Essays on Atherosclerosis

According to the Betty Neuman's theory, a human being is an open system which interacts with both internal and external environments (Alligood, 2014). In addition, a human is always exposed to constant stressors and he/she must move in the direction where there is holistic stability. This theory views both environments as stressors which a person is exposed to on a daily basis (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2015). In accordance with Betty Neuman's theory, the external factor which affects the health of Mr. Reynolds include the state of being hospitalized, being a widower, living in isolation and environmental risk factors for falls. ...

A total of 57 million deaths were reported worldwide in 2008, and the majority of those deaths were caused by either non-cardiovascular diseases (36 million; 63%) or cardiovascular diseases (17.3 million; 30%) according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011). The highest mortality rates are associated with ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, which account for 45% and 29% of the cardiovascular-related deaths in men and 37% and 33% of cardiovascular-related deaths in women, respectively (see Figure 1). Ischemic heart disease is considered the most common cardiovascular cause of death as it accounts for 7.6 million deaths worldwide (Institute ...

Introduction

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves peripheral circulation, the brain, and the heart. The disease is a primary health issue in many countries around the world (Sawhney, et al., 2012). CVD develops through complex processes involving novel risk markers and common risk factors. Decades of research have demonstrated that a sibling’s or parent’s family history is linked to the development of atherosclerotic CVD (Gupta et al., 2013; Nelson, 2013; Imes and Lewis, 2014), which manifests as peripheral arterial disorder, stroke, and coronary heart disorder (CHD). Various Mendelian disorders have also been shown to contribute to atherosclerotic CVD. Although ...

Heart disease, otherwise known as coronary artery disease, is a name given to a side array of conditions that impact the heart. These disease include arrhythmias, congenital heart defects, and. At times, heart disease has been called cardiovascular disease as if the two refer to the same issue. While they both involved the heart and human body, they are not the same. Heart disease refers to the aforementioned issues, among others, while cardiovascular disease refers to blocked, clogged, or narrowing blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease can often lead to an angina, a heart attack, general chest pain, or even a ...

Medium Chain Triglycerides

Introduction Medium Chain Triglycerides, also known as MCTs, is an exceptional form of fats that can be consumed while dietary nutrition and have a positive impact on health. The “medium” reflects their structure length. Moreover, it may have a significant positive effect on weight management (1). This provided a ground for a large body of research on its beneficial effects and food products that may contain large stock of these chemicals. However, some studies warn that excess MCT oil consumption may lead to problems with cardiovascular system (2).

Literature Review

The Metabolic Syndrome In 2010, a group of researchers headed by ...

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

CVD includes all ailments of the heart and circulatory system, including angina and heart attack. Other CVD diseases include carditis, cardiomyopathy, and congenital heart disorder. Edmunds (2014), states that CVD develops when there is plaque build-up on vessel walls. The mechanism of CVD differs significantly depending on the disease involved. For instance, coronary artery ailment includes atherosclerosis, and may occur due to hypertension, smoking, overweight, high-fat diet or diabetes. Despite the high deaths caused by CVD, it is approximated that 90 percent of CVDs are preventable (McGill, McMahan, and Gidding, 2008). Atherosclerosis can be decreased by controlling the risk ...

Cover Page

Introduction: For this assignment, I have chosen the topic: Stroke and its prevention for preparing the health information patient hand out. Stroke is a serious health condition and the third leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The handout will help create awareness about the condition in the population at risk. The handout will serve as an excellent source of information on this topic and the user can always refer back to check on this information. Creating awareness and preventing stroke are important as the condition is lethal and causes irreversible brain damage. Most cases of stroke are preventable ( ...

The cardiovascular system consists of blood, the heart, and the circulatory system, which includes veins, arteries, and capillaries. The function of these organs is to transport oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body. Each organ system in the body is essential in providing homeostasis in the human body. However, the actions of the cardiovascular system are critical to human life. Many physicians, scientists, and other professionals dedicate their life to the understanding of the cardiovascular system and its diseases so that people can live longer and more productive lives. This paper will discuss the general anatomy of ...

Abstract

There are several heart illnesses which cause a large number of deaths from stroke, coronary artery disease, aortic and peripheral illnesses. The treatment of the illnesses requires a huge amount of funds and time. Therefore, there is the need to improvise or innovate new ways to prevent or detect it on earlier. The sophisticated mechanism needs to be put in place to analyze medical data to give signs of the illness through the application of analytic algorithms to provide definite signs. Technology is evolving bringing about significant changes in the medical industry, especially in electronic health records. It has ...

