Essays on Alleles

Purple=dominant White=recessive 5) After looking at the punnett square and using the vocabulary terms above, why were all the offspring in the F1 generation showing the dominant characteristic? Each trait is being controlled by genes. There is one packet that comes from each parent. When TT is crossbred with tt plants, they produce Tt plants in the F1 generation. The F1 plants are all purple because the T allele is expressed in every offspring and it covered up the t allele. 6) Any time you have a capital letter in one or both alleles, the dominant form of the ...

How absentee fathers affect teen pregnancy in daughters

Introduction The family is the basic unit of society. From this structure, individuals learn the tenets of how to integrate into society and cope with other members. Most mammal species live in the family unit, be it nuclear or extended. Within the family, members learn to bond, share and assist each other with difficulties. The human species shows the most sophisticated form of human organization. When children get born, they only get taught how to survive as adults, but there are certain values that parents must pass on to their children. Each family and society have different values and ...

Patterns of Inheritance

A homozygous brown mink was crossed with a silverblue mink. Brown (B) is dominant to silverblue. There were 9 offspring. What color were they? (B) Two of the offspring were mated. What would the ratio of brown to silverblue offspring be? What fraction of the offspring will be homozygous brown? Heterozygous? Homozygous recessive?

Let B represent the allele for brown color and b represent the allele for silver blue

Punnet square between homozygous brown mink and silver mink homozygous brown mink X Silver mink bb X BB

All the 9 offspring were brown

Mating two of the offspring Punnet square showing f1 generation will be as follows Bb X Bb Ratio of brown to silverblue is 3: 1 Fraction of homozygous ...

Final Test

Explain in general terms the process of DNA replication. The replication of the DNA starts when the double helix unwinds. Each of the two strands serves as the template using which the new DNA double helix strands are formed. The different bases on each of the two strands are then matched in order to form a new set of two strands. Each of the new strands partners with the parent strand to form a double helix (Roth 26).

Prophase – Chromatids are joined at the centromere. Spindle formation occurs. The separation of centrioles occurs in animal cells (Tobin and Jennie ...

In 1872, the 22-year-old George Huntington presented a paper describing an elaborately outlined inheritance pattern of a disease, which during the time was referred to as "chorea." In his paper, which was presented at the Meigs and Mason Academy of Medicine at Ohio, George described all the features of the adult-onset form of the disorder and outlined the disease’s autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. Although the mechanism underlying the inheritance pattern of the disease was not understood until the rediscovery of Mendel’s works, his paper was so comprehensive that George Huntington quickly became widely acclaimed. In fact, he ...

Step 1: Story of Race

The rationalization of non-European people and some European population, such as the Irish served a primary purpose of differentiating individuals within a population. Individuals within a group set are different from the others. Thus, the concept of rationalization acts as a tool to bring out the different categories that are present in our population. Eugenics was an idea suggested by Plato that was inclined towards the sustenance and uprising of superior human beings with regards to their genetic traits. Plato suggested the practice of selective mating. This is where individuals with superior characteristics would be paired, and sterilization of ...

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Introduction

Genome imprinting is the latest technique that has genetically modified the face of infertility; it is an epigenetic phenomenon through which the parental origin of a gene is determined based on its expression. 1 There are a vast number of genes in mammals that are marked with their parental origin, and the result of this phenomenon is a single parental allele. These marked genes are known as “imprinted.” They rely on the epigenetic machinery determining their parental identity and maintaining their origin-specific gene expression. There are 100 imprinted genes estimated in human and 200 ...

Bio Exam

Codominant traits exist when two different alleles for a genetic trait such as flower colour, and hair texture are both expressed. The expression of codominance infers a relationship between two types of a gene. In codominance, the phenotypes of both alleles inherited from the parents are expressed ("Codominance - Glossary Entry", 2016).

Genetic expression feather colors in purple penguin ("Basic Principles of Genetics: Probability of Inheritance", 2016).

