Essays on Affirmative Action

1) Theories are to concepts as hypotheses are to variables. Hypotheses depend on tests that suggest multiple variables. On the other hand, theories are made up of concepts ("Theory and Practice of Social Research" 4). 2) Does a hypothesis propose a relationship between dimensions or variables? Yes. A hypothesis depends on the link that exists between two or several variables. Whereby, a slight change in variable ‘A,' leads to a change in variable ‘B.' In this case, it can be almost predictable that if the first event occurs on the first variable, then we expect variable ‘B' to ...

Firstly, the previously existing problem of the minority students, who were often denied opportunities to live in on-campus or off-campus housing and facilities, was resolved as a result of Title III of Act, since under it the attorney general can himself file suit about the denial of use of public facilities, and the lack of funds for effective legal representation has become not a problem anymore (Safransky, 2010). Secondly, the access of anyone, irrespective of race, color, or national origin to the participation in the higher educational program, financed from the federal funds, has been assured. What is more, ...

The case in question represents Abigail Fisher, a white female who was denied admission at the University of Texas since she failed to qualify for the Texas Top Ten Percent Plan. She argued that the university considered many factors to fill the remaining slots including race, which was against the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment. The district court, court of appeals and Supreme Court held that the university's admissions process was constitutional (Liptak, 2016). Some judges including Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Chief Justice John Roberts voiced their dissent regarding the ruling. The attorneys, in this case, ...

1.0. Job Interview Process The writer as the director of HR Department of Fortune Marketing will divide the job interview process into traditionally defined stages. First of all, there will be the process of screening the CVs followed by a screening interview, which will lead to the short-listing suitable candidates based on criteria of eligibility. Then, there will be the first interview wherein candidates will be asked in-depth questions regarding their areas of expertise, skills, education, and relevant experience. Based on the results of the first interview, candidates will be selected for the psychological test. A psychological test will ...

Introduction

The concept of discrimination at the workplace has gone through a significant transformation as societal norms evolved under the pressure of globalization and urbanization, international mobility and access to information. While a lot have changed since the US have accepted equal employment opportunities and freedom of its black population, many will argue that gender and racial discrimination are still deeply embedded in employment relationships (Shen et al, 2009). The point that should be made here is once the first step was done to promote diversity and inclusion in social and business contexts, the society cannot go back and accept ...

Positive discrimination is a type of affirmative action intended to equalize the disadvantage that minority groups have previously experienced. It centers on the idea that justified discrimination is required in certain circumstances in order for minority groups and individuals to gain equality in society. While both Kant and Aristotle would argue against positive discrimination, Kant would do so based on his principle of morality, whereas Aristotle would base his argument on the fairness of the outcome. Kant had firm ideas concerning the differentiation between principled and unprincipled policies. Kant argues that proper political thinking should start by confirming two ...

Background

Part 1 Question 1. The four facts that can help in explaining the advantages of workplace diversity are a variety of viewpoints, language skills, positive reputation, and increased creativity. These facts would ensure the management understands the need to accept workplace diversity as a necessity rather than an option. Question 4. Demographic shifts that indicate American workplace is becoming more diverse are dramatic growth in the role of women in the labour force and the leadership positions, 40% of the Americans would leave the workforce by 2025, 92% of the American population growth come from the ethnic groups, and ...

Discrimination legislation

Even in modern day society, issues of religious discriminations still mar working environments and that should be an issue of concern. Different adherents are affected by what managers in different communities decide to be the basis of their employment terms and conditions. Rather than have a singular platform that allows more people to appreciate the changing strategies as part of addressing their religious discriminations that appear as part of addressing legal policies as defined by the constitution. Based on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, religious conditions should not be included if the applicant’s religion ...

National Labor Relations Act

Line managers need to take into account that interference with unions and collective actions by employees is illegal hence the legal obligation to give employees the right to express their grievances. Line managers need to understand that it is illegal to discriminate against employees who take part in collective activities since such interference interferes with the freedom of employees at their work place and are also common causes of conflicts. Line managers should also give employees the right to file against unfair labor practices since such actions are in line with the need to improve the workers’ well-being. It ...

