Essays on Bioethics

End-of-life care refers to the provision of care to patients with incurable terminal illnesses and patients who are in a permanent vegetative state, and that type of care is one of the most commonly debated ethical issues in contemporary health care for two reasons. First, because of the development and advancement of medical techniques and technologies, physicians and nurses are now able to prolong the patients’ lives, but those interventions do not always improve the patients’ quality of life or maintain their human dignity (Cherry & Jacob, 2016). Second, the human population is aging, so the prevalence of terminal illnesses ...

Critique on Response #1

The responses made regarding the importance of studying ethics in the profession of an advanced practice nurse was noted to be valid yet very general in nature. More so, in the question which attempted to find out what is to be gained from studying the principles of Ethics and Bioethics, differentiating these fields of discipline was acknowledged but was not qualified. In so doing, one hereby differentiates these two (2) as follows: nursing ethics was defined as a “system of principles concerning the action of the nurse in relationships with patients, families, other health care providers, policy makers, and ...

Synthetic biology is the latest trend that integrates biology with engineering. It deals with the making of biological molecules or systems that does not natural in the biological world. These molecules or system that are constructed, help to complement natural biological systems and help in performing particular biological task (Khalil and Collins 367-379). A simple example of synthetic biology would be manipulation of bacteria through recombinant technologies to produce recombinant protein. A vast number of applications are possible with synthetic biology. With the advancement that are currently happening in the area of bioinformatics, it is possible to reprogram human ...

04 September 20XX

Markets work as the most efficient way to allocate scarce resources for which there are alternative uses. This is the theme carried through Thomas Sowell’s Basic Economics. And this is the point that Becker and Elias offer in their Wall Street Journal article. They make the case that people are literally dying from a lack of organs that they need to survive. And they make the point that it is especially true in the case of kidneys. Live donors can survive perfectly well with one kidney. Such donations are becoming common, but usually among family ...

In an article entitled “Unethical Clinical Trials Still Being Conducted in Developing Countries,” it exposed that even as recent as 2013, there are still clinical trials being conducted in the developing countries in Africa and Asia that violate research ethics. Carome, M. (2014) mentioned that even with the presence of two effective vaccines for rotavirus, United States funded clinical trials are still being conducted without being held accountable for the possible consequences of the trials considering that the illness at hand is said to be life-threatening. Rotavirus is an ailment affecting millions of children worldwide especially in the developing ...

Values Clarification and Ethical Legal Case Analysis

Values Clarification Values dictate the way people function both personally and professionally. In nursing practice, having clear values is essential in achieving moral competence (Jormsri et al., 2005). In completing the value clarification exercise, forty-two items were answered. Of these forty-two items, 15 responses were “mostly agree” and another 15 responses were “mostly disagree.” Six responses were “somewhat disagree”, three responses were “somewhat agree”, and the final three responses were “neutral.”

In a cluster that relates to issues raised by advanced technology, I had some agreements and disagreements. Giving extraordinary medical treatments to patients is essential, particularly when the ...

In Which Ways Does Summer Camps Influence the Lives of Low-Income Children?

Introduction Children from low-income families face many challenges in the society including lack of proper education, poor nutrition, and poor relationship with children from high-income families. The society needs to seek ways of helping these children achieve good academic performances to make them responsible adults. One of the most effective strategies employed that positively influences lives of children from low-income families is the introduction of summer learning programs. Summer camps play a significant role in helping children and youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds improve their academic and live outcomes. The program helps children from low-income families who experience challenges ...

A child born with ambivalent genitalia are typically given surgery and assigned one particular gender. the intention is to save “the child from future mental suffering” . Why is it that there are two genders when there are children born of both gender? Why is alteration of the child the only solution? Feminist have one answer to this question. Biomedical ethics emphasize universal principles that tend to disregard particulars, especially in regards to gender, that are at all times morally relevant. The implications on women emerged most prominently with medicalization . From providing an embryo with choice to carelessly selecting the ...

Organ transplants have become a crucial life-saving issue since the first successful one in 1954. Many people have had their organs donated to other people. For instance, some donate a kidney and function with one. In most cases, donation of all other vital organs is made on a dead individual if the organs are viable. In this case, a touching story of a man from Georgia, Garry Phebus, who has made an offer of donating his organs has hit the headlines. He has battled amyotrophic lateral sclerosis since 2008, and he came to a decision that he wanted to ...

