Essays on Behaviorism

The character I chose for a reflective journal is John B. Watson. He is a representative of behaviorism and one of the most important persons in American psychology. It is essential to note that his views prevailed in American psychology for 50 years, and nowadays his ideas in altered form are still important. However, I am impressed by his points of view, behavioral, and radical experiments with a child. John B. Watson launched the behaviorist movement, rejected the philosophy of the past, the method of introspection, and mentioned that mental events were beyond the pale of scientific psychology. Unfortunately, ...

Evidently, there are two major organizational issues that affect the normal functioning of the Engstrom Auto Mirror Plant. After having enjoyed success for years, the firm is facing profitability crisis due to the fact that the management is redesigning its production line so as to incorporate new technology (Beer & Collins, 2008). However, the transition is not smooth. Secondly and most importantly, the issue of employee motivation has proved to be a big challenge. Having been a successful entity, employees were entitled to the Scanlon bonus program that enhanced their hourly productivity level. Since the workers had been accustomed to ...

Over time, a tremendous change has characterized cognitive science across its theoretical and applicative platforms. Research has been conducted to establish the cognitive perspective outlining the relationship between cognitive models and a teacher’s instructional approach (Xiong, Li, & Qu, 2015). Beliefs, goals, and knowledge influence the teachers’ cognitive modeling roles in the classroom by determining essential learning activities and decision-making processes. Cognitive modeling learning activities give room for students to express their internal thoughts on their instructional activities and cognitive ideas in a well-structured market (Xiong et al., 2015). Cognitive models are founded on basic principles of cognition. A ...

Behaviorism is also referred to as the learning theory, which is defined as, a psychology approach focused on emphasizing the use of scientific and objective methods of investigation. Behaviorism has a long history focused on proving people are conditioned to act, based on the behaviors they observe. This paper will discuss Bandura’s Bobo Doll study, explain how it differs from traditional behaviorism, and explain how observing adults reflect aggressive behaviors while hitting the doll, and how this will influence the actions of children. Bandura discovered the children would mimic, or repeat the behaviors they observed. On one hand, ...

There are many theories as to how a person may become who he or she is. Some people believe that they are directly shaped by the events that happen in a person’s past, while other thinkers state that people go through different dialectical stages that led up to one’s current state. In this sense, there are many elements that one must be aware of in order to adequately analyze one’s life development. Three of the most important development theorists are B. F. Skinner, John Watson and Erik Erikson; these three men founded Operant Conditioning, Behaviorism and ...

Critical Analysis of the Three Main Theories of Learning and Their Relevance to Adults in Higher Education

Over the years of teaching practice, scholars and researchers from different areas of pedagogy, psychology, and philosophy have revealed the most effective theories and methods of teaching. Behaviorist, cognitive, and constructivist theories are considered to be the most efficient and productive learning approaches. The use of these theories in education helps teaching experience to gain the important ideas that fully meet the objectives of education of an active and mature personality. Hence, the selection of the optimal theory, or their mixing, aims at improving the learning process, making it more effective. This efficiency is due to the received result, ...

Introduction

Employers have a duty of ensuring that they are able to adequately determine the various ways that they may use in order to be able to teach them new skills about improving their production in the company. Various theories have been formulated in order to explain the various ways that individuals may learn. This essay will stipulate the various theories that have theories that have been developed to explain the various methods of learning and further how these principles may be used by the managers to help their employees to learn.

Learning Theories and their Principles

Behaviorism Behaviorism may be defined as the process ...

Introduction

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is an excellent example of physiotherapy. Even though it has been applied in various contexts including family issues, the model was specifically designed to cure depression and other related illnesses (Spiegler, Guevremont & Spiegler, 2013). It has not been clear as to who came up with the model, however, the idea was conceived by stoic philosophers, as for that reason, the model is significantly attributed to stoicism. Notably, Epictetus and Aaron T. Becks are thought to be the original developers of the model. Currently, family therapy is the most popular and relevant form of cognitive behavior ...