With the order of dominance as pd>pm>pl>pvl a 1 dark: 1 medium ration of phenotype among the baby penguins is expected. Marfan Syndrome is a genetic disorder that exhibits variation among affected individuals. The range of phenotypic severities is an example of variable expressivity. ...

Chapter 9

Question 1

Binary mission in prokaryotes Mitosis and Meiosis in eukaryotes Question 2 The development of embryos as well as the growth and development of bodies. Important in asexual reproduction. Question 3 The term cell cycle refers to an ordered set of events leading to cell growth and division into two daughter cells.

Question 4

Interphase is a phase of the cell cycle characterized by the absence of cell division. During this phase, the cell obtain nutrients, the organelles duplicates, protein synthesis takes place, and cells duplicate its genetic material (its chromatids). The genetic material is located in the nuclei of ...

Natural selection can be referred to as a process through which biological traits turn either more or less common within a population as a function of the impact of hereditary traits on the differential reproductive victory of organisms’ interaction with their surroundings. It is a major evolution mechanism. Charles Darwin popularized the term natural selection with an intention to have it compared with artificial selection, now referred to as selective breeding.

There exists variation within every organism’s populations. This takes place partly since random mutations happen in the genome of an organism, and these mutations can be acquired by offspring. All ...

- Factors in phenotypic variations Factors in phenotypic variation consist of: Variation in phenotype (Vp); Variation in phenotypes caused by genetic variation (Vg); Variation of phenotype caused by environment (Ve); Variation in phenotype caused by interaction of genotype and environment (Vgxe). In addition to the above factors, phenotypic variation is also influenced by effects of genotype on phenotypes.

- Additive genetic variation formula shows that Va is influenced by phenotypes (p), additive (a) and dominance (d). As population evolves, the values of p, a, and d change. Consequently, Va value also changes. Based on the narrow sense heritability formula, change in Va ...

Introduction

Arable soil can be described as soil tilled or ploughed regularly, usually under a crop rotation system. It is also an agricultural soil that is filled by crops sown as well as harvested in a similar agricultural year, at times over one time. Soil can as well be regarded as arable if it is utilized as temporary hayfields for pasture or mowing, kitchen and market gardens, and temporary fallow land. This means that this kind of soil is not sown for one or more seasons of growing, but it is not left to lie idle for over five years. Arable soil ...

Part 1

A: In the pea plant, the purple color is the dominant one while the white color is the recessive color. The F1 offspring that had purple colored flowers were 445 while those that had white colored flowers were 437. This gives a phenotypic ratio of almost 1:1. To attain this ratio, a parent with white colored flower (pp) had to be crossed with a heterogeneous purple colored parent (Pp). This can be confirmed by crossing the two patents as shown in the Punette square below.

B: The pattern observed can be explained using the first law of inheritance also called the Law ...

- Sperms are normally produced in the seminiferous tubes. After production sperms are stored in the epididymis where they get to mature. During ejaculation sperms travel from the epididymis along tubes known as the vas deferens. When sperms pass by the seminal vesicle and the prostate fluids get added to the sperms. The sperms then pass by the Cowper’s gland where even more fluids are added. The semen then reaches the urethra through which it exists the human body as semen. The fluids added to the semen are very necessary because they ensure travel of the sperms. They ...

Summary of the Popular Source

The popular article attempts to report on a study that links people’s satisfaction or dissatisfaction in marriage to their gene composition. The article bases its arguments on this study to try to explain the reason why some people happen to enjoy their marriages while others do not. It also explains why the prevailing emotional climate affects people’s ability to enjoy or dread marriage as associated with their respective DNA characteristics.

The article argues that a gene variant called 5-HTTLPR has been discovered to be linked with the influence of certain emotions on marital satisfaction. The specific strain of this ...