Discussion Board Post.

One Reading: Margaret L. Andersen and Patricia Hill Collins Article, “Race, Gender, and Class: An Anthology. Margaret L. Andersen and Patricia Hill Collins article, “Race, Gender, Class: An Anthology, 6th Ed,” gives a clear comparison on how sex, race, and gender shapes people’s lives. To give a clear meaning to their discussion, Margaret and Collins try to attach these issues to certain controversial elements in the society. Specifically, they discuss these elements alongside issue like Muslim life in the United States of America, Incarceration, the working poor and affirmative action. The article is clearly organized into four distinct ...

Abstract

Affirmative action is the engagement in effort to provide opportunities and consideration to a group of people in the society who are considered miner. This policy is especially being practiced in institutions of learning and employment. It should embrace education for all as well as employment to minority groups such as women and the disables. This topic of affirmative action has turned to be a heated debate due to controversy surrounding its constitutionality. Bergmann, B. (1996).

The Equal Results Argument

We must appreciate the fact that human nature is somehow identical. On a fair play ground, every human race and ethic group would ...

Introduction

The media is a very strong tool that can be used to either unite or divide a nation. There are many variables and features that come together to define diversity matters and its scope in the media. This is a literature review that critiques and analyzes the various elements of diversity in the media. It will review general patterns in contemporary American media and move on to evaluate theories and concepts that relate to the matter.

The Scope of Diversity in the American Media

The ideal media outlet should be one that is neutral and represents every group in a nation fairly. This is a major professional ...

Sheila Renee White MAYO, Individually and as Administratixof her Minor Children, Rina Mayo, Jaclyn Mayo andPaige Mayo, Plaintiffs-Appellants,v.HYATT CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee. No. 89-3576Summary Calendar.

Background Information The case was a collective petition from Sheila Renee Mayo along with her three minor children. It was an appeal case based on the district court’s summary dismissal of their case on grounds of insufficient evidence to support the claim. The claimants had sued the Hyatt Corporation, through Hyatt for the death of Jack Mayo the husband and father of the petitioners consecutively. The district courts found the deceased 100 per cent ...

The affirmative action program consists in give advantages in education, employment or access to population groups that historically had been a minority, with disabilities or disadvantages against the considered population majority. One of the origins of the affirmative action was the "40 acres and a mule" program proposed by General William Tecumseh Sherman to benefit to the black color population of the state of Georgia (United States of America) after the United States Civil War. Today there are several examples of positive discrimination in education, employment, and elected officials. In India, the Universities apply a positive discrimination with a ...

The Importance of Keeping Affirmative Action in the U.S.: The Struggle for Rights by the Chicano People The Importance of Keeping Affirmative Action in the U.S.: The Struggle for Rights by the Chicano People In a country like the US where racial and ethnic inequalities are a major social problem, affirmative action has become an important aspect of alleviating such differences and inequalities. Affirmative action programs are those policy actions that are meant at correcting past injustices that have been perpetrated against a group of people and any inequalities that exist between them and the native people in a ...

The rise in the African Americans inequality in education can be attributed to the lower parental education status for the African Americans; thus, leaving them without same education opportunities as the whites in United States. Children from African American families have lower educational expectations compared to those from White American families because their parents are less educated as compared to their white counterparts. As a result of their low educations status, parents of African American origin set very low educational expectations for their children. The low level of education of the parents of African American origin plays a major ...

Racism is not an uncommon problem for the United States. Due to the history of the country, and the fact that it was built, partially, by the slave labor, it’s hard to escape from the past. Even though nowadays minorities have it better and there is no more slavery nor segregation, a heavy prejudice against them is still here. Apart from blunt, straightforward racism, it also can take more subtle forms. Those forms in question are racial profiling and affirmative action. Though many people are proponents of one and opponents of second (or vice versa), they’re not ...