Bill Gates, as any outstanding personality is unique. However, today we will not argue with those who criticize him. We will apply the golden rule of business, which reads: "Learning should be from the successful people." We will talk about what events from the biography of Gates and the quality of his character helped him to become what he is. He is the legendary founder of Microsoft, who is also the richest man in the world for over ten years. He is a charismatic business leader, innovator, has a knight title in the UK and is the father of ...

Behaviorism is the worldview by some psychologists that learning is as a result of response to some external stimuli in the environment of an organism. This implies that the organism in question, or the learner, allows things to happen and does not influence them from within him/her, or rather, the organism is passive. Behaviorists do not subscribe to the existence of mental processes as being important determinants to learning, they believe that learning starts at a point referred to as tabula rasa, loosely translated as “blank slate” (Schnaitter, 1987). Behaviorists, therefore, focus on the stimuli, the response to the ...

Abstract

Profound education is the basis for the successful career development and personal growth of any individual. Many scholars are trying to give an answer to the question of what makes the learning process more effective. Different aspects of learning theory provide answers to some of these questions. Theories of learning can be grouped into following three categories: behaviorist learning theories, cognitivist learning theories, and constructivist learning theories. Many researchers pay much attention to the process of scaffolding that is actively discussed as a significant element of learning process. The researcher Albert Bandura has devoted a number of his scientific ...

Theorist: Albert Bandura Observational Learning Theory

Introduction A Theorist Life, Family, Education, and Work He was born on December 4, 1945, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and the youngest and the only boy among the six siblings with a father (a trans-Canada railroad worker) from Poland and a mother (a town’s general store worker) from Ukraine. Albert Bandura has learned three foreign languages, Russian, Polish, and German with the help of his father. The family had no formal education, but they have shown a high importance and value on educational attainment. The entire family had worked hard together, celebrated a happy life, and created a ...

Introduction

Management science and organizational behavior are important features in a productive business enterprise. As a part of a team several times in my life, experiences had taught me to place a great deal of emphasis on control either I have been the person in control as exemplified in the playground photo or the person controlled through the administration for the educational system in the form of education. . The third photo is the ultimate control involving money and wealth which people seek in order to facilitate life’s necessities and enjoyments. Financial rewards are very often the controlling factor in ...

While most people are familiar with a number of leading theorists in psychoanalysis, particularly Sigmund Freud, and possibly Adler and Jung, most people would not be familiar with Karen Horney, considered to be the “fist psychoanalytic feminist” (Hergenhahn & Henley 525). Horney disagreed with several concepts introduced by Freud, especially his focus on unconscious sexual motivation and the division of the self into 3 parts: id, ego, and superego. She believed that social experiences had a greater influence on the creation of self. During the Depression, she found that her clients’ problems were caused by unemployment and the inability to ...

The death of a language also usually occurs with the death of the language’s last fluent speaker. The motivation of the younger generation to learn their native language is often mired by the lack of opportunities their native language will provide them. In exchange for learning a more widely used and regarded languages, native languages are starting to die out. The motivation of the new generation to learn a native language is a determinant of a native language’s decline and subsequent death, in exchange for learning a more widely used language. Three basic theories have been widely ...

Learning a second language can be a challenging experience for a person of any age. The general population typically believes that second language acquisition or SLA is easier for children than adults. Some regard this as a myth while others insist it is true. Studies show that the way people learn languages at different ages can vary and that can affect the ease or difficulty in ability to learn. People learn a second language for many different reasons: a) individuals may be raised with two languages spoken in their home, b) students at school are often required to learn ...

Introduction

The field of psychology as an area of study consists of distinctive branches, each of which looks into human experiences, behavior, and mental process from a different point of view. For instance, cognitive psychology focuses on the study of human’s internal processes, such as what goes on in their minds, what motivates them as well as how they perceive people around them. Accordingly, as people’s curiosity in the relationship of the human brain and the behavioral responses in a cognitive task increased, many empirical and theoretical studies were conducted. The study of cognitive psychology has had a ...

Behaviorism proclaims that human's behavior depends on the environment. It happens as follows: an incentive generates a certain reaction. The reaction to behaviorism means human actions; the stimulus – means a stimulus coming from the external world. The main idea of the research is that according to behaviorism, all behaviors are the result of external activity and I am going to consider this issue. Behaviorism is one of the main directions of modern academic psychology. Behaviorists studied psyche of humans and animals through their behavior. The behaviorists propose to consider the psyche based on objective facts and came to the ...