Abstract

A polymerase chain reaction also known as PCR refers to a technique that is used in the amplification of a DNA fragment making huge numbers of the original fragment. The process uses an enzyme known as DNA polymerase to multiply the DNA fragment. Other components that are necessary for a PCR reaction are the DNA template that is provided by the sample being multiplied, the primers, and nucleotides. The experiment aimed to examine a number of human DNA polymorphisms, the PV92 Alu polymorphism and the mitochondrial control region using human DNA. This was achieved by isolating the mitochondrial DNA from the mouth cells ...

Lab 1: Ethical Issue in the Movie Gattaca. The epicentre of ethical issues in the movie Gattaca is the manner in which an individual ought to be judged. Should it be by the genetic composition one is born with or by the character traits, personality attributes and ambitions chosen by an individual? Vincent is born with genetic weaknesses that could result in ailments in the future. His genetic composition denies him access to his dream job despite the fact that he achieves the required grades in school and is a strong and athletic young man. As a result, Vincent designs a plan to ...

Question 1

The type of bloodstain evidence at the scene is a cast off pattern. According to Becker (2005), a cast-off pattern normally results in blood striking nearby surfaces such as walls, floors and ceilings. A cast-off pattern indicates that a blunt force trauma to the head. The large wound on top of the head is indicative of repeated use of the blunt force weapon on the victim. The first step in the documentation process of the room would involve conducting an initial scan of the room to ascertain the evidence present. This would then be followed by photographing of the scene in ...

Inheritance Lab Report

Inheritance Lab Report

Materials and Methods There were no materials that were required for this lab. A variety of phenotypes were observed and recorded in the Table 1 below. Using the logic of Mendelian genetics, possible personal genotypes, as well as those of my parents were recorded. The presence of attached earlobes was recorded as yes and no if absent. For the other phenotypes, their presence was indicated by a yes and their absence with a no. The genotypes were identified based on the recorded phenotypes using the alleles indicated below. - E – free earlobes; e – attached earlobes ...

#1. Observations Human beings are morphologically diverse. Compared to other primates, human beings show less variation. We differ considerably in our external appearances (eye color, hair color, skin color, hair texture, skin texture, blood group types- A,B, AB and O, height, build, facial features, etc) and our physiology. However despite all these variations, the genome of each and every human being is 99 percent identical (Lai CQ, 2010). It is also interesting to note that humans and chimpanzees share 98 percent of the genome. The study of these genetic variations is very important to geneticists. The allelic ...

Abstract

The objective of the current experiment is to describe how plants function and pass on the traits. Dark is dominant to wrinkled and Green is dominant to pale green. A statistical approach is used for goodness of fit between observed data and data that are predicted from a hypothesis. Null Hypothesis: The results of the experiment are in agreement with the Mendel’s Laws. Dark is dominant to wrinkled and Green is dominant to pale green. The chi square values that are greater than 3.841 are expected to occur less than 5 percent of the time due to random sampling ...

Lab report

Introduction. The Mendelian genetic effort, revolve around the inheritance of biological characteristics that trail the proposed Mendelian laws brought forward by Gregor Mendel (He & University of Chicago, 46). These regulations advocate for independent assortment, trait dominance in alleles, and the segregative capability of alleles. Thus the hypothetical endeavor of this report is to ascertain the identity of the first filial generation -F1, based on the phenotypic quotients of the second filial-F2 cohorts Fruit fly drosophila is considered ideal in genetic experiments, because they share the majority of their genes that cause diseases with humans up to 75 ...

(Author)

Use of Restriction Enzymes in Pharmaceuticals Restriction enzyme, which is also referred to as restriction endonuclease, is a class of enzyme that is helpful in cutting DNA at restriction sites. Restriction sites are particular recognition nucleotide sequences on double stranded DNA having the length of 4-5 base pairs. Restriction enzymes are also known deoxyribonucleases (DNases). Presently, there are four different types of restriction enzymes: - Type I enzymes that are “classical” in nature, e.g. EcoKI, EcoBI, and EcoR124; - Type II enzymes that are “orthodox” in nature, e.g. EcoRI, HindIII, EcoRV; - Type III enzymes ...

