Essays on Boreholes

Water is one of the most important resources in the world. It is widely used in a big number of human activities: industry, household, agriculture, recreation etc. Most of cities, towns, villages and factories take this fundamental resource from limnetic rivers and lakes. As this water is not clear enough, it can be used only for some technical purposes. In order to become drinkable and safe for consumption, the water must be filtered with the help of specialized constructions. Unfortunately, not all towns and cities have the ability to use the above-ground water. The only way to provide those ...

Discussion Question Journal

Chapter 14: The Social Contract Tradition Problems and Prospects Is it immoral to be a free rider? Is it irrational? Does the existence of free riders raise a serious problem for contractarianism? Why or why not? Take for instance a borehole constructed in an arid region by villagers. All member are to participate in contributing cash for this purpose. The water will serve the interests of the villagers. If say one or a group of members chose not to contribute but still got to use the water once the borehole was made, they would be referred to as free ...

Abstract

In 2015, California country and its citizens were experiencing their fourth year of severe drought. The impacts are very adverse and are reducing the economic status of the company. In the rural areas, wells and boreholes were running dry and in the wetlands of the city, rivers and other natural resources that attracted conservation and rainfall were at a high risk. For the government to solve the problem, programs were to be formulated to offers free water services to people with low income in the rural residential areas. Advanced technology modernization programs are to be formed to promote legislations ...

Common methods of Soil Investigation in the EUA

Soil investigation is imperative for various geological reasons. In most cases, subsurface investigation programs are carried to examine the underlying characteristics suggested by field reconnaissance and office research so as to modify, deny or confirm the assumed properties and conditions below the ground surface. Soil investigation and exploration program present a reasonable idea about the underlying soil condition and characteristics. The main aim of soil investigation and subsurface exploration is to determine the geomorphic and geological structures of the site’s subsurface (Ameratunga, Sivakugan & Das, 2016). There are two major methods of soil investigation employed across the UAE. The ...

The exhaustion of Water

There is a high media concentration that is directed towards the threatening energy disaster and the hunt for a sustainable resolution to the problem. At the background of all these, there is a threatening disaster that is alarming. Each year, millions of people die across the world for lack of clean and fresh drinking water. Although the figures have been released to the public by the United Nation Humanitarian Agency, the media still diverted the attention and instead reported on the impending obsolescence of fossil fuels. The media has laid much attention on the challenges that are faced in ...

Introduction

This report outlines the hydraulic infrastructure that should be put up in order to support an urban population. Urban development is accompanied by an increasing need for the supply of potable water, energy, and a drainage system to carry off the waste water and direct storm to reservoirs or other drainage basins. The hydraulic infrastructure enables the supply of clean potable water, which is safe for drinking, and the disposal of waste water and raw sewage in a manner that does not pose threat of waterborne diseases or cause unhygienic conditions. This report provides the details of the components ...

1.0 Introduction Categorically, there are approximations that nearly 30% of the overall globe land area comprises of occupied arid and semi-arid areas. Most importantly, water shortages prevent both economic and social development of the mentioned arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The cited economic and social development gets held back because they significantly rely on continuous water supply resources. Due to the constant and continuous interruption of the aquifers (V.E.A, 2005, p.122), the freshwater challenge gets motivated, because, the mentioned water is increasingly becoming salty. The report, therefore, aims at evaluating the feasibility of providing fresh water ...

Abstract

The effects of oil drilling towards the environment or any drilling of similar nature such as drilling of natural gas has been extensively discussed. Major stakeholders such as the government, the private sector and common people that are directly influenced by these drilling activities have different views towards this topic, which makes it more controversial. Some idealist stakeholders, for example, believe that oil drilling poses serious environmental threats. For the same reason, they believe that the risk outweighs the advantages and so these drilling activities must be stopped at once. On the other hand, those stakeholders that is benefiting ...

Statement of the Problem

The problem of petroleum depletion has since posed problems to the global demand for energy, thus driving related costs to rise to unbearable proportions and economic crashes affecting all other sectors. Efforts to counter the foregoing have since resulted to the emergence of viable energy options using alternative resources to supplement what would otherwise require petroleum to operate. Natural gas obtained through hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, has become a much-sought alternative to petroleum currently supplied in known oil-rich areas such as the Middle East and Russia. In the United States (US), specifically in California (Siegel), fracking has recently ...

Chinese invented some of the most significant inventions of human civilization including the four great inventions of ancient China: paper, compass, gunpowder and printing. The Chinese invented the original technology in the field of mechanics, hydraulics, mathematics, metallurgy, astronomy, agriculture, designing of mechanisms, theory of music, art, navigation and methods of warfare. Culture of China has made an enormous contribution to the world culture. Without many of these inventions, our lifestyle would have been impossible. But whatever was the culture of China, today it is a world culture heritage as indeed any other national culture. China is the homeland ...

Introduction

The coastline that stretches from Hastings to Cliff End is dominated by cliffs exposing a significant proportion of the Ashdown Formation. Notably, the cliffs stretching from East Hill in Hasting to Pett Beach that are approximately 7.5 km to the East north-east have been distinguished as Site of Special Scientific Importance (SSSI) due to its geological interest. Evidently, the cliffs exhibit most absolute sequence of terrestrial Lower Cretaceous rocks and form the principal exposure of the of the renown Ashdown Formation. In this area, the Ashdown Formation is preserved in low amplitude of the Fairlight Anticline which cuts the coast ...