Introduction

The exploration of the cognitive processes is crucial for the existence of the humanity. Evidently, cognition is a specific process of the mind’s interaction with reality. This process implies the examination of the external environment with the help of the senses, the usage of memory and experience in the formation of the behavioral strategy, and processing of the incoming information. Needless to say, that cognition is central to the existence of each individual. The entire civilization is based with the help of the accumulation of information and experience and its further usage to create qualitatively new technical devices ...

Psychology is a discipline studying human behavior and mental processes. It is a scientific study which includes diversity of perspectives and approaches. When psychology appeared there were two main theoretical perspectives such as functionalism developed by William James and structuralism discovered by Wilhelm Wundt. Functionalism was focused on exploring human behavior, mental processes and its cause. This very approach was the one which made an important contribution to contemporary psychology. In 1879 Wundt opened his laboratory devoted to psychology, it is considered that he also separated psychology from philosophy. Nowadays there are several main perspectives in psychology which search ...

Understanding behaviorism in the 19th century was a complex task. There were diverse opinions on the subject of behaviorism; some thought that it was a scientific study of the mind while others thought otherwise. Because of the confusion, many of the scientists turned to philosophy for an answer. One such philosophy is that of Charles Darwin on the theory of evolution; the theory drew criticism from some quarters with many getting offended while others found it impressive (Rayner & Pollatsek, 2013).  Many behaviorists agree that there can be a science of behavior. Nonetheless, there is controversy because of the fact ...

Introduction

The behaviorism approach in psychology entails the suggestion that behavior can be studied through scientific research without delving into the inner mental states of the mind (Fridlund, Beck, Goldie & Irons, 2012). It is an approach considered as inclined to materialism such that, it opposes the fact that the mind acts independently. This particular approach to psychology assumes that human or even animal behaviors are heavily influenced by the immediate environment via reinforcement or association. One of the pioneers of this approach to psychology was the Russian psychologist, Ivan Pavlov who carried out extensive studies on classical conditioning (Fridlund, Beck, ...

Introduction

Mental events as asserted in behaviorism are considered to be unscientific and embrace the use of practical experiment in the collection of data other than the use of mental processes. Behaviorism, as argued by the different scholars of psychology, is an approach that is employed in the study of both animal and human behavior and holds that the conduct can be measured. However, it is paramount to appreciate the fact that the behaviorist denies the use of human mind and hold that behavior is an essential tool that can be utilized in the psychological studies. However, it is important ...

All humans lie. I do believe that. Can you tell when someone is lying? What do you do when you are lied to? Do liars have different brain structure? Why do we choose to deceive ourselves? The Radiolab broadcast entitled “Deception” addresses each of these questions. The broadcast consists of three sections: Catching Liars, People Who Lie, and Lying to Others. Each section explores deception through interviews with various professionals. In each section, many psychological perspectives can be detected. Although I found each section intriguing, it is the last section that really brought up thought-provoking questions in the area ...

Learning is an experience, and as a teacher, I am entitled to create this experience for the learner. While a teacher can only provide the experience, it is up to the learner to utilize this experience for enhancing his performance or knowledge. For example, I will try to teach the students English spellings. Behaviorism theories can be used to explain a learning process that will lead to an observable and measurable changes in the student’s behavior, which in this case is his ability to spell English words, correctly. Pavlov Classical conditioning and Skinners Operant conditioning are examples of ...

Introduction

Leadership today is viewed as a social process wherein leaders and followers interact effectively and participate actively in the leadership actuations (Goertzen, 2013). With the growing proliferation of leadership and leadership development theories, which focused on the educational, experiential, and cultural factors involved in effective leadership, the conceptual environment of leadership is naturally set at showing off the self-made nature of leadership today. However, close observation on the natural behaviors of children will inspire questions on the validity of the claim that leaders are made, not born. A child in the play, for instance, who takes initiative in organizing ...

