Essays on Anions

Explain Hardness of Water

Explain Hardness of Water The water that occurs in nature always contains salts, which exist in water as positive and negative ions. The salinity of fresh water is 1000 mg/L (1L of water contains 1000 mg of various salts or ions). The typical cations present in natural water are sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium; the most common anions are chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrates, etc. Hardness of water refers to presence of calcium and magnesium ions. When water is heated, the reaction (Tebbutt, 1999):

takes place. Calcium carbonate, unlikely other salts, is insoluble and forms precipitate. The precipitate is ...

BBB functions and physiology: The central nervous system (CNS) necessitates a highly controlled environment for its proper functioning. Blood brain barrier is the system which maintains the homeostasis of the CNS. It works by separating and shielding the brain from the constant changes in the nutrient and chemical composition of systemic blood. It protects the brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be present in the blood. The key functions of the BBB are transport of nutrients from the blood to brain and metabolites in opposite direction to systemic circulation. Only a small number of molecules are allowed access through the ...

NITROGEN AND COPPER DOPED SOLAR LIGHT ACTIVE TIO2 PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER DECONTAMINATION

Abstract: A new category of photocatalytic coating that can degrade chemical as well as bacterial contaminants under visible sunlight wavelengths was generated by the deposition of a stable photocatalytic TiO2 film over the internal lumen of glass bottles by means of a sol–gel technique. Such a coating was produced either in doped or undoped form. This coating used copper and/ or nitrogen for producing visible light-active TiO2 films that were normalized or annealed at 600 ◦C and were characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation of methylene blue was seen to accelerate with doped and undoped TiO2 films ...

THE MICROSCOPE

The fundamental objectives of this report are to learn how to: - handle and care about the microscope - Identify various parts of the microscope such as the eye piece, arm, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, base, nose piece, objective lenses, stage condenser, and Iris diagram. - Define various terminologies used while using the microscope such as the total magnification, resolving power, working distance, parfocal and real and virtual images. - And finally to observe stained slides of bacteria or the fungi.

RESULTS

Concerning how to care about the microscope, the following should be taken ...

Regulation of body pH occurs either through pH regulation or pH compensation. Regulation occurs as a combined effort of buffer systems, and respiratory and renal systems. Normal metabolism produces acidic wastes, for example, carbonic and lactic acid. These products increase acidity of body fluids and cause a shift in body pH away from the normal alkaline nature. Buffers help to prevent the shift towards an acidosis, and hence maintain pH of the blood and the body. Buffers also facilitate maintenance of narrow pH ranges of body fluids. Maintenance of this narrow range is crucial since biochemical reactions are affected by concentration ...

XYZ College/University

Difference between a compound and a mixture A compound is a pure substance which contains atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together; the physical and chemical properties of this compound differ from those of it’s constituent elements. The components of a compound are always present in fixed proportions and cannot be separated by simple physical methods. Whereas, a mixture may be composed of multiple elements or compounds, but they are not chemically bonded. The components of a mixture are not present in fixed proportions. The properties of a mixture are the average properties of it’s constituent elements and ...