Introduction

Diabetes impacts the body’s capacity to secrete or utilize insulin, a hormone that regulates the level of sugars in the blood. Possible complications that occur due to diabetes include heart attack, cardiovascular disease, and kidneys failure. This research paper analyzes how diabetes impacts the human body.

Circulatory system

Diabetes contributes to the disposition of fats in the blood vessels over time. The fat deposits may inhibit blood circulation and result in hardening the blood vessels, a condition known as atherosclerosis. Baoge and Tao (2015) assert that atherosclerosis is a vital pathologic cause of cardiovascular disease. Also, inhibited blood circulation may ...

Coursename Pressure ulcers are damaged areas of the skin, which develop due to the long-term effect of pressure or friction in the areas where the bone is close to the skin, such as heels, sacrum, ischial tuberosity, lateral malleoli and greater trochanters. The epidemiology of pressure ulcers proves that today, despite the profound understanding of them, pressure ulcers are still a serious global health care problem, which affects millions of people worldwide. For example, in the US every year more than 2.5 million people suffer from the pressure ulcers (Cuddigan, Berlowitz, and Ayello 208-215). In 2013 pressure ulcers caused ...

The case study discussed the case of a 52-year-old female of normal height and obese in weight. She had come with a medical history of diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypertension, acute renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and patent ductus arteriosus (Case Study 2, n.d). She also had a family history of the problems she was suffering with. Ideally, she should have been on the transplant list but due to lack of social support, she was denied getting on the list. The proper course of treatment was taking her step by step as the first step was to ...

Cardiovascular diseases are the illnesses of heart and blood vessels (arteries and veins) (World Health Organization). In fact, there are many different diseases of the cardiovascular system, but I would like to highlight the most common.

Arrhythmia

Arrhythmia is a condition in which the frequency, rhythm and sequence of heart contractions are violated. The symptoms occur because of various congenital anomalies, acquired diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as under the influence of vegetative, hormonal or electrolyte disturbances and as a result of the adverse drug action. Violated heartbeat, weakness and fainting are frequent companions of arrhythmia. The diagnosis ...

Cholesterol is a fat that is needed to build cells, certain hormones and bile acids. Cholesterol synthesis is determined genetically, without it the body cannot fully function, but an excess can have the opposite, negative effect. After the growth of the organism is finished and the cells do not divide so rapidly, cholesterol continues to be synthesized by the liver in the same size. Moreover, a large part of the cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, while smaller part comes with the food. Fats in general and cholesterol in particular will not dissolve in blood, so to transport them ...

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), stroke is the fifth leading illness that causes death in the United States. It is described as one of the primary causes of adult disability (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Approximately 800,000 people in the U.S alone suffer from a stroke annually. This figure translates to one American dying after every four minutes (Caplan 19). Owing to the serious prevalence the disease represents, the illness has received requisite attention regarding prevention and treatment techniques in an attempt to reduce its incidence. As a result of its quick ...

The importance of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as an integrated intervention for persistent coronary occlusion after myocardial infarction seems to have little indication of any improvements or positive benefits in the long term. When integrated with optimal medical therapy and stent placement there is little indication that in deed PCI affords the patients a higher chance of regression of coronary atherosclerosis (Hochman et al., 2006). In this regard, optimal medical therapy alone indicated significant benefits with particular reference to significant regression of coronary atherosclerosis for any period past the three years upon initiation of PCI. This in some sense ...

Acute coronary syndrome is an umbrella term for a group of clinical symptoms indicative of acute myocardial ischemia. These conditions include non-ST-segment elevation myocardial ischemia (NSTEMI), unstable angina, and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). These conditions are high-risk manifestations of atherosclerosis in the coronary artery and significant causes of utilization of emergency services and hospitalization (Kumar and Cannon, 2009). STEMI causes 30% of all acute coronary syndromes in Australia (Harper and Lefkovits, 2010). This paper will describe the expected presentation, pathophysiology, ECG findings, pre-hospital management, and initial 24-hour management of STEMI in hospitals settings. These aspects will be described ...