Fig 1: NDRC Techniques

Introduction

Non-Disruptive Road Crossings are manuals which outline unifying and standardizing measures of Road Engineering Practices. The significant objective of the project is to enhance the management, planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of all roads and related infrastructures to ensure a safe and uniform operational and structural capacity throughout the road network in Dubai. The complexity in road construction and to some point other engineering projects leaves very little to be argued about on their significance with respect to the influence they have on the environment. It is a fact that projects like roads, bridges, and dams ...

Fig 1: NDRC Techniques

Introduction

Non-Disruptive Road Crossings are manuals which outline unifying and standardizing measures of Road Engineering Practices. The significant objective of the project is to enhance the management, planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of all roads and related infrastructures to ensure a safe and uniform operational and structural capacity throughout the road network in Dubai. The complexity in road construction and to some point other engineering projects leaves very little to be argued about on their significance with respect to the influence they have on the environment. It is a fact that projects like roads, bridges, and dams ...

Senate Bill 4.

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Btus British thermal units CA California CASB 4 California Senate Bill 4 Chapt. Chapter CIPA California Independent Petroleum Association EIA Energy Information Agency MWh Megawatt hours SB Senate Bill Sect. Section US United States USA United States of America USGS United States Geological Survey Introduction On Friday, September 20, 2013 California Governor Jerry Brown signed into law the Senate Bill 4 (CASB 4) that sets up the organization of a permitting system for hydraulic fracking using the technique of fossil fuel well drilling ...

Engineering

Abstract Continuous Flight Augers (CFA) require special expertise to construct but done properly they are economical and very successful for areas with inconsistent load carrying capacities. Examples include using CFA pilings for guard rails, highway reinforcement, highway junction improvements and buildings. The CFA pilings are similar to driven and bored piles but offer different advantages when working in good to marginal soils and in projects where the load capacity needs vary. An auger with a hollow tube is used to bore the hole and then when the auger tip reaches the final depth concrete is added as the auger ...

Introduction and background

There have been problems that have been encountered with the drilling of deepwater and ultra-deep water. These issues have caused the problems to be seen in the oil drilling process. The challenges that are seen while drilling ultra-deep water depths have led to redesign the drilling programs for search of oil. In the past, the drilling used to start with the top soils which were easily to excavate. This is no longer the problem as there are machines and tools that are used to take away this soft top soil. The issue that is being met with this drilling ...

Report

Research has shown that different basement fluid horizons that are found underneath the Earth’s crust are a host of a number of microbial communities. There are significant changes that occur to the behavior of these microbial communities after drilling takes place. It is indicated that drilling increases the level of fluids available in the microbial habitats. This in turn improves the conditions of survival and multiplication. Microbial communities are observed to increase significantly as a result of drilling and fluids increase in their habitats. There can also an indication that microbial communities’ composition is affected by the activities of drilling and ...

Corals are mostly found near or at the shore of lakes and other large water bodies. This means that coral gives a cross section of the soil stratification layers which can be assumed to have been each as top layer at a certain period in history (Bruckner, 8). Closely examining the coral, the different layers usually have different compositions. These compositions are the ones that help in depicting the climatic conditions that existed at the time of the layer being top layer of the soil (Paul, 3). If one layer of the coral can be closely examined and compared ...

Summary of Article:

The article is by Alissa de Carbonnel; published online by Reuters, Mon, Feb 13 2012. It describes the race between Russia, the USA and Britain to discover new kinds of life that may have adapted to the extreme conditions beneath the Antarctic ice. Any discovery may help us learn more about evolution and whether life may also exist on other planets of our solar system.

Progress to date:

Russia is in the lead, having drilled through the surface crust some 12,365 feet thick, down to Lake Vostok – a freshwater lake undisturbed for at least 15 million years. However, their samples of frozen ...

Abstract

Clean water for domestic use is essential for a health population. Therefore, all people should have access to clean drinking water. Drought is a common phenomenon in arid regions and this makes water shortage a significant problem. The effects of water shortages are experienced in the arid Southwestern parts of the United States, this just being one among the many arid areas of the world. The paper seeks to address and compare the various small and large scale methods possible for water provision in this arid region of the United States. Among the large scale possible methods of providing water for this ...

Lack of fresh water for agricultural, domestic, and industrial use is a great hindrance to development in many parts of the world. According to Mwakikagile, water shortages are more prominent in the arid and semi-arid areas. Groundwater is very sensitive to climatic changes and agricultural exploitation. Over the past few years, groundwater extraction for purposes of irrigation has resulted in disruption of natural balance and aquifer overdraft in these regions. According to Rushton, groundwater reproduction is imperative to establish apposite management policies since the hydrology of arid and semi-arid regions is quite different from that of more humid regions. This ...

Abstract:

Lack of fresh water for agricultural, domestic, and industrial use is a great hindrance to development in many parts of the world. Water shortages are more prominent in the arid and semi-arid areas. In addition to that, the inadequate fresh water resources found in these regions are endangered when it comes to quality due to the numerous man-induced changes. Moreover, the limited water available is limited to groundwater. In there is any surface water, it is mainly flash floods that results from high intensity rainfall that falls for a very short time. Therefore, these floods have very little potential to be a ...