The case of Fisher v. University of Texas is a 2008 case involving a Caucasian by the name of Abigail Fischer and the University of Texas from the description in Chicago-Kent college of Law. She believed that her admission to the institution was compromised because of her race since preference was given to minority students who were underqualified. The case was based on the claim of reverse discrimination. According to Fischer’s argument, necessity emerges as a vital component in the examination of the constitutionality of affirmative action plans (Nelson 530). Ideally, an important aspect that comes up in ...

Human Resource Management

In recent cases such as Fisher v. Texas in 2008, several senior high school students were denied admission to the University of Texas-Austin despite being in the top 10% of the class, which provides automatic admission to any State university of their choice (de Vogue, 2015). Furthermore, Fisher argues that race and color should not be a basis for admission. However, the Supreme Court upheld the decision of the Court of Appeals in favor of UT on the grounds that the school is entitled to racial preference citing the requirements laid out on Grutter v. Bollinger (NCSL, 2013). In ...

Many people all over the world today immigrate to America in search of the American dream which incorporates equality, freedom and the rare opportunity to attain their personal goals, which would otherwise not be possible to attain in their home country. The pursuit of prosperity and opportunity largely make up the American dream, driving individuals to their limits and forcing them to persevere so that they can have successful lives and attain all the goals that they set (Brown 143). This has therefore endeared the United States to many individuals making it an attraction for the huge immigrant population. ...

Youtube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Rnq1NpHdmw

Sociology based view of a youtube video

John Oliver: Scientific studies All human interaction has a sociological viewpoint to it. And when that interaction is between a person and many viewers, it makes more impact on the sociological fabric. Videos on the internet, which we mostly access through Youtube have an impact on how we think about society and how we feel about our place in it. For discussion, I have chosen a TV show video from John Oliver’s show- Last week tonite. The video is titled ‘Scientific Studies’. The host of the show-John Oliver tries to research a topic of public ...

Introduction

Over the decades, the minority groups in America society such as the blacks, American Indians, and Asians as well as women have been discriminated. Mainly, the discrimination of these groups has been manifested significantly in education, career opportunities, and in employment. To curb this racial and gender prejudices, the American Federal government and Supreme Court have enacted numerous legislation to support for equality of these underrepresented groups in the society. One of the most apparent and profoundly supported legislation is the affirmative action. In this paper, we analyze the actual meaning of the term Affirmative Action. Next, the paper ...

“What then is freedom?” Asked the famous abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass in a speech offered in the early days of the year 1865 in a gathering joined for the coming of the end of the institution of slavery and the Civil War. As Douglass states which were reported by Rubio (2001), “Freedom is the right to choose one’s employment. It is most positively anything and when individuals decide for any man he when that man should work, where he should work then the man is diminished into slavery. Affirmative Action has long been a topic of discussion for ...

Affirmative action is one of the debatable issues in the United States. It is worth noting that the debates over the affirmative action delineate a philosophical divide on issues relates to American dilemma. Affirmative action refers to the policy that favors those who are disadvantaged in society especially issues related to discrimination. Women and children are believed to have undergone several issues related to discrimination in business and schools. The question that is asked is whether affirmative action is still required. The focus of affirmative action is to redress the adverse effects of discrimination in society. The government has ...

Abstract:

The most pressing of the issues that we are faced with nowadays is that of equality and fairness in the context of employment and employment opportunities. The main issue is that of discrimination and equality in employment. It does not matter if the access to employment is similar for all individuals or not as this does not affect your chances of employment, however certain people are indisposed to being discriminated against due to their characteristics. Our research and literature review shows and points to the fact that these issues are intrinsically linked to the race and the gender of ...

Present day education systems of the United States of America are subject to racially diversified college classrooms that are significantly different from the classes that existed by the second half of the twentieth century. The notable change is the outcome of “affirmative action” that became law under the Executive Order 11246 courtesy of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. As per the terms of the executive order, publicly funded companies could not discriminate based on any traits including skin color, gender, and religion. In the end, the action sought to serve two purposes: make efforts to allocate equal opportunity for ...