Abstract

Pastoral counseling is gradually becoming a radical provider of mental health services. Clergymen are increasingly pursuing training in both behavioral science and religion. In endeavors to manifest quality clinical practice, they merge theological and psychological disciplines. Pastoral counseling is thus a distinctive psychotherapy, given its ability to include divine and God`s power. The psychotherapy is based on the belief that people desire divine connection. Pastoral counselors mediate healing with God`s loving in order to achieve ideal wholeness. As such, this paper depicts a reflection on pastoral counseling in liaison with previous readings in class. It leverages various ...

I. Summary of the first article Helga Kuhse, Bioethics News, July 1992 Background Briefing* (from BIOETHICS NEWS Vol.11 No. 4 July 1992 page 40) The article concerned deals with the issue of euthanasia, which is literally translated as “merciful death”. Generally, it implies deliberately robbing a person of his life. The article engages historical genesis of euthanasia, in particular examining the issue back in Ancient Greece and Rome (Young). The author of the article asserts that such medical procedures as euthanasia and suicide were rather acceptable in the ancient times. Nowadays, however, the general understanding and attitude towards these ...

The number of people on the planet continues to increase and with them, the need for more and more nutritious food grows. For that reason, scientists seek research to genetically change plants and animals to provide medicine, good, and organisms not for consumption. As the public is exposed to information on genetically modified organisms (GMOs), strong opinions are forged concerning the safety of eating them. Questions arise over the risks presented to human beings and the environment, if GMOs are really necessary to supply the world with adequate amounts of food, if there are alternatives, and what surrounding ethical ...

Introduction

Individuals have many significant views about human life. There are some circumstances that a person love his life, but may choose to end it for some unwanted medical reason. Some individuals may be in a situation that requires an important decision to end someone else’s life, such as a doctor who was requested to end the patient’s life through assisted suicide. In some cases, a family member may need to decide whether or not to continue his relative’s suffering through continuous medication or to end the physical pain by discontinuing the treatment especially during terminal cases. ...

An Assignment Submitted by

Analyze the bioethical issues found within the scenario It has to be noted that Matt’s case presents a controversial ethical and legal situation that has a potential to affect the medical facility, its workers, as well as the family members. There are several bioethical issues involved in the case. First of all, there is a disagreement between the desire of a family to resuscitate their son and the judgment of the physician not to proceed with this procedure due to the low chances that the patient will eventually wake up. Secondly, the nurse finds it morally difficult to ...

Quantitative research article

Empirical research in bioethical journals. A quantitative analysis by Borry, P., Schotsmans, P., & Dierickx, K.

Background/Introduction

The background of the research was to analyze the nature and evolution of the published empirical research in the fields of bioethics and medical ethics (Borry et al., 2006). This was prompted by an intense debate about the relationship between the normative and empirical perceptions of bioethics. By that time, there were only two studies which had described the nature and evolution of published empirical research in the field of bioethics and ethics and this study paper had to carry more research on this ...

Ethics refers to the essential principles of right and wrong and those that govern how things should happen in the society. They often help in informing people’s judgment, as well as how individuals should associate with one another in life. Various principles act as the benchmarks for basing conclusions. Autonomy respect, non-maleficence (doing no harm), beneficence, truthfulness, and fairness are some of the principles governing ethics in the society. This essay analyzes the ethical issues present in the Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel, ‘Never Let me Go’ and the commonly known scientific research project called ‘The Genome Project.' It ...

English 1B

The field of medicine will continue to move forward (Worboys 117), and this has been indicated by the products produced by laboratory sciences, as well as the development of significant medical products like penicillin, which was made possible through the discovery of ‘macromolecularization’ (Lowy 117). Like the industrialization since the post-World War II era, the field of medicine will continue to move forward (Worboys 117), as was indicated by history, specifically the industrialization period, which shows “development of hospital and laboratory medicine, public health, and the rise of the asylum took place” (Worboys 109). However, when discussing the genomics ...