Introduction

Politics is an interesting phenomenon that has been around since time immemorial. However, the scientific approach towards understanding politics may have emerged recently when its study was institutionalized and made as an organized discipline. Most scholars believe that politics, as a science, started in the United States somewhere in the 20th century (Berndtson, 2009, p.1; Easton, 2012, p.134). As observed, “political science as an academic discipline was first established in the United States and that it was only after the Second World War, when politics was made a separate field of study at European universities” (Berndtson, 2009, p.1). Many ...

DISCUSSION

The crux behind the behavior perspective is that external forces or events drive the behavior of the individual. In the argument of nature versus nurture, behaviorism suggests that the environment shapes a person through a series of experiences (Feldman, 2013). Said experiences mold the perspective of the individual later in life, and thus making them react in certain ways to certain future events. A poor childhood, for example, could result in a prolonged, or yearning for a childhood, or childlike things later in life. Also, a tragically spent youth could potentially result in empathy toward young people, or a ...

A. Behaviorism, Constructivism, and Cognitivism

According to some of the scientific theories, learning is a steady change of a human behaviour in a specific situation which results in gaining an experience. This definition helps us to distinguish three main approaches to learning. These approaches are: behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism. The core of the approach of behaviourism lies in the increasing of the amount of observations. Such learning is successful when a person sees a certain perfect response for a specific stimulus for a few times. In other words, behaviourism emphasizes that the results of such performances and the responses for the stimulus tend to ...

Abstract and Introduction

The Investigations is one of the most highly influential works published in the 20th century in the field of philosophy. The work was written by Wittgenstein. There are numerous works in the field of philosophy and each of those works often has their own appeal or impact. In the case of The Investigations, the author focused on the philosophy of language use, specifically the different issues that he found the current language system have been using, that at the same time, he though were causing the different problems in the field of philosophy. In a nutshell, his work focused ...

The role of feedback

Behaviorist theory was firstly introduced by Skinner. The main idea of the theory is that the learner is passive. Skinner stated that a learner’s mind should be clear. This will let him or her receive both positive and negative experience while learning. Behaviorism theory is based on the principle of punishment and reward. Feedback in the behaviorism theory plays a significant role. The point is that the external feedback helps the learner understand the mistakes and the step that should be taken next. Feedback provides the learner with correct information.

Sociocultural theory of learning was firstly presented by Vygotsky. He stated:

“The social dimension of consciousness is primary in time and ...

Psychology as a science covers a wide area in social science. It studies the mental, mind and emotional issues. Psychology over the years has evolved and various theories explain the changes in behavior and emotions expressed by human beings. The perspectives developed in psychology include cognitive, behaviorism, diversity and culture. Everything in the world revolves around psychology. The fathers of psychology come up with theories that cover and explain the essence of different behaviors and actions.

The theory of behaviorism was founded by Ivan Pavlov who did a research on the behavior of dogs. He did a research on their digestion. The ...

Section A: Learning Theories in the Big World

During the course of this semester, the process of gaining insightful information regarding the different learning theories allowed me to appreciate the different techniques used to facilitate learning. During the first part of the course, I was able to learning five learning theories which enable me to see how learners process insights and gain knowledge from them through the techniques proposed ...

There are three grand theories providing theoretical framework for studying human development: psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism and cognitive theory.

The fundamental concepts of the psychoanalytic theory are the underlying forces (inner drives, mental and emotional processes, motives) shaping the personality, behavior, thinking, attitude, decision making, etc. Central to this theory, introduced by Sigmund Freud, is a point of view that a individual in his or her development passes through specific psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital. Ericson, who also contributed to the psychoanalytic theory, offered different classification of development stages. Each stage has its unique needs, motivation drivers, challenges and relationships. According to Freud, people act from three major states of the ...

Trying to show the similarities and differences between animals and humans, we should discuss the instincts. Instincts play an important role in nature and activities of animals and humans.

In the first approximation, we can use the definition of instinct, which gave William James: "[Instinct is] the ability to act in such a way that certain objectives are achieved unexpectedly and without learning about the way of activities." Instincts are to animals and humans in order to enable them to develop, to take care of self-preservation and produce offspring.

How different species of animals having instincts is a mysterious problem, ...