Organ transplantation makes the duration of life much higher and improves the whole state of health of many people with renal, cardiac or hepatic impairment. Although the one way of treatment of people who have renal insufficiency is dialysis, the best way for such patients is to transplant somebody’s organ. With the insufficiency of the liver, heart and / or lungs transplantation is the only solution. Nowadays this kind of surgeries can be made almost in any country of the world. Some other organs, such as pancreas, small intestine also may be transplanted. Also the surgeon may transplant ...

Health abnormlities of several kind require a thorough assessment in terms of management. With the technical advancements, medical field had evolved to simplify the complex assesssment tasks. For instance, medical imaging has come up to make feasible the analyis of body parts through the production of images. There is a need to know much about this particualr area. In such context, the present description deals with a topic Magentic Resonance Angiography (MRA) of the remal artery with a special emphasis on the 3D gradient echo sequencing in MRI. Briefly, magnetic resoannce angiography constitutes a kind of MRI (magnetic resonance ...

Coronary heart disease is a heart condition that results from the blockage of the coronary artery that supplies the heart with oxygen and other nutrients for nourishment. The blockage of the coronary artery is caused by a plaque that forms along the artery. Coronary heart disease starts to develop when cholesterol is deposited on the walls of the coronary artery and forms a plaque. With time, more cholesterol is deposited and the plaque grows bigger. Consequently, the artery gets inflamed and the risk of the formation of blood clot increases. The plaque may also release chemicals that promote the ...

Introduction

The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves a series of complex events that can be likened to that of a chronic inflammatory process, which results in the development of an atherosclerotic plaque. The first step in the process involves injury to the endothelial cells of the artery that results in endothelial cell dysfunction. The activated endothelial cells attract vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and leukocytes, which proliferate and accumulate in the walls of the artery (Seidman, Mitchell, & Stone, 2014). These cellular components lead to the formation of a large amount of connective tissue matrix. This is the ultimate end point in ...

Abstract

Secondhand smoke contains many chemicals, including substances that can stimulate the development of cardiovascular diseases. Regular exposure to cigarette smoke put people at risk of developing various diseases including cardiovascular dysfunction. This is true even to non-smokers, due to the thousands of toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke. Inhalation of these substances may lead to serious and life-threatening health concerns. Consequently, those who are exposed to secondhand smoke have a higher possibility of developing lung, nasal and other forms of cancer and heart diseases. The toxic substances upset the normal functioning of the heart and blood vessels which leads ...

(Author, Department, University,

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Abstract Smoking is one of the most hated habits of the present generation. It affects almost every part of the body. Over 16 million people in the U.S. are living with some smoking-related disorder. Among the most important problems arising from smoking, include cardiac problems. Smoking is not only related to myocardial infarction, but smoking behavior could increase the chances of a second myocardial infarction, and these chances increase with increased smoking. Moreover, the number of deaths of people, who stopped smoking after CABG, within 20 years, was less as compared to persistent smokers, i.e. 46% ...

The vital signs depicted, that is, Pulse 100; BP 150/120; Resp 18; are fit to describe several diagnoses. In this case, the likely diagnoses that may be represented include Myocardial infarction, Ischemic heart disease and Cardiac Tamponade. Among the three possible diagnoses, myocardial infarction is the most likely diagnosis whose pathophysiology is characterized by the development of a clotting cascade which is usually triggered by a significant disruption of the atherosclerotic plaque. This could lead to a partial or total occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery (Chou, 2015). Atherosclerosis occurs due to a gradual but fast build up of ...

(Author, Department, University,

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and its disease Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) appeared, initially, in the early years of 1980s. Since then, the disease has become one of the most important health challenges for researchers from around the world. It is considered as one of the most important killers of humans since its first diagnosis in the U.S. in 1981. The number of newly infected cases of AIDS is increasing every year. Absence of knowledge about the disease is one of the key issues leading to AIDS. Moreover, it has been found that people keep on engaging ...

1.

Bob smokes He has several relatives who suffer from heart attack. 2.

He has extra weight

Bob has extremely high blood pressure He smokes He doesn’t do exercises 3. HDL Cholesterol level is good and must be more than 40. 4. HDL is the class of lipoproteins in blood plasma. HDL have antiatherogenic properties. Because a high concentration of HDL substantially reduces the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease, HDL cholesterol is sometimes called "good cholesterol " unlike "bad cholesterol" LDL, which, on the contrary, increases the risk of atherosclerosis. HDL have a maximum density of lipoprotein by relatively high levels of ...

