1. a. The pKa value of an amino acid is an indication of how strong or weak an amino acid is, based on the said acid’s dissociation constant. An amino acid that has a high pKa value is weaker than on that has a low pka value. Given that an acid’s dissociation constant is Ka, the pKa value is given by the formula: pKa = -log10Ka pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA]),It follows that for Cys12, 7.4= 7.2 + log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 7.4-7.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 0.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 100.2= Cys-/HCys Therefore, Cys-/HCys = 10-4Similarly, ...
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INTRODUCTION
In 2001, New York City wakes up to horrific attacks caused by the al-Qaeda terrorist of September 11, on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon buildings. As a result, the political leaders declared a "war on terrorism" which was to include more than 60 countries as enemies and planned to last for fifty years. In the same year, President Bush allocated $379 billion in Pentagon budget that included $48 billion for fighting terrorism. The parameters and nature of the war on terrorism, however, continue to be frustratingly unclear. The war on terrorism contained elements of war and non-war. ...