Introduction

Born in the year 1904 in a Pennsylvanian town, B. F. Skinner is a world known psychologist (Kuhlmann 8). He embarked on the development of his human behavior ideas after earning a doctorate from the University of Harvard. Skinner showed a peculiar interest in making different contraptions and gadgets at a very early age. While he was studying at the Hamilton College, he developed a writing passion. He attempted to work his way into becoming a prolific writer after his graduation, but this turned out as a huge failure (Kuhlmann 8). After this is when Skinner decided to pursue a totally different course with his life and study ...

Question 1

In teaching, the metaphor ‘widening the lens is widely used. In one way or another, this metaphor seeks to encourage teachers to take into consideration diverse perspectives whenever they are solving problems. A person should think widely before making decisions. Employing diverse perspectives is crucial in that one gets the opportunity to come up with better decisions. This approach is highly encouraged in teaching young students.

Question 2

My experiences as a student in elementary

In elementary school, there were several learning theories that were employed in order to ensure the learning process was effective. Despite this, the reinforcement theory seemed ...

Introduction

The study of mental processes and behavior, Psychology, is a rapidly growing field. Until recently Psychology was not accorded the importance it holds in our lives and in some parts of the world the importance of psychology is still largely under-rated. However psychology has time and again proved its effectiveness in cases where it has been used to correct mental problems and also improve lives. In a world where people are subjected to the pressure of achieving and where there are a lot of stress factors psychology is of great importance.

Body

Classical conditioning, a type of conditioning whose originator is Ivan Pavlov, involves ...

Revealing both the best and worst aspects of humanity, the Renaissance was characterized by extraordinary human achievements, a heightened interest in human potential and, paradoxically, by superstition, witch-hunting, exorcism and torture. The humanism of Renaissance had four main themes: the belief in the individual’s potential, a tendency to view religion as being more personal rather than institutionalized, an increased interest in the classics, a rejection of Aristotelian philosophy in order to develop a more scientific attitude. As the ecclesiastical power started to deteriorate, the pressure of having to fit scientific inquiry with Christian dogma decreased, making inquiry steadily more objective. Copernicus ...

Scenario 1: Teaching a newly diagnosed type II diabetic patient the importance of monitoring his/her blood glucose level.

This scenario will require applying connectivism theory of learning to help the patient effectively comprehend the importance of monitoring blood glucose level in the body. Connectivism theory is relevant in this scenario since it requires that the patient needs knowledge to assimilate the importance of monitoring his or her blood glucose level. The patient has to be active and learn as the process of learning is carried on. James states that, “Nurturing and maintaining connections is needed to facilitate continual learning” (2013). The theory makes learning contextual as the patient has to connect the information he has concerning ...

Psychology refers to the scientific study of human and animal behavior. The word “psychology” derived from two Greek words psyche and logia. Psyche means breath, spirit and soul while logia means study of something. Medilexicon medical dictionary defines psychology as science and scholarly discipline concerned with the behavior of humans and animals, and related to physiological and mental processes. The complexity of the mind puts into question how psychologists study the mind and brain. Psychology, like other scientific disciplines experiments, to confirm or negate theories and expectations. The raw data for a psychologist is human or animal behavior. Psychologists ...

Delinquency has persisted as one of the most disturbing social problems (Wollan, 1941). According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) 2007 report, juvenile courts are being challenged by the increasing number of child delinquents coming before them. Juvenile courts in the year 1997, handled more than 180,000 juvenile offenders younger than thirteen years. Snyder (2001) found out that juvenile courts handled an increase by 33% of juveniles aged between 7 and 12.It has been noted that compared to juveniles who first get involved in delinquency in their teens, child delinquents aged younger than thirteen ...

I was born an innocent and harmless baby without any knowledge of what the world had in store for me. Raised in a dairy farm, I learned working in the farm at a tender age since my parents would go with me to the farm. At the age of eight, I was able to do simple activities in the farm. This was a result of exposure to farm work because everyone else concentrated on it therefore I had to adapt to the prevailing environment. At this age, I worked in the farm naively with my parents. Jean Rousseau, a great French philosopher who ...