Introduction

The negative impacts of smoking not only affect the direct smoker but also the person that inhale the smoke secondhand. A number of researches have linked various diseases with smoke from the direct smoker. A research conducted on the cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke reported that the effects are closely as huge as smoking. It concluded that the secondhand smoke elevates the chances of developing coronary heart disease by an estimate of thirty percent. Barnoya & Glantz (2005) suggests that there is a relatively high risk to heart diseases and conditions associated with second hand smoking as compared the normal ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Abstract Smoking is one of the most hated habits of the present generation. It affects almost every part of the body. Over 16 million people in the U.S. are living with some smoking-related disorder. Among the most important problems arising from smoking, include cardiac problems. Smoking is not only related to myocardial infarction, but smoking behavior could increase the chances of a second myocardial infarction, and these chances increase with increased smoking. Moreover, the number of deaths of people, who stopped smoking after CABG, within 20 years, was less as compared to persistent smokers, i.e. 46% ...

in the Development of Heart Diseases I. Topic Sentence Passive smoking is associated with the increased rate of morbidity due to smoke-related diseases, and people who are exposed to it are at risks of developing adverse health consequences such as cardiovascular problems. II. Abstract Secondhand smoke contains many chemicals, including substances that can stimulate the development of cardiovascular diseases. People should be concerned because even non smokers are at risk from cigarette smoke when they are exposed to it regularly, due to the thousands of toxic chemicals found in it. Inhaling these substances can lead to serious and life-threatening ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT scintigraphy) utilizes nuclear medicine along with gamma rays to get three-dimensional images (NLM, n.d.) of an internal part of the body such as heart with an objective of diagnosing a problem.

SPECT

In SPECT, a gamma-emitting radioisotope is administered into the bloodstream of a patient with the help of injection (Boyd, 2014; Hademenos, 1998). The radioisotope is, usually, a simple soluble ion as, for example, isotope of gallium(III) (Sharma, Prior, Belinsky, Kruh, & Piwnica-Worms, 2005; Wadas, Wong, Weisman, & Anderson, 2010). Most often, a marker radioisotope is also bound to a particular ligand ...

Atherosclerosis among African American Teenagers

A summary Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is brought about by heart and blood vessels disorders (WHO, 2015). There are two underlying mechanisms through which CVDs occur. Fatty deposits (plaques or atheroma) can build up inside an artery causing it to narrow and harden (atherosclerosis) or a blood clot (thrombosis) can reduce blood flow to the heart, brain or body (NHS Choices, n.d.).Risk factors for CVDs include the harmful use of alcohol, an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, genetics, and tobacco use. Cardiovascular diseases include raised blood pressure (hypertension), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), coronary heart disease (heart attacks), heart failure, peripheral artery ...

[Institution Title] Clinical Case: Patient W.R.

The priorities of care

The first priority in relation to provision of care in the case of patient W.R is relieving him of the discomfort brought about by perceived unrelieved indigestion. The second priority is to address the elevated blood pressure of the patient. Finally, the third concern would be to transfer W.R to the Regional Medical Center so that he could be subjected to cardiac catheterization and given proper medical attention.

The Admission VS

For a man his age, the vital signs of W.R., in particular of his blood pressure recorded at 200/124 is not normal. The blood pressure ...

Food is a necessity of a man. Currently exists the understanding that the food provides a considerable influence on a person. It gives energy, strengths development, and health. You can be sure that human health is 70% dependent on the food. Food is the main source of most diseases, however, with its help it is possible to get rid of long-term illnesses. Elevated levels of blood cholesterol, obesity, tooth decay, diabetes, impaired fat metabolism, hypertension, constipation, increased uric acid in the blood or gout - this is an incomplete list of so-called "diseases of civilization" that were caused by ...

Disease management constitutes an important area in the clinical research where drugs possess a significant position. The effect of drugs on various organ systems has been the area of much research interest which gradually made feasible the development of several classes of drugs. Drugs may have dual role of promoting and inhibiting the vital biochemical and molecular pathways that play influential role in the disease outcome.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are considered as anticongestive heart failure and antihypertensive agents. They have gained wide spread physician and patient satisfaction. The ACE inhibitors prevent the ...

