereas adults challenge new information, children implicitly accept it. It also found out that adults learn best by challenging new ideas, comparing them to life lessons and preconceived notions, thereby sealing the new information into their minds (CUU, 2011). I also agree with ...

The nontraditional learner has confronted educational leaders, professionals, and administrators with the emerging phenomenon of unique pedagogical methods and revelations. Research has explored the successes and failures of nontraditional learners both online, and live classroom settings. Flexibility in nontraditional learner characteristics seem to support the scholarly findings of Thompson et al. (2013) who posit that generally, “online learning has been found to be comparable” to the in-person format (p.234). That aside, adult learners should be assessed with particular considerations.

First of all, in terms of institutionally established learning ...

There have been several studies done on the benefits of adult education (Demidenko, 2007; Grace, 2012; Nordlund, 2013, Reese, 2012; Roehrig, 2010; Jensen, 2007). Grace (2012) provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits of adult education. This author argues that education has a significant role in societal transformation. In the past, education was valued by a few, a reason why a large percentage of the old generation in modern society is uneducated or partially educated. Supporting this perception, Nordlund (2013) clarifies that education has undergone rapid transformation recently. Nordlund further explains that, while a majority of adults has completed secondary education, less than half of ...

Comparative Analysis

After analysis of static and learning organizations we can point out that they cannot exist one without other. Static organization is a base and the beginning of learning organization. But only if leaders and personal of such organization want to be competitive in our comprehensive world. Let’s review these two types of organizations. Static organization is an organization that is not moving or changing in the right direction. It usually rigid, task-oriented, controlled through coercive power without proper participation expected at all levels. Any decisions made in such organizations are considered final and communication is top-down. So, all ...

Abstract

Adult learning and education is an extremely complex and challenging branch of education, as the restraints of time management, study skills and anxiety, among other factors, can hamper the possibility of adult learners to receive the education they need. Given these constraints, a humanistic approach to learning is recommended, as it focuses on the individual needs of the adult learner and grants them greater autonomy in the learning process. This is best exemplified in self-directed learning, a process that offers adult learners the ability to cultivate their own skills, and work at their own pace and under their own direction. While ...

Human development is process that permits the individual to progress from one stage of development to another. It is important to mention that both biological and social changes accompany the mentioned development. Interesting to mention is the fact that at the end of the adolescent stage, the individual starts to undergo adult development stages. A notable fact is that as adults develop they indulge in social interaction that further changes their perception towards life. Similarly, the adult learning process is essential to the life of each and every individual, the process provides adults with knowledge that are vital in ...

Human development is an imperative process that permits the individual to transcend from one stage of development to another. It is imperative to mention that both biological and social changes accompany the mentioned development. Interesting to mention is the fact that the end of the adolescent stage, the individual start to face adult development stages. The stages have made adult more committed, selfless and less emotional. Also, as adults develop they indulge in social interaction that further changes their perception towards life. Similarly, adult learning process is essential to the life of each and every individual. The mentioned process ...

INACCESSIBILITY OF ADULT EDUCATION.

In the pursuit of higher education, the adult college students face various unique challenges. The motive behind a majority of the student’s enrollment for the adult classes is the increased demand for a specialized workforce. The number of adult students looking for ways to upgrade their skills in the job market is on the increase. However, their dream of acquiring more knowledge in the colleges is cut short by some institution’s lack of resources. About 63 percent of the current jobs will require post-secondary education by the year 2018 (Elias 89).The adult learning institutions need to be more ...

General Characteristics

Adults are characterized by a number of characters. These include autonomy, self-maturity, informed decision making, maturity, more practical, less open-minded, receptive to change, multitasking, self-directed, experienced and many more qualities. All these traits that the adults have impacts either positively or negatively. Therefore, the instructional designers need to know all these traits so that they come up with the right course content and also the right structure. It will help them adjust their attitude.

The following are the description of the general learner's traits

Self-direction: They value taking the responsibility for their lives and the decisions they make. It is the reason it becomes crucial to have control over their ...

Please type your name here

Please type your Institution name here Adult learning principles vary dramatically from pedagogic principles. The motivation for an adult to learn differs dramatically from that of a child. These differences were first highlighted by Malcolm Knowles who is also known as the father of adult learning. Adults’ learning motivation comes from an immediacy need directly linked to their everyday roles. An adult learner primarily looks at relevance in learning to improve on-job performance and behavior. The classic paradigm of pedagogic learning – learning by rote is not applicable in the case of adults. The predominant difference between and adult and a ...