Katznelson is one of those leading writers who have proved themselves in providing much knowledge to the readers about social and political history. A professional in political science and history, he is best known for his influential research upon United States and covered topics such as social knowledge, liberal state, inequality, and institutions. His work always brings exceptional aspects that have been most important in the history of America. He has highlighted various features that have been a part of American history and has unfolded the inequalities that were evidenced in the 20th century. A collection of his books ...

Introduction

Over the decades, the United States of America has been an egalitarian human society that has dedicated its resources to the eradication of women inequality and racism (Katz & Moore, 2004). Besides, it has formulated numerous legislations to push for equality for women, emancipation of slaves, and civil rights movements that aimed to promote equal treatments of the American Society (Katz & Moore, 2004). Despite these tremendous steps, racism and gender discrimination in the workplace still continues to be prevalent. In particular, women and minority groups like African-American have been the main target of this discrimination. The discrimination takes various forms ...

One of the problems in society has been the fact that racism is widespread and has a deeply felt impact on almost every ethnic group. Not only are minorities discriminated against but women as well. Certain people have gotten enough preferential treatment that women and minorities are either excluded from the workplace entirely, or at subjugated to lesser jobs or just lower wages for the same jobs. Affirmative Action was an act passed with the intention of correcting this injustice, allowing women and minorities to take their proper place in the educational and professional environments. One of the first ...

The right wing media has long held the position that white-on-black racism in the United States is “dead.” Certain facts are thought to prove this point. The fact that, in 2009, a black man assumed the office of President of the United States is proof that racism is over. Also, black students now have an easier time getting accepted to college than white students because of Affirmative Action, proving racism is no longer a problem (Weissmann, 2012). And anyway, racial discrimination is illegal now – the Civil Rights Act took care of that over fifty years ago. While it is ...

Introduction

Louis Pojman, in his article The Case Against Affirmative Action, argues that there is a major difference between 'weak' affirmative action and 'strong' affirmative action, and such difference deserves a thorough analysis. Pojman asserts that weak affirmative action is primarily intended to eliminate unjust impediments to equality of opportunity. On the other hand, strong affirmative action requires more vigorous, involved measures to eradicate the consequences of forgotten injustice, and may involve preferential treatment of minority groups (Pojman 97). Pojman has nothing against weak affirmative action, but he is highly critical of strong affirmative action. Hence the main thesis of ...

Affirmative Action: Overview

A reflection on the society depicts the fact that it is composed of individuals with varying differences aligned with gender, race, socio-economic status, and education levels. While it is true that all people should be equal irrespective of these factors, there is a need to note that there exist a persistent discrimination of various people. Affirmative action has often been poised as the most comprehensive means through which equality can be attained. While much has been hypothesized regarding affirmative action, it is of the essence to note that it mainly connotes to actions and policies that are intended to ...

Racial inequality is still evident in the country today, but as one goes over the material, it becomes apparent that it is institutionalized. Since the end of slavery, those in power have worked hard to continue the inequality between races. The division is still present for most minorities, with the occasional exception. For example, not as many minorities graduate high school or college as do white students. Similarly, not as many minorities come from two parent households as do white children. This is in stark contrast, however, to the stereotype that black fathers are often absent from their children’ ...

Summary

Historically, American conservatism has often embraced their central themes such as anti-communism and freedom movements even beyond their boundaries (West 73). However, American conservatives have strongly resisted a proactive enhancement of the Black American civil rights movement as a sincere freedom movement that fully need their support. Cornel West believed that, like a new black conservative, he had a response to the crisis of liberalism that was in Afro-Americans (West 74. However, he faced stiff resistance from Glenn Loury in particular who wanted to distance himself from mainstream conservatism. In chapter 4, Cornel examines the root of black conservatism, ...

1. Introduction Oman Oil Company (OCC) is one of the biggest commercial organizations of Oman, undertaken by the Government of the country. The company was set up in 1966, headquartered in Muscat, Oman (Oman-oil.com, 2016). Pursuing the investment opportunities in oil and gas and other energy sectors, Oman Oil Company has become one of the leading companies of Sultanate of Oman. Identifying the investment opportunities both inside and outside the country, the company has developed an impressive HRM to manage the organizational operations affirmatively. The HRM of the organization supports the employees to deliver their best performance for organizational ...