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA, is a hormone the human body produces via the adrenal glands, which are above the kidneys. The exact effect of DHEA is not yet fully identified; however, it is believed to be a precursor of the female and male sex hormones, namely estrogen and testosterone, among others. Precursors are substances that the body converts into hormones.

The production of DHEA usually reaches its peak around the mid-20s and declines ever after. The same applies to estrogen and testosterone, whose production also declines with age. For that reason, if an individual wants to increase their hormone levels, it ...

Issue Summary:

The population issue that I presented was the Heart disease. This refers to the class of diseases which entail the blood vessels, the heart or a combination of such. This is any of the disorder or disease relating to the cardiovascular system, mainly cardiac disease as well as the vascular disease of kidney and brain. This also involves the disease which affects the peripheral arteries. The heart disease is mainly caused by hypertension and atherosclerosis or a combination of both. Aging is also associated with morphological and physiological changes which alters the functioning of the cardiovascular system. This will therefore lead ...

Discussion Question

Discuss one Possible Peripheral Vascular Complication from Pregnancy. Is there a way to prevent this Possible Complication or Treat it? Peripheral vascular diseases are a set of conditions that primarily affect other blood vessels, apart from those in the brain and the heart (Tendera et al., 2011). PVDs are mostly as a result of narrowed arteries and veins, which restricts the efficient supply of the blood and nutrients to all parts of the body. People with hyperlipidemia, obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes are more predisposed to peripheral vascular diseases, compared to those that do not have those medical conditions. Also, ...

Coronary Heart Disease

Peter Libby and Pierre Theroux article talk about the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. The article suggests that the knowledge on the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease has been undergoing a significant evolution. The article reviews how the advances altered the concepts and clinical approaches to acute and chronic phases of coronary artery disease. Arterial remodeling or compensatory enlargements are one of the evolutions of coronary artery disease (Libby and Theroux 24). The article suggests that the coronary heart disease requires effective revascularization to relieve ischemia and recognize the need to attend to the non-obstructive lesions.

The article by ...

1) What is the pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system? 

The pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system is based on its overall function of inhibiting the function of angiotensin II and aldosterone hormone production (Woo & Wynne 12). These drugs are purposely used to control high blood pressure, and they tend to act on the renin angiotensin aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. The mechanism of action ARBs is quite different from ACE inhibitors which act by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II, which increases blood pressure by stimulating smooth muscles and water retention ...

- What did you learn that was beneficial to you? Be specific (i.e. give specific examples and references). Why did you find this beneficial? How will you apply what you have learned to your personal lifestyle?

In this class I have learned that eating healthy does not necessarily mean consuming less calories, skipping specific food groups, or skipping whole meals; but rather, eating healthy means consuming all types of foods in a balanced way. What surprised me most was that healthy eating actually means consuming many calories, but they have to be beneficial; they cannot be so called “empty calories.” Foods that are considered high in calories but still healthy are dried fruits and avocados. Cereal is a good breakfast option because of the high percentage of fiber and calcium. While consuming many healthy calories is ...

Cardiovascular diseases include all diseases that affect the heart and the circulatory system of the body, including coronary heart disease, stroke, valvular heart disease, heart failure and cardiomypoathy. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, with more deaths recorded for cardiovascular diseases than any other disease. It affects both men and women of all races and ethnic groups.

Many heart diseases are caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the process by which plaques build up in the walls of blood vessels. This process causes narrowing and hardening of blood vessels. This leads to increase in force of contraction ...

Diagnosis of the gastrointestinal conditions is important in that it ensure appropriate intervention. It is important for the medical provider to adhere to certain protocols that would guide him or her manage the condition successfully. The first section that should be considered is the history of the present illness. History is very important. Some gastrointestinal conditions are heredity. The practitioner should ask the patient to clarify about the etiology of the disease (Walker, 2008).

The practitioner should also find out about the past medical history. Dietary history of the patient is very important as far as gastrointestinal system is ...

Getting rid of the Trans fats has become an issue affecting the American citizens and manufacturing industries. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fats that found its way in the market through manufacturing and processing natural fats. Trans fats acids are considered unnatural and harmful to the health of human beings. They come to existence from vegetables, fast foods, snack foods, and baked goods. Trans fats are associated with increasing risk of coronary and heart disease. Coronary heart disease is the leading number one killer. Unsaturated fatty acids have trans isomerism opposed to trans configurations hence they lack ...

