Essays on Bowlby

A sexual offender is a person who has committed a sex crime, which is punishable by law. Sex crimes, on the other hand, are determined by a particular area’s laws and jurisdiction and they determine whether a person’s actions fall under sexual offense or otherwise. In many countries, sex crimes are in fact major crimes which are kept side by side with other crimes like physical assault or breaking traffic rules. While some crimes committed by sex offenders are strictly sexual in nature, others might be those that are a violation of those who are chosen by ...

Evaluation

Social and emotional development The social and emotional development of a child depends on the environment around them. Children make decisions based on what they observe in the surroundings whether good or bad. Jarana’s different changes of being shy and outspoken would have been as an effect of the family structure. Jarana had older siblings who left the house while he was still young which made grow clingy to the parents (ABC, 2014). His emotional development appears dependent on the relationship with the mother. Some of the developments include temperaments which means how the child responds to the ...

The relations of the couples are usually a complex interaction that involves various levels of comprehension and attachment, as well as different situations including conflict ones. It seems sometimes not clear why some relations are more stable whereas the others are falling apart quickly. The fact is that people are different and they tend to behave in a different way when in a couple. This is why it is necessary to understand the individual features of the person and its combination in partner relationship. The proposed empirical study is aimed to investigate the correlation between attachment insecurity, perception of ...

Virtual Child

<Institution>

Starting birth, my child, Noah, was quite normal and very much healthy. He was a breastfed child. As a newborn, I allow my partner to be more on hands to him, but I eventually decided to be more proactive in attending to his needs so that he would recognize me as someone he can trust, too. Like most parents, I tried to give him things that will make him more curious about his environment. Starting at 3 months, I supported his interest with his social world. I would take him out to meet new people, and I ...

Introduction

The attachment theory so often brought up in the psychological sciences, most commonly focuses on the mother-child bond that does or does not occur within the first five years of a child’s life. The founding father of the attachment theory was John Bowlby, who was extremely generous in working with numerous experts to expand his own knowledge and theories on psychological topics. The importance of a healthy development of the attachment process is important to the future sociability of the individual. How he or she interacts with people in their lives will be based on the extent of ...

In exploring the function of touch in the field of improving child/infant has been neglected. This is because of the theory developed by John Bowlby, which has gone on to focus on the actual need for an infant to attain a tight and unbreakable attachment to its caregiver. In honesty, this has been an extremely valuable contribution in trying to connect and aiding a child's growth in its infant period and future development. The theory is restricted in its reference of the importance of the sense of touch and its importance in its contribution to the making of the said theory. ...

The main purpose of the current paper is to summarize an article by Barry H. Schneider, Leslie Atkinson and Christine Tardif, which is aimed to analyze and describe the attachment theory. The article was published in “Developmental Psychology” journal under the name “Child–Parent Attachment and Children’s Peer Relations: A Quantitative Review”.

The core background of the attachment theory is the fact that the safety of the child-parent bond during the early stages of child-parent relationships affects the child’s relationships with his/her parents and society during the life span. Such correlation has been proved by more ...

(Bowlby, 1983) “The impact of death on the family system creates a structural void that requires homeostatic adjustments.” We all have an impact of losing something in life. Sometimes, we lose small materials and sometimes, we lose people in our lives. We come across the situation of losing at least once in our lives and it is inevitable. Therefore, in order to find out how it affects the different age groups, we conducted an experiment using Pearson’s theory. In experiments, we usually have subjects who are involved in the experiment and a topic on which we are conducting our experiment ...

Systemic therapy, according to McDaniel (1992), seeks to address issues affecting groups of people in relationships, but not individuals. It deals with the interactional dynamics and patterns of groups. The roots of systemic therapy are anchored in family therapy. Family therapy as Bowlby (1949) argues, helps to resolve the tension that may exist among different members of the family.

As such, total family structure is prioritized. Just like family therapy, systemic therapy helps people to live together and at the same time reduce tensions that could be driving them apart. This therapy does not perceive problems analytically but, practically. ...

This paper discusses the strengths of family therapy and why I would use it in practice.

Family therapy, according to Broderick and Schrader (1991), refers to a branch of psychotherapy that primarily works with couples in intimate relationships and families in a bid to nurture change and development.

This therapy is anchored on family relationships, which is regarded as the foundation of psychological health. Family therapy views change as systems of interaction among members of the same family. Proponents of this therapy posit that irrespective of the origin of the problem, whether it is a familial or individual issue, clients benefit when their families are involved in seeking solutions. As such, family of the clients is actively involved ...