In his paper “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,” Watson (1913) points out what he believes to be the main issues of psychology as a growing science. Watson explains that psychology is concerned with the analysis of complex mental states and processes and reducing them to simple elements. An alternative approach includes taking several simple elements and constructing complex mental states from those elements. In both cases, the significance of external stimuli is often dismissed in studies, which also means no significance is attributed to behavioral data. That is why Watson argues that existing subject-matter in psychology should ...

This observation project presents the naturalistic observation of a two-year-old child in the first section, and the application of the behavioral development perspective as observed on the child. In the first part of this paper, I will observe the two-year-old male child without interrupting him for the about 20-30 minutes in his playground, with the baby sitter, and when he interacts with his mother. The two-year-old child cannot properly pronounce words; though he understands the anything, he is told. I will assess the child’s behavior in the three occasions and apply the observations in the subsequent part of this ...

Learning is key to human development and behavior. Behavioral psychology is one of the methods for understanding how learning develops and the understanding of individuals. Learning is a modification of behaviors due to consistent practice and requires the interaction of behavior and environment to yield changes. Assessment of learning is performed by means of tests that quantitatively measure achievements; whether they are newly acquired mental or physical skills. Learning and performance are related but separate subjects, and learning itself may be state dependent, meaning, that the conditions under which material was learned must be replicated in order for that learning ...

In the context of learning, adults come to a class with certain knowledge and understanding about the subject being taught. Their age, experience and expertise prompt them to learn a subject as a solution to a problem rather than for the sake of knowledge. It is a good thing to have knowledge as an adult but not too good for an adult-teacher. For a teacher, adult student’s preconceived ideas hinder the teaching-learning process of striking common ground, creating group interest and establishing key goals for a class. Students with varied educational back grounds and experiences learn mostly as individuals rather than as a group. Such scenarios ...

Abstract

The Language Arts lesson intended for Kindergarten and 1st grade was drafted based on the major theories of language acquisition. There are several theories in language development introduced to rationalize the process involved in language learning. This paper will provide a rationale to the lesson presented herewith based on the tenets of major language acquisition theories. In order to clearly stipulate the concept of language development from which the lesson based from, the theories to be discussed will be compared and determine apparent contradictions between their concepts. Nativists and Behaviorists are two different ideas and theoretical foundation that define ...

1. Differences between the psychoanalyst and the behaviorist observation

a) The psychoanalyst argument: Psychoanalyst observes that each stage in life development is focused on solving a given conflict. It is due to poor development of trust arising from unreliable care taker of the child, which makes her feel unsecure and not safe to instances, such as darkness. The solution given is that caretakers should always work to create trust in the development of the child.

b) The behaviorist argument: The behavioral theorist would argue that development in the child’s behavior entirely depends on her environmental interactions. Fear or being frightened, especially ...

Cognitive psychology refers to the study of mind and related mental processes including memory, learning, thought, and perception. It is based on the idea that brain can be considered as the complex computing system. Cognitive psychology is not only based on working of the mind but also on the constitution of the mind that results in the formation of cognitive theory and related hypotheses. In this study, psychologists try to find the processing of mind in producing a behavior. This field of psychology is comparatively new as compared to other branches of psychology. However, its foundations can be extended back ...

Abstract

Applied Behavior Analysis has proven to be an excellent method of changing and shaping maladaptive behaviors and developing more appropriate behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Asperger’s Syndrome is considered part of the Autism Spectrum Disorder as described in the DSM V. However, children with Asperger’s Syndrome exhibit higher cognitive levels of functioning and awareness of social situations than many other children with more severe Autism. Is Applied Behavior Analysis and appropriate intervention in introducing social and other behavior skills appropriate for children with Asperger’s Syndrome?

Introduction

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a disorder that affects approximately ...

Psychology of Criminal Behavior

In the contemporary world, not a day goes by without numerous reports of acts contrary to the law thus obliging the criminal justice system to play its indispensable role in comprehending and rehabilitating offenders into law-abiding citizens. Renowned psychologists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner as well as Edward Thorndike through their theories in fields of behaviorism and operant conditioning exemplify the underlying concept by which the Criminal Justice System is founded. This paper thus seeks to describe the theories of behaviorism and operant conditioning in relation to the criminal justice system. I will succinctly analyze how these theories ...