Objective 2

Introduction 2 General background 3 Resistance mutants 4 Hemoglobin mutants 4 Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5 Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6 Method: 7 Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8 Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9 Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This ...

1. In your own words explain why this paper is important or significant The article is very informative and significant since it introduces another breakthrough in DNA sequencing and analysis. It highlights the polymerase chain reaction which is the new way of identifying mutant genes in both homozygous and heterozygous organisms. The technique uses primers to amplify segments of the DNA by many folds such that it clearly identifies the mutant genes faster than all the other methods. The paper points out important milestones that genomics and gene sequencing has undergone over the years. Geneticists usually use the ...

1. The alleles we inherit from our parents get expressed as outward traits. For almost all traits, one allele will be expressed and the other will not. If one of your alleles is dominant, its trait will be expressed. If both alleles are recessive, their trait will be expressed. Each of the traits in the table below follows a simple dominant/recessive system. For each trait, circle whether you have a dominant or recessive trait.

Trait Dominant Recessive

When a diploid organism (remember, carries two alleles for each gene!) has two of the same allele, we call it homozygous. When it has two different alleles, we ...

Systemic Clearance Extended Calculation

Data: Pharmacokinetic parameters: Fraction unbound (fu), 0.5; Clearance by active secretion (CLsec), 2L/h; Fraction reabsorbed (FR), 0.25; Hepatic Extraction Ratio (EH), 0.25. Q: Total Systemic Clearance (CLtotal) =? Formula: CLtotal = (F * D) / AUC (RMI Pharmacokinetics, 2014) Where, F = fraction of dose absorbed (mg), (1 – FR) * (1 – EH ) (RMI Pharmacokinetics, 2014) AUC = area under the curve (mg/L/h), (Δt /2) * Cf (Summit PK, 2014) D = single dose (mg), Q * AUC * F (RMI Pharmacokinetics, 2014)

Computation:

Step 1: Computation of F F = (1 – FR) * (1 - EH ) F = (1 - .25mg) * (1 - .25) = .75 * ...

Captive Breeding of Marine Mammals: Challenges and Mitigating Measures

Introduction The growing demand to sustain the current lifestyle of the human population puts an added strain to the natural resources of the world. The increase in the exploitation of tropical forests and marine communities leads to a series of habitat destruction thereby leaving thousands of species of both terrestrial and marine animal homeless (Soule et al., 1986). Since 1986, there are already about nineteen percent and nine percent of the world’s mammals and birds respectively that are bread by zoos as per the International Zoo Yearbook Census. Based on the International Species Inventory System, there are about ...

Variation and Inheritance

Charles Darwin tried to link his theory of acquired traits and use and disuse in describing how characters get inherited. He said that acquired traits get transmitted from the parents to the offspring. Although they lacked scientific proofs, Darwin’s theories led to the belief that character traits in an individual were mainly acquired from the environment in which an organism lives (Roberts, 61). The theories also led to the belief that the characters that come from the environment can be inherited by the offspring. Recent studies and research have shown that what Darwin called gemmules are cells that ...

Properties of Life

When it comes to dealing with cells as a structural and functional unit of all kinds of life on earth, it is important to understand the biological concept of what constitutes life. Most biologists, including cell biologists will agree that life is defined according to seven principles. First, that living things are composed of cells. A cell is a unit that makes up all kinds of life, whether it is a bacterial life or plant life or human life. The second principle is that there are different levels of organization in life – cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and so ...

Introduction:

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects and a prime reason for deaths in first year of life. It accounts for about 20% of congenital defects in infants. The understanding of this study is based on evolution of heart, heart development in mammals and molecular regulation of cardiac development. Evolution of heart saw change in the number of chambers, with fishes (two chambers), amphibians (three chambers) and reptiles, birds and mammals (four chambers). During the developmental process, heart is generated from splanchnic mesoderm that contains the original cardiac cells. Mouse has a gestation period ...

Answer for Part 1

A: In the F1 generation there were 445 purple and 437 white flowers. If the homozygous dominant genotype is (PP) and heterozygous genotype is (Pp); then the recessive genotype would be (pp).