In Pedagogy or child learning which follows the traditional educational system, the teacher decides the content of learning. The logical arrangement of the content and the selection of the most suitable and effective method of delivery is his choice. He plans a definite sequence for the content delivery. This design for teaching constitutes the content model. On the other hand, in andragogy or adult education, the instructor acts as a facilitator. He prepares the learner for the learning process with a set of procedures and creates a conducive learning climate. The learning activities are decided by mutual planning. Additionally, the learning needs are ...

Review and Analysis of the book ‘Their Eyes were watching God’ – Presentation of the book’s main thematic plot and its meaning – Review of the book’s writing style and influence on its readers – Exploration of the connections between the book’s main thematic idea and the educational policies – Exploration and research of the book’s connection with the educational field – Exploration and research of the book’s contribution to the teaching methods and the learning outcomes of an educational environment [The author’s name]

Part 1 Information about the author and the book

The book ‘Their Eyes were watching God’ was published in 1937. The time ...

According to chapter six of “Adult learning: Linking theory and practice” by Merriam & Bierema (2013), learning is defined as the ongoing refinement of practice and the emerging knowledge that is gained in the practice of a particular action. Learning and experience are interlinked in that one’s experience is a learning process and, on the other hand, learning creates experience. The more a person is learned, the more he or she is experienced and vice versa. Learning takes place in either formal or informal sectors of life. It is more pronounced in the adults because of the continued engagement in activities; whether ...

In the contemporary society, adult learning has mainly on its efficacy in transforming individuals. This transformation focuses on changing their psychological perceptions, enabling them review their beliefs and subsequently offering them a platform upon which they can use the acquired knowledge to make decisions (Merriam, 2008). Thus, transformation learning, from a descriptive point of view focuses on enabling the adult learner to shift from the dependency stage and adopt a mode of making decisions whereby they do not rely on the beliefs, purposes or feelings of others but their own interpretation of events and ideas.

Learning experience

A learning strategy is always an effective ...

Personal Development Profile Analysis

Introduction Reflecting on my own personal development is sometimes a difficult thing to do; it can be hard to accurately determine how you have improved, what aspects of your work still need improving, etc. However, over the course of my work, I believe I have come a long way from where I have started, and I look forward to continually improving my own abilities. In the beginning, I found myself having difficulty with some aspects of learning, but I have made substantial progress toward increasing the speed of my presentations, being more inclined to think critically while learning, and having a ...

Introduction

In the contemporary world, adult learners comprise of a significant number of academic students. Several methods have been initiated to enable adults continue in their pursuit of academic and scholarly excellence. Unlike young boys and girls, adults face a daunting task balancing between the demands of their normal daily lives and the pursuit of education. Many educational institutions have realized that a significant number of adults who are able and willing to learn miss out on academic excellence opportunities. Most of the adults are often held back by personal and family obligations that make it difficult for them to attend regular classes. ...

Adult Education has become an exciting opportunity for learning and interesting professionals. With tie this filed has grown in proportions, dynamism and creates opportunity for everyone involved. At present, greater than 50% of total American college students are above 21 years of age and almost 15% are above 35 years. Authorities predict that percentage of adult students will continue to rise in coming years. Researchers have also found that every adult remains engaged in learning projects in which large amount of time are assigned to self directed study. Annually, average 500 hours are spent by adult in learning projects ( ...

Abstract

Ethical and racial identity is a very important part of a total framework of collective and individual identity. Looking at the minority group in countries like the United States, ethical and racial identities are demonstrated in extremely cognizant ways. This demonstration is mostly generated with two contradictory cultural and social influences. To begin with, deep conscious immersion into cultural values and traditions through educational, neighborhood, familial, and religious communities instills a positive logic of confidence and ethnic identity. Secondly, individuals repeatedly must sieve ethnic identity via media messages and negative handling from others for their ethnicity and race. The information above affirms ...

Introduction

Training and development are in experiences of people in the workplace and the effectiveness of organizations. Training has the effectiveness for health, productivity and safety of people at workplace and personal employee development. It is very normal for every organization that employs people to train and develop its staff. The process is important and significant to various organizations, as several organizations have been investing on training their workforce. The investment can involve training of specialist and development. The development of training will involve the maintaining and maintaining equipment and space. It means that operational workforce, recruited in the organization’ ...