Introduction

Cerebrovascular accident refers to stroke in which the blood flow to the brain is interrupted due to a rupture of an artery to the brain or blockage, resulting in oxygen deprivation and consequent death of brain cells. Our brain needs a steady oxygen supply to have blood pumped throughout the body effectively. The blood flowing through the arteries to the brain carries the oxygen. In the case of a cerebrovascular accident, one or few of these arteries get ruptured or blocked, thereby interrupting the flow of the oxygen-rich blood to the oxygen. Within 60-90 seconds of oxygen deprivation, the brain cells in ...

Pathophysiology

Any long-term rise in blood pressure above the upper limit of normal vibrations (hypertension) may be the cause of diseases and pathological conditions of the heart and blood vessels. It is known that the probability of developing coronary heart disease, latent or overt cardiac and renal failure, and cerebrovascular events in adults with diastolic blood pressure (BP) greater than 90 mm Hg. two times higher than in diastolic blood pressure below 80 mm Hg. Hypertension is a pathological condition of the body's adult due to prolonged elevation of systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg. and diastolic blood pressure above ...

Arthritis

Definition Arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints in a human being (Breedveld, & Combe, 2011). This results with the stiffness of the joints and constant pain. The condition is known to worsen with the age of the individual. There are two most common types of arthritis and these are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is caused by the wear and tear of the joint of the individuals on a normal scenario. Rheumatoid arthritis on the other hand is an autoimmune disorder. There are also various types of arthritis and these include those caused by uric acid crystals, ...

Endothelial malfunction is the main cause for atherosclerosis. Arterial blockage increases the risk of stroke, congestive heart failure, and heart attack. Cocoa polyphenols, bioavailable superoxide dismutase, and pomegranate help the arteries from being damaged by enhancing endothelial function. Pomegranate has influential antioxidant properties that protect the heart and blood vessels. Pomegranate juice reduces atherosclerotic properties, and reduces arterial plaque progression. Anthocyanins, Punicalagins, and tannins present in pomegranate acts as antioxidant and reduce cardiovascular diseases. Cocoa polyphenols enhance endothelial function, improve the free flow of blood, and prevents oxidation of LDL's. Cocoa has a high concentration of flavonoids. Epicatechin ...

Hormone replacement therapy is spoken in hush tones and with underserved skepticism, especially testosterone for men. This begs the question, what is the reason for unprecedented backlash regarding hormone replacement therapy, especially when using testosterone in men? The claims made seem unsubstantiated, weak and are not backed by any evidence. More precisely, they are in contravention of recent discoveries and published studies. The tragedy is that such misinformed happen in the public domain and are propagated through many different media outlets. In the interest of fairness, I ask seek to know why the media does not report on the ...

Discussion

Periostin, an ECM protein, was named because of its expression in the periodontal ligament and periosteum of adult mice.30 PN is expressed in tissue growth and remodeling, as in cardiac and valvular development and disease, wound repair, tumor tissues, and inflammation.31-37 PN is also widely expressed in various atherosclerotic vascular lesions: it could be located in the intima, preatheroma regions, and the extracellular matrix of advanced lesions with calcification. PN variants are associated with extent of atherosclerosis in young persons, which suggest the importance of PN in the development of atherosclerosis in the arterial wall.38,39 This study used ...

Introduction

The term “risk factor” is very common in epidemiology. In general sense, it refers to a particular variable that is associated with an elevated risk of infection or disease. Since the number of diseases in the world is very large, the number of risk factors is also every large. The risk factors however vary from one disease or infection to another. However, there are a number of risk factors that are very common and play a significant role in many infections. One of these factors is molecular genetics. As the name suggest, molecular genetics is a genre that mainly deals with the functions ...

Abstract

The Type A and Type B personality theory defines people with Type A personality as impatient, impulsive, ambitious, and even hostile or aggressive. People with Type B personality are the opposite of people with Type A personality, which makes them relaxed and easy-going. Because Type A behavior patterns are associated with higher stress levels, researchers have been investigating the association between those behaviors and physical health. This paper examines the association between illnesses and Type A behavior patterns. It also addresses the criticism regarding the role of the tobacco industry in funding Type A behavior patterns research and identifies ...