White flowers = (pp) = 437 The ratio of purple flowers to white flowers is nearly 1:1, i.e. the number of purple flowers to the number of white flowers is nearly same. Hence, the parents would heterozygous purple flower (Pp) with homozygous recessive (pp). The following is an example of a test cross. B: In genetics, a test cross, first introduced by Gregor Mendel, is used to determine if a ...

Introduction

Mutation induces the formation mRNA strands that are formed later that they are converted into a native protein. Mutational causes the peptide formed develop a structure similar to a protein. Antimicrobial peptide formed after mutation depends on the chemical property. Mutation causes bacteria to increase in the peptide leading to low hemolytic function. Bacteria lead to anoplin to causing the shape of peptide to form a protein like shape that is spectroscopy. Mutation causes the chain of the peptide to form a protein structure that later forms a tertiary that is the antigen molecule responsible for forming the body immune system. The chains amino ...

Introduction

Dissimilarities and similarities among different groups of organisms are the result evolution. This change occurs in the characteristics of different biological populations with the passage of time. The four forces of evolution result in speciation. Speciation is the process in evolution through which new species arise. It could result from any of the four forces of evolution. These are genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and selection. They lead to slight changes in existing species, as well as the formation of new species.

Mutations

This is the main source of evolutionary change. It occurs randomly, when mistakes take place in copying ...

Module 6: evolution part 1

Describe three ways in which natural selection can affect a population over time

- directional selection - stabilizing selection - Disruptive selection In directional selection, the phenotype is favored over genotype causing allele to move in one direction and hence creating certain traits in an organism. The favored alleles are therefore dominant over the other alleles. For example, in a community that consist of bird with a length of 2cm and grain eater, after a long period and a change of food available the length of beak can change gradually. The dominant allele leads to the required change in the shape ...

Module 6: evolution part 1

Describe three ways in which natural selection can affect a population over time

- directional selection - stabilizing selection - Disruptive selection In directional selection, the phenotype is favored over genotype causing allele to move in one direction and hence creating certain traits in an organism. The favored alleles are therefore dominant over the other alleles. For example, in a community that consist of bird with a length of 2cm and grain eater, after a long period and a change of food available the length of beak can change gradually. The dominant allele leads to the required change in the shape ...

Sex linkage is the expression of Phenotypic allele that depends on the gender of an individual and is linked directly to the sex chromosomes the individual has. In mammals, the male sex is most likely to show the recessive sex linked traits. Genotype is the genetic compositions of an individual and it refers to the genes an individual has in a genome. It determines the characteristics of a person and how he or she responds to certain stimulus. Phenotype, on the other hand, is the physical characteristics or the appearance of an individual. These can be seen in things like the ...

Studies have proven the legacy of natural selection in the continuity of diseases pinpointing some regions where it has played a role in propagating disease. Evolutionary forces therefore to a huge extent play a major role in the development and propagation of diseases because of selective pressures that contributes to the resistance or development of alleles or genes that cause these diseases. On the basis of hereditary, human disease can be traced back into the years and its development be observed in better understanding how natural selection comes into play(Fisher 1999). This way, the factors that cause disease causing mutants can ...

Genetic testing also known as DNA based test, involves direct examination of DNA molecules to test for genetic disorders and diseases (Gene testing, 2010). According to the Human Genome Project Information (2010), Genetic testing can be used for various reasons to include: - Identifying people who carry one copy of genes causing diseases such as Huntington’s disease. - Pre-symptomatic testing of adult onset diseases/disorders such as Huntington’s disease - Forensic testing and determining paternity. - Newborn screening and pre- natal testing. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid, and these are chemical Data bases ...

Evolution is a very slow process where change in a genetic composition occurs over a long period of time. Micro evolutionary changes which are essential for creation of a new species also happen after a long period of time. These changes are small but observable. (Hariland, Walrath, Prins & McBride ,2010|) Therefore, microevolution refers to the changes within a gene collection that takes place from one generation to another. Frequency of alleles in a given population may change due to the following fundamental factors also referred to as fundamental forces: gene flow, natural selection, generic drift and mutation. It is used as the basic unit of classification ...