Introduction

Education is a necessary tool in the development of the modern society. Adult education plays an essential role in ensuring the change in attitudes, behavior, knowledge, the skills and the thinking process in general. These changes are essential in allowing the adult learners gain some confidence when learning. The main aim still remains being furthering their education. As a matter of fact, pursuing the learning opportunities gives adults the chance to be immersed in their development professionally. The advantage of adult education may include job acquisition, improvements in their present jobs, promotions, retaining their jobs and other better alternatives that provide ...

My interviewee is Abdul Lazeez, a 26-year old male from the United Arab Emirates. Abdul’s academic education went as far as high school and due to financial problems he had to help support his family. For that reason, he decided to not pursue higher education and find a job. After working in a sales department for four consecutive years, providing for his family, he decided it was time to complete his studies. He is now a student at Abu Dhabi University in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and his major is accounting. Hopefully, he would graduate with a Bachelor’s Degree, regardless of ...

The learning processes for both adults and children have similarities although adults are more focused at learning and absorbing information much faster than children. Adults come with responsibilities and experiences that help them learn faster. They are self-motivated, goal-oriented, and self-directed, thus, the approach to teaching adults should be a lot more different (QOTFC). This is where educational philosophy comes in which is composed of several ideologies that characterize what schools are expected to be and do. This paper will touch on the various educational philosophies and aspects relating the concepts to adult education.

Classifications of Educational Philosophy

Perennialism is the most traditional educational ...

ACTIVITIES: 1) Unit 4 Journaling

a) As we near the end of the book ‘Learning in Adulthood’, I can now look back to reflect on what I’ve learnt so far, especially from Unit 4. While Units 1-3 were centered on adult learning per se, Unit 4 seems to focus more on the process of learning, by exploring various theories associated with it. I’ve read some books on behaviorism from the perspective of genetics, and I’ve always believed that the mind and its reactions are a consequence of evolution. The existence of a relation between learning and changes in behavior, as explained in the ...

Adult education involves all efforts by mature persons to undertake the systematic and sustainable learning activities to improve their skills and knowledge. Adult education can be defined in various ways: as a process, as a set of organized activities carried on by a wide variety of institutions for the accomplishment of various educational objectives, and as an idea of a field of social practice involving individuals and institutions. People aim to work towards achieving common targets of improving the methods and materials of adult learning, extending the opportunities for adults to learn, and advancing the general level of their culture. The adult education ...

Adult learning process is different from childhood learning. At this point, adults are concerned about absorbing more information at a faster pace so that whatever they learned, they can immediately apply in their lives. They come with various experiences and responsibilities, thus, they are unique in the sense that they are more self-directed, motivated, and goal-oriented (Kenner & Weinerman, 2011, p. 88). They want to be involved in the learning process, which helps them define their learning goals easily and directly. These traits push them to dig down into their personal and work experiences, their education, and familial responsibilities in order ...

Statement of Interest

I have been passionate about nursing since my childhood days. Always the emphatic one in my family, I made nursing my career choice in life when I achieved my Bachelors of Applied Science in Nursing from the same university in 1996. But I am embarrassed to admit that circumstances prevented me from taking the subject as seriously as I should, or rather could, have. I did not receive satisfactory GPA scores and lost any interest in pursuing graduate school. In retrospect, I wish I had the opportunity to do things differently in my undergraduate years. For the last ...

Introduction

There are different learning models and each of them suits differently to learners of different ages. Adult learning is a challenging field to educational curriculum developers, teachers and managers since the motives of adult learning are largely different from those of younger learners. In the face of rising unemployment and concerns of worker skills, adult learners are trooping into schools in increasing numbers (Cordes, 2009). It is therefore important for education stakeholders to adapt learning styles to different educational models and thereby make adult learning effective.

Educational models and how teaching styles could be adapted for individual adult learners

The traditional Lecture-Based Learning (LBL) educational model is the most common. It is teacher-centered ...

Abstract

This paper will explore the opportunities accessible for employed adults to continue their studies. Education needs to change from a process of conditioning to empowerment while learning needs to change from a homogeneous commodity to a customized experience to the needs and individual characteristics. Andragogy learning concepts relates to the program delivered through the non-traditional educational model. The main perception of EMAB program no longer holds true to all level of managers, that is, more employed adults from different executive levels are enrolled to the program. Periods of rapid change are driven by its development in information and technology. The essential thing ...