Workplace discrimination has been around for decades in most parts of the world. Discrimination refers to the disparate treatment of workers based on social and physiological indicators such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation. The pervasiveness of discrimination manifests in the adverse psychological, social, occupational, and sometimes physical effects that the vice has on the victims. Over the last four decades, several countries have enacted antidiscrimination laws due to the mounting awareness and public outcry regarding workplace discrimination. These laws, coupled with avenues for redress in the courts, have been effective in significantly reducing cases of overt ...

Institutions

Diversity and multiculturalism are very important components in the workplace. It is worth noting that workplaces are more diverse today. Diversity refers to differences between people. The difference is analyzed in terms of religion, race, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and gender. Multiculturalism is deeper than diversity because it focuses on respect, inclusiveness and understanding. In the modern society, global workforce is diverse and dynamic. Every institution focuses at recruiting a diverse workforce. Effective managers focus on managing employees with diverse backgrounds. This is because it is linked to high productivity and success. In the general perspective, multiculturalism and diversity ...

Race can be seen as how people are taken in respect to any particular social group as well as their differences as noticed from the visual point. As compared to the earlier days, racial issues are less burning in the context of the present-day society amongst American people. Basically, in the contemporary society, a number of racial equality measures have been undertaken in order to make sure that all the people in the United States are resolved as within the single nation ("A Growing Divide on Race"). Introduced as a tool in the fight against racial, ethnic and gender ...

Affirmative Action: Is It Still Needed?

Affirmative action is a strategy which has been adopted in order to mitigate the effects of white privilege. The American society, at its very core, is based upon the principle of superiority of the White Christian male and this means that any other group is likely to be discriminated, when competing against a representative of this group. Affirmative action was necessary in order to solve the problem of unequal opportunities at the level of the society. For example, Black or Hispanic youth has more chances of being poor and unable to reach their full potential in school. In addition, ...

Louis Pojman, in his article The Case Against Affirmative Action, argues that there is a major difference between 'weak' affirmative action and 'strong' affirmative action, and such difference deserves a thorough analysis. Pojman asserts that weak affirmative action is primarily intended to eliminate unjust impediments to equality of opportunity. On the other hand, strong affirmative action requires more vigorous, involved measures to eradicate the consequences of forgotten injustice, and may involve preferential treatment of minority groups (Pojman 97). Pojman has nothing against weak affirmative action, but he is highly critical of strong affirmative action. Hence the main thesis of ...

Both Nathan Glazer, in “The Emergence of an American Ethnic Pattern”, and Ronald Takaki, in “Reflections on Racial Patterns in America”, argue that racism has been an enduring legacy of the United States, dating back more than 200 years or more, at least to the Colonial Era and the American Revolution. Both Glazer and Takaki aver that early colonists were threatened by the immigration of other peoples, as well as the assimilation of natives, to the newly-formed United States of America. Thus, strides towards the melding of different cultures into one nation were hampered by both fear and prejudice. ...

In modern times, it is still unbelievable that society still sees issues pertaining to white supremacy and sexism. However, these issues absolutely still do exist. Many political theorists have tried to ascertain where these theories originated that are embedded in our modern society today. Pertaining to white supremacy, it has been theorized that these tendencies began in the colonial era during the triangular slave trade that was orchestrated by the “whites of Europe.” Additionally, it has been hypothesized that women were oppressed originally as a result of Christianity rising after Jesus Christ spread the ideology of Christianity. The question ...

Abstract

African-Americans are a significant part of the American population and comprise of people with African ethnicity and ancestry. Their original introduction to American society through slavery contributes considerably to their sense of heritage, kinship and plays a role in their culture and belief systems. Since the start of the slave trade in the sixteenth century, African American culture has been influenced by African, European and American environments. These conditions have mainly affected aspects of their speech, language, religion, creative expression and general way of life. Centuries of biased legislation and segregation have led to the creation and promotion of ...