Abstract

For a long time, the medical profession has subscribed to many ethical statements that have been developed primarily for patients’ benefits. As members of the medical profession, physicians should always recognize their actual responsibility of the patients, society, self, and other professionals. Adhering to the set principles of professional conduct is essential in acting ethically in the profession. The topic of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) is controversial in the American medial context. Physically assisted suicide and euthanasia are often used interchangeably. The ethics of these issues are squarely placed before the public eye. This paper focuses on the ethics surrounding ...

The Bible teaches Christians that the first human beings were created in the image of God and as his representations on earth, they are unique than any other creation. That makes human life very serious and special in ways that are beyond human understanding, and that is the very base upon which Christians believe that as long as human life has been pronounced to be in existence, then it should remain sacred (Delkeskamp- Hayes & Imrenyi 2013). On the topic of abortion, Christianity holds the belief that as long as a fetus has been conceived, and the heart starts to ...

For centuries, animals have been euthanized to stop their suffering when they have become too old or injured. While the decision to put down a beloved pet may be emotionally devastating, there is no question of the ethics involved. In fact, many people would think to keep an animal lingering in pain and distress would be considered inhumane. Why, then, do we allow human beings to suffer in pain and distress? Does a human not have the right to a final relief granted to an animal? An animal does not have the ability to grant permission for self-euthanasia like ...

Introduction

Mill’s Conception of Liberty Mill’s conception of liberty states that there exists an area of freedom within which an individual is allowed to develop their individuality without any interference either from law or society (Fred, 1984). Mill aims to ascertain the principle that people can exercise own free choice in living. He affirms that an action or practice is right especially when compared with an alternative approach or action if it results in a possible greatest happiness to that individual. From the conception of the liberty principle, the liberty exercised by an individual should be indefeasible and ...

Bioethical Issues behind Gene Therapy Trials

Gene therapy is a prospective therapy for curing many genetic defects by correcting the mistakes happening at gene level. It can be somatic or germline targeting either blood or bone marrow in former and eggs or sperms in latter. Ethical issues prevail with the germline gene therapy and it has not been approved yet. Similarly, the gene therapy trials need to be regulated and is governed by many bioethical issues. In US, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) regulates the gene therapy clinical trials. This organization has further sub-divisions that regulate the human subjects under trials through ...

The manipulation of genetic make-up in plants and animals can be seen from generations. This is the traditional cross-breeding and the plants and animals with strong characteristics are selected for breeding. With the advancement in DNA technology, new techniques have been used to identify the desired characteristics. The scientists have experimented with this technology and used the small piece of DNA of one organism and added it to the DNA of another organism ("WHO | Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods", 2016). The host species is known as the Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) as it has the new desired ...

The science of human cloning is one of the most fascinating entities of the 21st-century biology. The announcement of a cloned sheep ignited an international debate in the late 1990s; two and half decades later, the debate is still very much alive (Li 1-2). The researchers at the Roslin Institute, Scotland, announced that they had fruitfully cloned an adult mammal (Caplan 1-3). The procedure used in cloning is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. It involves the transfer of the genetic code from the cell of an adult organism into an enucleated organism egg. Over the years, the science of ...

Bioethics in a Changing World

Bioethics is defined as the study of morality and ethics in biomedicine and addresses some issues related to the medical field and their potential impact on the community. Its practice dates back to the Greek Hippocratic Oath and has evolved based on development in new bioethical guidelines (Goldim, 2009). This practice utilizes various tools to define solutions to morality issues. Five major theories applied in bioethics include deontology, utilitarianism, justice theory, virtue ethics, and care ethics. The Deontology theory entails W.D. Ross and Immanuel Kant. According to Ross, actions are right because they fulfill duties. Kant supports this by ...

Crops are genetically modified for certain desired outcomes such as high yield, pest resistance, drought tolerance, herbicide resistance, for a better nutritional quality, etc. The genes that impart the desired characteristics do not naturally occur in the crop, and are not expressed by natural recombination (World Health Organization [WHO]). They are engineered in the laboratory, and may be obtained from unrelated species too. Genetically modified (GM) crops are thus subjected to much speculation despite the fact that they have several benefits. 1. Pros of GM Crops Bioengineered crops with pest tolerance, reduce dependence on chemical pesticides, and crops engineered ...