(Name of your Institution) Years of experience have taught me that adult education and learning needs to be approached in a different way than adolescents and children. It is not just my assumption but the widely accepted theory of andragogy that encourages teachers of adults to adopt separate methods. According to the theory, adults anticipate learner-centered environments where they possess the freedom to set their own targets and organize their knowledge around the needs in their life. Moreover, I think that a varied learning method is highly efficient for adults as long as the nature of teaching remains responsive. ...

1: INTRODUCTION

- History and Importance of Team Work A team is a group of people with complementary skills who work together to achieve a common purpose. (Armstrong M.2008) The concept of team work has a deep rooted history dating back to over 2000 years ago. It is a character that exists even within animals. Early man use to collaborate together in order to hunt down large animals like Elephants. Likewise, beings such as ants collaborate to build a big anthill. In the past, Jesus Christ advised his disciples to work in teams. Human beings often have weaknesses. It only takes the eyes and the ...

ID #

Synthesis paper Introduction Many people are spending so much time on social media that it has drawn criticism from several quarters. An article by news.com.au technology reporter, Claire Connelly titled “Edward De Bono says Social Media makes us lazy and stupid” criticizes the overuse of social media stating that it robs people of time and causes them to be stupid. De Bono is a philosopher and the inventor of the “six hats method”. Another article by Dean Obeidallah titled Are social media creating the laziest generation? Affirms the allegations by De Bono that social media are taking ...

Introduction

The 70:20:10 model was developed in the mid 1990s through a research by Michael Lombardo and Robert Eichinger. The model is based on the argument that development is based on the identification of a need and the motivation to act to meet that need. The model is also based on the assumption that a combination of different learning approaches can provide a powerful learning experience. The model states that development will be 70% from on the job experiences, learning and problem solving, 20% from feedback and from working based on learning from examples of the need and 10% from formal learning. The theory ...

Adult learning involves the education practice of teaching adult. It may be offered through extension schools, community colleges, lifelong learning centers, universities, colleges and in some cases, libraries. However, while education may involve impacting new ideas in students, adult education maybe considered as training and development often associated with professional development of required skills. This in most cases is geared towards achieving of democratic society ready to adapt changes useful for careful evaluation of information. Since adults have accumulated knowledge, education differs from that of children. Adults have accumulated skills that they add to the learning process. In ...

Section:

Adult learning theory holds assumptions on how adults learn and also puts emphasis on the value of the learning process. Notably, the theory applies approaches that are collaborative and problem –based as opposed to didactic. It also emphasizes on equality between the learner and the teacher. The first article focuses on understanding and promoting learning theories. The adult learning theory, andragogy is perceived as self-directed and emphasizes the teachers’ roles as being facilitators. Rogers contributed to the adult and higher education movement on learner self-evaluation in development of andragogy. This focuses on the significance of personal involvement in ...

Literature Review

This literature review will explore the different factors that can affect teaching English as a secondary language to adult learners. The need for learning English has met an increased demand when it became a universal language. Compared to other major languages like Spanish and Mandarin, there are significantly more people from different parts of the world who use English as their main medium of instruction. Hence, we will supplement this research with a literature review of published researches and studies related to English as second language learning for adults. All related literatures mentioned in this chapter are published journals that have a publication ...

Literature Review

This literature review will explore the different factors that can affect teaching English as a secondary language to adult learners. The need for learning English has met an increased demand when it became a universal language. Compared to other major languages like Spanish and Mandarin, there are significantly more people from different parts of the world who use English as their main medium of instruction. Hence, we will supplement this research with a literature review of published researches and studies related to English as second language learning for adults. All related literatures mentioned in this chapter are published journals that have a publication ...

Adult and Child Learning Compared

Introduction Pedagogy is the term used to describe the teaching of children. Until recent times, according to “Moving from Pedagogy to Andragogy” (n.d.), it was also used to describe the teaching of adults, but that is nowadays known as andragogy (sometimes spelt androgogy). The reason for this change of terminology, according to the article, is that whereas pedagogy means teacher-directed instruction, whereby those being taught need to learn only what the teacher decides to teach them and are in a fully dependent and submissive role in that environment, which demands obedience from the learners. In contrast, adult learners are ...