Abstract

The United States of America is home to people from different race, religion, sex, caste, colour, nationalities, etc. To protect the rights of people at workplace and colleges, the American government has passed legislations. Some of the legislations are the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964 and Affirmative Action 1961. Civil Rights Act 1964 Title VII is a legislation that helps Americans from different religious faiths to practice their religion. Management at different organizations are expected to adhere to their employee’ religious requirements and employees are accommodated. Affirmative Action was created to ensure discrimination at the workplace ...

Summary of the Article

The gay taboo at workplaces is no more in the contemporary corporate America. Most companies are asking their employees if they prefer disclosing their gender identity or sexual orientation. Collecting gay data in companies is not weird presently. The military idea of “don’t ask, don’t tell” which was being followed has since been abolished. In fact, almost half of the biggest businesses in the US are under pressure for being inclusive as they consider being diverse even in their promotions. However, caution needs to be taken especially in states or countries where gay lifestyle is prohibited by ...

Affirmative action is the federal policy which exists to help people of different color, race, national origin, gender, and religion to access better education, employment, health services, and public contracts. In Canada, and other countries in the world, affirmative action exists to address discrimination and inequality in the areas mentioned above. In Canada, there a number of centers that pushes for the adoption of affirmative action. According to a research conducted on the effect of the action on addressing gender inequality, it has been established that the affirmative action has played a significant role in ending gender inequality in ...

There are numerous affirmative action claims mentioned in the article presented for discussion. The article makes the claim that race-base affirmative action still faces strong opposition from the public. To support this claim, a warrant has been applied as follows; the claim that race-based affirmative action still faces strong opposition from the public is supported by the fact. It is true that American support aid for the disadvantaged, however, racial preferences receive less support (Katel 843). This claim is further supported by the fact that many American have chosen to eliminate race as a selection criterion and replace it ...

The article argues that is about time that racial preferences get to an end and even though affirmative action has played a crucial role in the society, jobs should be given on merit and not on race. Affirmative action has not entirely reduced the ever increasing racial disparities but has instead succeeded in minimizing diversity. It is argued that race remains to be the main reason for affirmative action debate since the doctrine originated from the civil rights movements of the 1960s that outlawed discrimination based on race, gender and ethnicity. According to Ward Connerly, a lead organizer of ...

John Rawls’ theory of justice is an anti-thesis to the Utilitarian concept of justice. In his 1921 book, ‘A Theory of Justice’ Rawls strongly rejects the idea that the happiness of the minority members of the society ought to be sacrificed at the altar of the happiness of the majority members of the society. To this end, he theorizes justice as fairness. (Rawls, 1971). He asserted that justice is inherent in a person as an individual and should not be violated even at the convenience of societal welfare. He advanced a theory of social justice and equity that is ...

Aiming for Diversity: The Positive Example Set by the Website of the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Aiming for Diversity: The Positive Example Set by the Website of the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs

Introduction

The military represents a very important institution in the American public arena, and its core values and practices reflect the society’s ideology. Historically, the military has been a racist and sexist institution (Carbado 1999). This means that it excluded or discriminated against African Americans and females. Traditionally, women have been excluded from the military, and only recently, steps have been made towards their integration ...

What happens when we base ethical certainties on contingent social norms?

The ethical issues associated with affirmative action and race are highly intractable. The reason for this is that they affect the individual and the collective in a way that may alter their course of life. A university may deny admission to a student because of its affirmative action policy and the student may feel wronged. The feeling may be shared by the race or a social group the student belongs to. Additionally, these issues have become complicated as legal and constitutional questions are entangled with them. If ethical certainties are based on contingent social norms, it may not be ...

Aiming for Diversity: The Positive Example Set by the Website of the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs

INTRODUCTION

Background

Veterans are held in high regard in America The changing ideology towards multiculturalism, gender equality and disability rights creates the need for diverse institutions. Thesis statement: The website of the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs sets a positive example for other institutions in what the promotion of diversity is concerned, thus trying to erase the negative image of the military as a racist and sexist institution.