Bioethics is an important element in the decision-making processes of medical professionals. Mrs. Brown, who is forty-two years old and currently pregnant, requests a genetic test to confirm whether her unborn child has Klinefelter’s Syndrome, which is characterized by an extra X chromosome in the genetic sequence – XXY (Bojesen and Claus,807). The possible defects of Klinefelter’s syndrome include sterility, excessive tallness, enlarged breasts that can be corrected through surgery, behavioral issues, and possible mental retardation (Bojesen and Claus 807). Mrs. Brown’s fears for her child to undergo gender- identity crises when she grows up. She ...

Modern-day clinical practice is characterized by demanding and extraordinary job whereby the nature of work and experts’ role is changing from time to time. Even though the core responsibility of the professionals is patient care related, they also have a role in managing services as well as training (Gunn, & Taylor, 2014). Therefore, it is vital for Physicians to be informed on ethical and legal issues of the modern clinical practices, which permeate all aspects of their job. Thus, this paper is going to highlight and discuss some of the ethical and legal issues in clinical practice and ways to ...

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THE “DEAD-DONOR RULE” IN THE ETHICS OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION Abstract Organ transplantation has given rise to numerous questions in the minds of the medical professionals of the world across the globe. There have been an enormous number of unanswered questions regarding the ethical issues about the concept of organ donation and organ transplantation. In this paper, we will discuss the role of dead donors rule and brain death in the context of organ donation. It has been seen since years that different parts of the world and different people of the medical fraternity have different definitions of death. For ...

Assisted suicide in healthcare is a kind of suicide that is committed with the help of a physician (Suicide, 2013). It is the process through which a doctor provides a patient with means that they can use to commit suicide which in most cases involves providing them with advice and prescription on the available lethal drugs (Suicide, 2013). Instances of this nature are common to terminally ill patients. The position I take concerning this issue is the non-affirmative. From a religious perspective, there is the realization that human life needs to be respected. This is in line with the ...

Hwang Woo-Suk’s fraudulent behavior, ethic violations, and financial machinations had an adverse effect not only on him, but also on six members of his team who “received varying levels of suspension” (Craine). However, the greatest frustration was felt by Hwang Woo-Suk’s potential patients who had nurtured hopes for miraculous recovery thanks to Professor’s findings. A lot of others were deceived even in the process of Hwang Woo-Suk’s conducting his research. Thus, those women who agreed to donate their eggs were “not fully informed of the potential risks and harms involved in the egg donation process ...

Lo (2012) defines ethical dilemmas as situations that cannot be resolved using a satisfactory answer. The solution of an ethical dilemma varies depending on the situation, and the philosophy to which the affected individuals subscribe. Ethical dilemmas are a common occurrence in the nursing field. The profession not only requires the professional interaction between nurses and the patients in delivering efficient care, but also demands extensive knowledge in maintain boundaries during these interactions. The growing cultural diversity implies the interaction of nurses with patients from a variety of backgrounds, bearing varying beliefs and customs that have the potential to ...

extracted from their body?

Introduction

One of the toughest and not resolved legal and ethical issues in the field of patent law is thought to be the establishment of ‘the optimal means of distribution among biomedical researchers and their research participants of any rights in commercial products and revenues derived from human tissue’ (Gitter p.261). In consists in the fact whether a patient is granted a property right to a cell-line, particularly tissue, extracted from his body. Tissue itself is defined as ‘a collection of cells of similar structure organized to carry out one or more particular functions’ (Gitter p. ...

Prescription Drugs

Abstract The given paper is devoted to the problem of drugs prescription as a medication. Here the general description of the issue is revealed and the literature sources which may be used for the studying of the given problem are presented. As well as the topicality of the problem of drugs prescription is very high nowadays, there must be certain criteria and circumstances in which the doctors or pharmacists should prescribe drug medication. Such situations require special attention and careful examining in order to prevent misusage of drugs prescription as its consequences are highly negative and dangerous for human ...

Interprofessional collaboration has been one of the growing trends within the health care sector lately. It involves interdependence of the different health care professionals such as nurses, physicians, laboratory staff, and even patients. The complexity of the patient-care concerns that need to be tackled by these professionals can be efficiently and effectively addressed through appropriate collaboration among the professionals. However, the various evidenced provided by different researches on the benefits of collaboration are yet to be seen and applied in the activities in health care institutions (Porter-O’Grady, 2011). As mentioned, nurses are one of the stakeholders who are ...

