Essays on Bark

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC.gov, 2017), malaria is contracted from the bite from a specific type of mosquito. A dangerous and sometimes fatal disease, symptoms of mild malaria include chills, high fever, and other signs similar to the flu; severe malaria results in organ failure and is a medical emergency. Even though malaria is a serious threat, it is treatable and preventable. There are approximately 1500 cases of malaria diagnosed annually in the United States. Most of the cases originate in people traveling from countries where malaria is present, such as South Asia and ...

Introduction

Quinine is a basic organic amine which is found in the bark of cinchona tree. It has a long history of relationship with humanity. The extracts from the bark containing quinine were used to treat malaria from the 17th century but as a pure chemical substance, it was isolated from the bark only in 1820 (Achan et al. 144). Its chemical formula is C20H24N2O2, according to IUPAC its systematic name is (R)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2S,4S,8R)-8-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl)methanol. Its structure is shown in Fig. 1. Quinine is used for a variety of purposes. It is still used for ...

Overview

Oceanic art and culture pertains to the creative efforts of the natives from Australia and the collection of the Pacific Islands, including Easter Island and Hawaii. With the prominence of male figures and the relevance of male initiation in several Oceanic societies, women seem to be a peripheral part of the culture. But, in reality, women have played a greater role in the Oceanic culture, especially by contributing to art. Historically, the artistic production of women was restricted to forms such as pottery, weaving, and barkcloth. Women were barkcloth makers in Polynesia and potters in New Guinea (Gardner & Kleiner, ...