Assignment #1: Epistasis

- What did you observe in the F1 generation?

The F1 generation was comprised of wild types in terms of wing size and wing vein.

Was this what you expected? Why or why not? Yes. The wing mutation and the vestigial wing size genes are recessive and hence would not be expressed.

Once you have produced an F1 generation, mate F1 flies to generate an F2 generation.

Study the results of your F2 generation and then answer the following questions.

Which mutation is epistatic? The vestigial wing gene is the epistatic one. Is the vestigial mutation ...

Introduction

Evolution is a very interesting concept in anthropology. It refers to the biological populations’ alteration of the inherited characteristics over successive generations. The processes in evolution bring diversity at each biological organization level including, individual organisms, molecules like proteins and DNA, and species. According to what we know, life on this universe actually originated and afterwards evolved from universal common ancestor. Perhaps this is what makes the subject of evolution appear more interesting since through it we get well informed about where we originated from and about our evolution. The concept of evolution is basically categorized under both micro ...

Test cross

What was the phenotypic ratio for the offspring resulting from this testcross? Results for the F1 generation for monohybrid cross between a female fly with brown eye (BW) color with a male fly having ebony body (E) color are as shown below.

Fly lab Lab Notes for Steven F

Parents (Female: BW) x (Male: E) Offspring Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio Female: + 494 0.5067 1.027 Male: + 481 0.4933 1.000

Total 975

All the offspring had a wild-type phenotype for the brown eyes and ebony body. This shows that, both brown eye and ebony body are recessive genes. The phenotypic ratio for the offspring resulting from the ...

Biological evolution is termed as any genetic change in a population that is passed on over successive generations. These genetic variations are not consistent as they may be large or small, prominent or not noticeable at all. To sum it up, biological evolution highlights how life has changed over time. Arguments of this theory have been advanced by Charles Darwin. His premise was of a scientific nature where he postulated biological evolution by means of Natural Selection. Charles Darwin’s Natural Selection is based on three assumptions about organisms namely: survival, adaptation and reproduction. This theory, however, has received criticism from ...

Different species on earth have a common ancestry despite their variations. The process through which species on earth acquire different characteristics over successive generations is referred to as evolution. It is the gradual change of inherited characteristics from one generation to another over a given period of time (Havilland et al 24). Evolutionary scientists presume that all life on earth can trace their origin from one common source but then acquired different characteristics through various evolutionary mechanisms. Evolution is described in two broad perspectives, micro and macroevolution. Macro evolution refers to changes that occur at the species level. Macroevolution occurs ...

Microevolution is the way in which individual traits change overtime within a certain population. For a population to revolutionize, some things must just be assumed to be true. In simple terms, there must be some processes involved that in the long run will cause microevolution. Microevolution mainly occurs due to the presence variations. Variations among individuals normally take place in what is referred to as the gene pool of the population. Genetic pool is the compilation of the genetic information of all individuals within a certain population. No two individuals in a population have the similar blend of genes, some genes may be ...

Sometimes Forensic Casework items consist of less than 100 picograms (pg) of template DNA which, if we assume 3.5 pg of DNA per haploid cell, can be equated to approximately thirty haploid cells or fifteen diploid cells are termed as LCN DNA (low template DNA or LT DNA). (Gill 17) Such low copy number (LCN) samples exist due to several factors like damaged or degraded DNA, oligozoospermia or aspermic perpetrators or extended interval post coital samples, where there is loss of sperm over time because of the effects of drainage or host cell metabolism. From crime scenes, Trace ...