The topic of this article applies to my professional life in distinct ways. As a worker in a medical facility, the issue of the role of bioethics and business ethics is applicable in the manner of delivering service to patients. Aspects addressed in this article as the topic indicates directly influence the way I work as one who attends to the needs of patients in a medical facility. In a medical facility, unlike in another type of organization, one is supposed to deal with clients at an individual level. While other organizations tend to deal with clients in groups, it ...

Medical Anthropology is considered one of the elements that make up anthropology and the study has been widely appreciated across the world. This field was founded by George Foster and Ben Paul. This field studies the health and diseases of individuals where the environment forms an interrelationship with the human health system. The main purpose of this paper is that the author of the article believes that the future of medical anthropology is to intersect with other fields.

The article discusses the future of medical anthropology. What is the future that the writer is talking about?

- Medical anthropology is expanding to other fields and interacting with other with other disciplines in the science department. Though medical ...

The article ‘Procreative Beneficence: Why we should select the best children’ by Julian Savulescu emphasizes on why couples should choose the best offspring that they could possibly have and also expect the child to have the best life with the available and relevant information. Determining the genes of your child from non-disease states is imperative since you can use the information that is readily available to bring out the best possible outcomes (Savulescu 417). There are quite a number of reproductive technologies that allow the parents to measure the selection of the types of offsprings that they will possibly have. ...

In “The Brothers Karamazov” by Fyodor Dostoevsky made a famous claim that establishes the link between the existence of God and morality. Apart from the controversy related to the scope of the quotation, the discussion on the proper translation and interpretation of the words of Ivan Karamazov. For instance, in his article “Dostoevsky did not say it” D.Cortesi claims that Dostoevsky did not make such claim (Cortesi 1). However, the research by Russian-speaking authors shows that the original text of “The Brothers Karamazov” contains the statement under study (Volkov 1). Coming to the scope of the claim, one should concentrate ...

This procedure is a way that gives a clear and logical structure that enables one to think critically through a certain bioethics case regardless of the theories and principles in issue. This paper intends to accomplish certain bioethical reasoning issues with relation to this procedure. This paper brings a discussion that provides different perspectives on a certain issue. Moreover, there is an intention of vividly bringing out the importance of this procedure in making moral decisions affecting people in the societies around the globe. This paper argues persuasively on what morally ought to be done regarding bioethical issues like clinical trials. The moral reasoning ...

Question 1

Are there possible criminal aspects of HIV/AIDS? Consider the case law presented in your textbook and elsewhere, and explain. Please provide specific examples.

The intentional spread of HIV is considered a criminal act. Pozgar (2012, p. 362) describes the case of an inmate who knew that he was infected with both HIV and the hepatitis virus. He was also informed of the ways that he can transmit the infection to others. He bit two correctional officers knowing that he can possibly infect them in this way. He was consequently charged with assault and battery. In State of Louisiana v. Schmidt, ...

1. Outline the categories of violence as described by Jamil Salmi.

According to Salmi, the phenomenon of violence has many characteristics, with particular causes per characteristic and with particular causational agents per cause. Violence also exists in several forms, including direct violence, indirect violence, repressive violence, and alienating violence.

Direct violence is characterized by any physical, in-person act causing intended harm. In this category would be included A) any act resulting in death (homicide, genocide, infanticide); and B) any “coercive or brutal” (Module 6, 44) at threatening or resulting in physical or psychological damage or suffering—including rape, spousal abuse, political imprisonment, for example.

Indirect violence is characterized by ...

INTRODUCTION:

The stem cell research has been debated ever since the birth of it. However, the categorization of the stem cell research has been defined in a wrong manner. Moreover, the media is sensationalizing the topic. This has resulted in a wrong notion that all stem cell research is unethical. This is a wrong notion of the research because there are two types of stem cell research. The adult stem cell research is ethical than the embryonic stem cell research. Adult stem cell research refers to the usage of matured cells from mature adult human being without killing the host. On the ...