Cardiovascular Disorders

[Institution’s Name]

Cardiovascular disorders

Cardiovascular disorders are reported to be the leading cause of death. There are numerous grounds of the disorders that are directly related to the environmental and genetic factors of the patients. Each factor has the potential to influence the pathophysiology of patients in a parent that can instigate cardiovascular disorder. The most common observed is atherosclerosis is one such arterial disease that is believed to be directly concerned with the genetics. A number of studies have revealed the interconnection of the genetic factors with the source of the disease. In recent years, the investigation over the spectrum ...

Lipids are a group of structurally diverse hydrophobic compounds that are not very soluble in water. Cholesterol is a common lipid that can be obtained from the diet and is synthesized in most cells of the human body. It is a component of cell membranes, maintains membrane fluidity, and acts as the precursor of other important biological compounds such as steroid hormones and bile salts (Smith, Marks, and Lieberman 54, 163). High concentrations of cholesterol in the blood can cause accumulation of fatty deposits on arterial walls that can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are associated with heart ...

Aneurysm is a word that we mostly use to describe a balloon-like bulge in an artery. Arteries, on the other hand, are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The walls of the arteries are usually thick enough to withstand normal blood-pressure. These walls could however become damaged due to some genetic conditions, trauma or sometimes due to injury to the walls of the arteries. The pressure of the blood against the damaged arterial walls could sometimes result in the accumulation of blood which leads to an aneurysm. Some types of aneurysms exist at birth while others develop during a ...

Health Care

Health Care Expenditures Attributable to Smoking In the United States alone, there are about 440,000 individuals who die annually of smoking related diseases (Pubmed). According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, recent studies linked cigarette smoking to a numerous other diseases to include abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, pneumonia, periodontitis, and stomach cancer. “These are in addition to diseases previously known to be caused by smoking, including bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, and throat cancers, chronic lung diseases, coronary heat and cardiovascular diseases, as well as reproductive ...

Dieting has become an urgent problem of nowadays for many people. Obesity, high cholesterol level, killing heart diseases, and diabetes are haunting people making them look for a way to prevent or cure them. Dieting is often a solution they seek. For more than thirty years a low-fat diet has been considered a panacea. But is it really as efficient as it is said? The idea of limiting the amount of fat intake to avoid cholesterol level increase and resultant heart diseases was first introduced as early as in the mid-1979s by Marshal Matz and Alan Stone, members of Senator McGovern’s ...

Overview

This case involves the assessment of the client’s problems. The case presents the client’s situations that are relevant to the assessment. In this case, the client’s profile, case study, and pertinent case study questions will be outlined. The following medical terminologies will be employed: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Amylin, hyperlipidemia, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, hemoglobin A1C level, post-prandial, BMI, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. The data obtained from the assessment will help design a care plan for the client.

Ethnicity: Pacific Islander Lifestyle: Sedentary lifestyle and smoking Language: English/Austronesian language Any existing disabilities: None ...

with numbness in both feet.

With numbness in both feet.

Normal aging process symptoms Numbness of both feet in an obese 75 year old male could be attributed to several causes inclusive of the normal aging process. Some are peripheral neuropathy; monnueropathy; diabetic neuropathy; spinal stenosis; slipped disk and peripheral vascular disease. With regards to aging and unassociated with any other disease process numbness in both legs at age 75 accompanied by obesity could signal nerve damage linked to poor circulation in the extremities (Digiovanna, 2000). Blood vessels and heart muscles tend to age with age. This means that valves, nerves responsible ...

AU ID

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and especially industrialized countries (Moran et al., 2014). Risk factors associated to coronary heart disease have been studied in the last decades. Some of these well-known risk factors are high blood pressure, high blood sugar and lipids, smoking, and alcohol consumption (Bagchi et al., 2001; Wilson et al., 1998). In the last few years, mental stress has also been proposed as a risk factor for coronary disease (Party, 1988). Nabi et al. (2013) define stress as a state “experienced when a person feels that environmental demands tax or exceed his or her ...

Myocardial ischemia or cardiac ischemia is the decrease of blood flow, and thus oxygen supply, in the heart due to partial or complete blockage of the heart’s arteries. Its effects range from damage of the heart muscle (heart failure), to heart attack (myocardial infarction), and to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia). Symptoms of myocardial ischemia may not appear (silent ischemia), or may be characterized by chest pressure or pain (angina pectoris), neck or jaw pains, shoulder or arm pains, fast heartbeat, shortness of breath, and nausea and vomiting. Myocardial ischemia may occur slowly as arteries become blocked over ...