Introduction

Genetic evolution refers to change(s) in inheritable traits occurring across succeeding generation of organisms. The change (evolution) is responsible for the diversity at all levels including the molecular level e.g. genetic variations, individual organisms in the same species (intra-species variations) and among species (interspecies variations). It is believed that all organisms emanated from common ancestry about 3.7 billion years ago and then evolved over time to the present biodiversity. Therefore all organisms have some shared traits at the morphological and molecular level with the species sharing a more recent ancestry having more similar traits. The process of evolution involves ...

Summary

Bilal Haq, a scientist from the National Science Foundation Arlingtion, Virginia encountered foraminifera on his trip to Qingdao in China. Foraminifera are small creatures that grow shells on their bodies. Their shells are varied and very diverse, as if they are created by visionary artists. Haq thought the foraminifera would make beautiful pieces of art and should be put on display. Haq’s fellow colleague from China, Zheng, agreed and put things into action by involving local craft workers. It resulted in a park for foraminifera since the end of 2009 and already a million people have visited (Larkins, 2012).

It is ...

Abstract

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a group of autosomal recessive lipid lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations of the HEXA gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of the enzyme Hexosaminidase A, one of three enzymes responsible for the normal degradation of GM2 ganglioside, a substance found in high concentration in the plasma membrane of neuronal cells. The classic acute infantile form, discussed here, is a neurodegenerative disorder with onset at four to eight months of age in which acquired capabilities are lost and general neurologic deterioration occurs, with death by age two to four years. It occurs with highest frequency in the ...

Species Conservation describes the process of undertaking preservation of a particular species of animal or plant which may be under threat of extinction or destruction. Species conservation is focused only on the individual species identified and not the other organisms within its habitat. Such species are usually identified through academic studies, alarm by individual stakeholders, environmental activists and nature lovers and sometimes the sense of loss that comes when there is a drastic change in the ecosystem.

These specific conservation efforts require a lot of resources and funding which the government may not be able to provide since individual species cannot take ...

The differences between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin

a. Red Blood Cell with oxygenated hemoglobin (diamagnetic) has no effect on the magnetic field b. Deoxygenated Red Blood Cell with deoxygenated hemoglobin which is paramagnetic affects magnetic field Erythrocytes of the blood act as carriers of hemoglobin; a four unit protein that through binding process with oxygen molecules, thereby forming oxyhemoglobin, transports oxygen to various part of an animal’s body. Oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin have different quaternary structure. The disparity in quaternary structures of these two kinds of hemoglobin is attributed to the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin. The beta chains in oxygenated hemoglobin ...

The differences between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin

Erythrocytes of the blood act as carriers of hemoglobin; a four unit protein that through binding process with oxygen molecules, thereby forming oxyhemoglobin, transports oxygen to various part of an animal’s body. Oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin have different quaternary structure. The disparity in quaternary structures of these two kinds of hemoglobin is attributed to the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin. The beta chains in oxygenated hemoglobin are much closer to each other compared to the ones in the deoxygenated hemoglobin (Campbell &Farrell, 2009). In the same light, the quaternary structure is affected by the hemoglobin’s ...

Mendel’s Inheritance Patterns

Mendel’s approach in explaining genetic inheritance was different from the common genetic knowledge then, in that he explained that each trait was as a result of a pair of genes commonly referred to as alleles (O’Neil, 2011). The accepted knowledge back then was then traits (phenotypes) in living things were a blend from the parents. However, the Mendel’s approach contradicted with this notion arguing that there could never be a blend of traits in an offspring but existence of phenotypes being as either recessive or dominant. “An individual is said to be heterozygous when two alleles differ and homozygous when ...

Genetics Exercise

Directional selection entails natural selection favoring one phenotype causing its allele frequency to shift in one direction. The constant increase in frequency of the favored allele is independent of its dominance compared to other alleles; thus, even recessive alleles can ultimately become fixed. For instance, environment pressures and changes of diet affect the size (depth) of beaks of a population of cardinals in the subsequent generations. During the rainy spells, there is a huge supply of small seeds as compared to large seeds; therefore, the cardinals seldom ate large seeds and their beaks become shorter. Throughout the dry spells, neither the ...