Introduction:

Stem Cell Research has been one of the most controversial breakthroughs of science since the late 1990’s. The extraction of the human embryonic cell on that decade has made various responses in the medical field. This has opened many doors for many scientists that are highly interested in regenerative medicine. Additionally, this has also opened new debates about the ethics of the process of harvesting stem cells. There are two types of stem cell research. The first one is known as the embryonic stem cell research. The second one is named as the adult stem cell research (Shapiro, ...

Introduction

The definition of physician assisted suicide is slightly different from the general term definition of euthanasia. Although some may equate physician assisted suicide with the blanket term, the distinction between euthanasia and physician assisted suicide is that the latter is done with both the patient’s and doctor’s intent to end the patient’s life by unnatural means (Tamayo-Vela´zquez, Simo´n-Lorda, and Cruz-Piqueras, 678). The doctor assists the patient in committing suicide, usually by administering an injection or pill that contains a lethal substance. A doctor may also administer a relaxant to help keep the patient calm during the ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Amphetamines History: According to an article published in American Journal of Bioethics the history of amphetamines began in 1887 in Germany . It was created by Lazar, Edeleanu, a German scientist. During WWII, amphetamines were used to enhance performance but by 1965, were outlawed by the USFDA, when abuse became extensive after the war (2013). Today it is most commonly used, illegally, be baseball players to enhance performance much like it did for the soldiers of WWII. Known as “greenies” the substance has been outlawed in sports but players continue to abuse it (2013). Pharmacokinetics: “Toxicity of Amphetamines: An ...

Abstract

Working in a multicultural health care setting calls for a workforce that clearly understand the ethical and legal considerations that exist in relation to culture, beliefs, background, as well as knowledge. While physician and nurses have the upper hand in ensuring quality health care as well as life sustaining measures, the patient holds a very critical role in dictating the care procedures that they prefer. Bioethics studies have had differing approaches to the issue of making informed consent to health care procedures. However, there is one thing that remains untouched. The greatest responsibility is the life if the patients and the satisfaction ...

Bariatric Surgery for the adolescents and children is becoming widespread over the years. The results however are still scare and of poor quality, with many of the patients undergoing this surgery being too young to agree or disagree (Hofmann, 2010). This has created a series of moral challenges regarding this practice on the heath care platform. Efforts to introduce bariatric surgery as health care services in various hospitals need to withhold in order for the issues to be reviewed first. Obesity has become a problem that needs to be addressed worldwide. It has been found that over 30% of the ...

The Biological Basis

The term Genetic Modification (GM) refers to the techniques by which the genetic composition of a plant is manipulated by adding specific genes to it. Every plant contains genes, which are DNA sequences containing information that determine its specific characteristics or traits. The genes are “inheritance units” that provide instructions for the development and functionality of the plant’s next generation. Crop plants modified through this process are called GM or genetically engineered crops, or transgenic crops (“Process of Developing Genetically Modified (GM) Crops.”, n.d.). The principal steps in the process are: - The wanted gene is isolated; e.g. ...

Introduction

Doctor patient confidentiality is provided for in the common and statutory law. Medical records of patients are not supposed to be divulged to third parties except under special circumstances provided for by the law (Ministryofethics.co.uk, 2012). The problem with the provisions given by the law is that they are not comprehensive. This results in medical practitioners finding themselves in ethical dilemmas where each possible choice is bound to have repercussions.

Ethical Implications of Breach of Confidentiality

The act of divulging the medical details of a patient by a doctor without consent can be viewed as a form of betrayal. Breach of confidentiality is a failure to uphold the autonomy ...

Informed Consent in Scientific Testing

‘Instructor’s Name’ ‘Subject’ Informed consent is the process of getting the prior consent of the patient, before choices about his/her health care is made. This concept is based on the, rights a patient has on her body, and the ethical duty of the physician to inform the patient about the things happening to her body. The consent might be required both for performing a therapy for the ailment of the patient, or to make them participate in a clinical trial. An informed consent is said to have been obtained from a patient, when she is fully aware of the facts ...

Question #2

In case number 2, the ethical issue is Karen’s refusal to take a mammogram in spite of the mass detected in her breasts. As a gynecologist, I ought to protect my patient’s health and one way to do that is to examine her and to identify the true cause of the mass in her breast. However, regardless of my genuine concern for her wellbeing, she still has the right to decide whether to go for or against any treatment or test that concerns her body. I have the responsibility to respect her autonomy. McCormick says that the said ...