BODY

Accessibility of diversity-related material The Office of Diversity and Inclusion (DOI) page can be accessed ...

More than 200 years ago, Thomas Jefferson pointed out that education is the key to “prepar[ing] citizens to participate effectively and intelligently in our open political system if we are to preserve freedom and independence” (Wisconsin v. Yoder 221). Today, all children are entitled to a free public education, regardless of race, religion, color, or creed. While education is not considered a fundamental constitutional right, most states have statutes guaranteeing to every child access to an education. The benefits of an education are undeniable, and few persons will have any chance at success without attaining at least a ...

President Woodrow Wilson was presiding over the United States of America when the Federal Reserve of the country was created and sanctioned in 1913. Documentation: iMinds. Us Federal Reserve. Mosman: iMinds Private Limited, 2014.Print The 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution was a radical addition that gave the women the right to vote. It was passed by the Congress in the year 1919, and ratified in the year 1920. Documentation: Thomsen, Natasha. Women's Rights. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010. Print The word Boycott originated in the 19th century in Ireland. When the Irish Land League was adopting different ...

Abstract

This paper discusses the foundations of anti-discrimination law with respect to employment in modern American legal jurisprudence. The advent of the 1964 Civil Rights Act's Title IV measure initiated a protective structure based on categories, or protected classes. Affirmative action is generally specific to protected classes carved out in Civil Rights Act of 1964. Affirmative action primarily designed to redress legacy of Jim Crow. Whereas civil rights law for disabilities is all about reasonable accommodations for people with disabilities and making sure that ones physical limitations don't hinder their access to opportunities Protected classes have been extended to include ...

In Adarand litigation, the issue that is being raised is the constitutionality of the different races to allowing for preferential treatment. When it came to issue of employment minority groups comprising of the blacks and the females had been treated unfairly over the past years. The affirmative action program were put in place to correct the unfair treatment towards the minority. Meeting these requirements collectively is known as passing the test of scrutiny. Applying strict scrutiny involves the legislature to abridge fundamental rights in accordance with the enacted laws or passing a law, which involves some classification based on ...

The constitutional issue raised in Adarand litigation is the racial classification of the citizens meant to allow for preferential treatment. In the past, the minority groups had been treated unfairly when it came to employment. Programs had to be implemented to amend the unfair treatment of the minority in the workplace. The affirmative program had to meet the particular qualification to be considered constitutional. It had to meet compelling government interest and pass the test of scrutiny. To apply strict scrutiny, the legislature must pass a law involving open specification, which includes race, nationality, religion, and origin. The decision ...

In Living Color

Jana King in her essay “In Living Color” talks about the difference among races, the discrimination that used to be perpetuated by the Whites against other communities, the measures taken by the US government to nullify that discrimination and finally about “affirmative action” and its effectiveness. I agree with the author and believe that “affirmative action” is counterproductive because merit of a person is ignored in favor of the color of the skin. Accepting the differences between people based on their skin color emphasizes one’s recognition of the difference and thereby his latent racist feelings. In her opinion, ...

Introduction

Sports are popularly believed to exist in a cultural, social, and political vacuum and place that is distinct from everyday realities of political and social life. As such, it is presumed that opportunities exist and are available for all groups regardless of socio-cultural backgrounds. This narrative stems from the popular belief that the issues of race are no longer present in sport as in other corporate affairs and also the increasing proportion of high-profile members of the black and minority ethnic groups in contemporary professional sports. However, this narrative represents the contrary to the actual state of racial representation in ...

Part one

Diversity should be promoted due to a number of reasons. The first is that diversity allows for a rich educational experience. In diverse learning setting, students are able to learn from their fellow students who possess different beliefs. Such a learning institution enables students to gain from an interactive and intellectual environment. Secondly, diversity increases personal growth. In a diverse learning environment, students are encouraged to think critically, and any stereotypical thinking is removed. Finally, diversity will encourage economic growth in the whole nation. With diversity, the nation will be able to utilize different talents from individuals with different cultural backgrounds.

As ...