Skinner’s and Pinker’s Prospects

Skinner as a conspicuous representative of behaviorism stands upon the position that the behavior of a person is conditioned by inner factors. Hunt, an individual is a mechanism which reacts on the stimuli of his or her environment. Moreover, the behavior is also determined by the adverse conditions which a person prefers to avoid. Skinner denies the existence of inner determinants of behavior except the “genetic endowment” which is responsible for natural reactions on the adverse stimuli like mechanically taking the hand away from the hot iron (Skinner, 1971, p.27-30). Let’s discuss the position of Skinner on an example from the real ...

Depression

Psychodynamic psychology also called dynamic psychology is the chronological approach to the study of psychological forces and state of the mind in relation to human characteristics stressing the connection between unconscious and conscious procedures with effects to general mental functioning. Dynamic psychology is directed to the idea that humans life undertakings affects their unconscious and conscious ideologies and motivations which in turn correlate with the feelings, character, and general nature of behaviors. Freud the psychologist suggested that the conscious and unconscious parts of the brain come into conflict with each other, resulting to an observation known as repression. This ...

Introduction

Bipolar disorder alias maniac depression is characterized by mood swings between lows( depression) and highs( mania), or a combination of these two at times. While depression is one of the most common features of this illness, maniac episodes are, usually, marked by a mix of irritability and anger, with or without euphoria. As such, the mood symptoms in the disorder may take four forms:

Mania: A period of persistently irritable mood accompanied by increased sense of self-esteem and optimism.

Depression: A period of unhappiness leading to changes in sleep, appetite, and indifference with the usual groove. Mixed Mania: The stage when mania and depression coexist. Hypomania: The state of persistently elevated mood marked by a ...

Introduction

Psychology is a vast field. There are many laws, principles, and theories that govern the train of thoughts of psychologists and mental health professionals working in the field. Basically, psychology is a branch of science that is concerned with the academic and applied discipline of studying behaviors and mental functions of animals, which in this case, would be humans. Psychology is not only concerned with studying the behaviors and mental functions of an individual because it may also aim to study the behaviors and mental functions of a group or population. The objective of this paper is to discuss psychology in general, ...

There are many theories that attempt to explain human behavior, each with a different and unique approach. From developmental and humanist theories, to behavioral and cognitive, psychological theories have allowed society to better understand human thought and behavior, as well as allowed mental health professionals a variety of approaches in which they can provide effective therapeutic interventions to assist clients in improving areas of their lives. Many psychological theories are comprised of a variety of related, but different theories, which lead to an expanded view of human behavior. The theorists that have contributed to the field of psychology have assisted in a allowing ...

A phobia is an extreme fear that will not go away. People may develop a phobia after having a bad encounter with a certain situation, object or activity. Therefore, trypanophobia is an extreme fear of needles. The number of people suffering from trypanophobia is increasing significantly since the people with this condition refuse to seek help from a doctor. People with needle phobias constantly experience panic attacks, lightheadedness, or fainting when they come across two needles. This fear prevents many people from obtaining required vaccinations, blood tests and other medical care, which make it a serious issue. Therefore, the paper will examine how Trypanophobia ...

Introduction

Many thinkers and scientists have proposed models and theories about how people learn; they are called learning theories. The learning theories are classified as behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism and design-based. Behaviorism is based on the supposition that learning occurs for an organism through interactions with the environment. Behaviouristic school assumes that an organism always responds to a stimulus and the ‘responses’ are depends on the nature of the stimulus, i.e. rewarding or pain giving. Here, the learner is considered as a system that has the capability to respond to a stimulus and the learner is passive. The definition that emerged from the ...

Behavioral therapy refers to a therapy which is deeply rooted in behaviorism principles. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that people learn from their environment and the ultimate in behavioral therapy is to eliminate maladaptive behaviors and at the same time reinforce desirable behaviors. The techniques used in behavioral therapy have a strong basis on operant conditioning and classical conditioning theories. Unlike other kinds of therapy which have strong roots in insight, behavioral therapies are action based. It focuses on using similar learning strategies which results in the formation of unwanted or maladaptive behaviors and other new behaviors. As a result of this, behavioral therapy ...