Section I: Matching (Maximum 20 points)

This section consists of ten (10) matching questions worth two (2) points each. Match the moral theories in the shaded box below with the ten numbered descriptions set forth below the shaded box. Choose the moral theory that corresponds best to each numbered question and write the letter that corresponds to the appropriate moral theory in the space provided below. [Hint: Some questions may have more than one moral theory that is applicable to it. In such a case, simply choose one applicable theory and write its corresponding letter on the space provided. Only one correct response is required ...

Fundamental ethical principles of nursing is respect for life, dignity and rights of the patient. The ethical responsibilities of nurses in the process of working with the patient is a certain set of actions to perform unconditional (for example, to respect the patient and his right to self-determination,the identification of their will to anything, to do no harm, to keep the word; to cooperate with patient).(Videbeck 2011) Cooperation with the patient means working together to tackle problems with his health. In the relationships between healthcare professionals and patients, both sides should be partners, in order to achieve ...

PHILOSOPHY, HEALTHCARE ETHICS, AND RELIGION: DECISION MAKING

- Introductory Summary There are a wide array of choices that individuals must make in their lives, and it is important to have guiding principles when it comes to making hard choices. The Bible and relevant philosophical texts give good guidance; even so, difficult decisions must be made frequently, especially in the medical profession. This discussion will focus on individual absolutes and the Biblical basis for those absolutes, especially in the context of difficult decisions that will be made daily. In addition, decision-making strategy will be introduced, including the question of what to do when one’s absolutes are ...

The healthcare practitioners usually confront difficult ethical choices in their quest to provide appropriate health services especially for people with diverse values (McWay 2014 p 91). Consequently, different bioethics principles have been put in place to help resolve ethical issues in the event of such diversities (Koslowski 2001 p 137). The principle of double effect encompasses the two types of consequences that results from a single action (Yelon et.al., 2014 p 374). For example; a doctor may use morphine on a dying patient. Thus, the use of morphine will have a maleficent effect of cutting short the patient’s life while simultaneously having a beneficial effect of ...

Decision-making is a vital process to any patient. Typically, there are competent and incompetent patients who make and take ready-made medical decisions respectively. However, is it necessary to make decisions for the incompetent, and if so, why? What are the rights given to competent patients in making medical decisions and why is it important for patients to make decisions for themselves? The complexity of the problem of decision making for incompetent patients is best evident, for example in patients who are under age and their parents need to make an informed decision concerning their health.. Certainly, it is pertinent to ...

Human Embryos in Stem Cell Research

The controversy of the use of the human embryo in experimental research centers on the ontological and moral status of the fetus (King et al., 2009; Tauer, 2004). There is no consensus among social, medical, judicial or philosophical bodies to objectively state when the human embryo begins to be recognized as a person and a bearer to moral rights (Johnson, 2004). Even more debatable is the deliberate creation of embryos, such as through cloning, for research purposes and especially for the purpose of acquiring stem cells. The author believes that this is unjustified because it can lead to the treatment of ...

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees] [Institutional Affiliation(s)] [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Ethical Principle violations

Tuskegee Study (1932-1972) Withholding treatment from the participants (patients with syphilis) in the Tuskegee study after a definitive treatment (Penicillin) became available in the late 1930s was a violation of all ethical principles: “respect for persons (autonomy)”, beneficence (protecting from harm) and justice (denying a benefit)(CDC, n.d.).

An overview of questionable studies

The experiments conducted by German scientists on concentration camp prisoners without their consent is a violation of all the above principles. The secret researches conducted between 1944-1980s on the effects of ...

Briefly describe your past experience (personal or professional) caring for older adults.

Caring for elders is one of the most challenging activities especially in the nursing profession. Old adults have different requirements and needs that must be met in order to ensure they stay a healthy and happy lifestyle. The nursing professional provides the person with knowledge on how to take care of people of all ages. As a nurse professional, I have undergone many challenges taking care for the old both in hospitals and at homes. According to Blumenthal-Barby (2014), human beings are heterochronic in age. People have many different types of ages and as a nursing professional my duty is to understand ...