This study is an expansion on the initially formulated attachment theory by John Bowlby (1980). As compared to the previous literature in this realm, this research aimed at analyzing the impact of attachment on friendship and coping behavior of individuals which have not been extensively addressed by other studies in depth. This is because of the underlying fact that there are many studies which focus on analyzing the impact of attachment style on romantic relationships whereas there are very few elaborate studies which emphasize on assessing the impact of attachment on friendship and coping. For this purpose, this study ...

The relations at home help in determining the behavior depicted in different situations encountered in the daily life. Extensive studies have analyzed the impact of parent-child relationship in determining a child’s personality, development, adjustment style and several other characteristics (Locke, 2008). In this regard, attachment theory put forward by John Bowlby (1980) examines the attachment bond between the mother and child developed in the early years of childhood. According to the attachment theory, this attachment style impacts the behaviors exhibited later in life. Several studies have further expanded on this theory by assessing different dimensions such as adult romantic ...

Discuss attachment theory in the context of Tongan child-rearing practice

Attachment theory is believed that the children in the world are biologically designed to be prone to attachments to others (Crittenden, 2008). This can be clearly seen in the Tongan community especially since children do not get whatever they need from their parents. In Tongan child, rearing practice can be seen to be cruel or inhuman by other people in other cultures. This is because the Tongan children grow in a strict environment in which they are not shown love or affection by their parents, elder siblings or their extended family members. It is a fact that Tongan children are usually ...

Introduction

It has been documented by many researches that various forms of adversity are at the heart of many mental illnesses. Indeed, even the term mental health recasts a social problem as a psychological and medical one. And, as would be expected, people addressing multiple forms of adversity, poverty and disability and social exclusion adversity, for instance, are likely than others to seek, or be sent to mental health services. While violence is the most common experience for people with severe and long-term mental illnesses, it is far the only adversity at issue. This can be addressed through open dialogue. Open dialogue ...

Abstract

Human development is an area that has been one of the most discussed areas of study in the last one century. Cognitive development of a person from childhood days to adult years was studied extensively by a Swedish psychologist Jean Piaget. He is known as the father of cognitive development theories. His four stages of cognitive development, sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete, and formal, are still considered to be the foundation of the cognitive development process. Piaget’s theory does not touch upon why individuals develop at a different rate or why there are different developmental stages. Vygotsky, on the other hand, proposed a completely ...

Introduction

Psychodynamics is an important aspect of understanding human behavior and human response. It basically aims to improve the way humans understand the way their mind functions and how well their physical capacities are able to respond to such matters accordingly. This entails the connection of the conscious versus the unconscious behavioral response of individuals to particular situations that each person encounters. Practically, this study views that humans tend to react to situations according to their knowledge and understanding of how the issues develop and how these matters should fully affect them. At present, news items that are released ...

Other Details

Introduction Psychodynamics is an approach to Psychology that systematically analyzes human behavior and studies the forces that drive behavior (WebMD, 2006). Therapists attempt to understand the personality of patients and help them deal with their problems. The Psychodynamic model is one of the first models to be used for analysis of personality. Psychoanalytical approach was first developed by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). This approach to treatment is non intensive and includes no more than three to five sessions a week. It is based on the principle that an individual shows abnormal behavior when he is engaged in a conflict with ...

PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology 3a. This is a very wide research problem. An infant named MB was reviewed. The infant was two months of age and was in the stages of infancy. MB spent the majority of her time resting. In the time that MB was awake, there were several experiments that has d been conducted in order to examine her reflexes. MB demonstrated consistent signs of reflex activity with the exceptions of the tonic neck and stepping reflex. MB did not have the capacity of holding her head upright and did not demonstrate any signs of motor development initiations. MB’ ...

Discussion

Question six - Library journal uses a LJ index, which is a tool for measuring the output of the library per capita use in order to determine the star libraries. This evaluation method has faced a lot of criticism from different quotas as opponents disagree with its credibility in determining the best libraries in the country (Library Journal, 2014). The LJ conducts its assessment through the use of self-reported data that comes from library patrons. However, this method may have many flows in its endeavor to know library users have benefited from the programs, services, or collections that are rendered by a ...

Human beings are inherently social. “We are wired to connect”, said Goleman, (2006). Human beings grow and develop throughout life. Growth is observable and measurable unlike development. There are various aspects of development like physical, intellectual, moral emotional and social. The aim of education is to promote holistic development of students. Social development is the foundation of all kinds of development. The way a person behaves and succeeds in personal and public life in adulthood depends upon his sound social development in childhood. There is massive research in the field of social development. There are a number of theories that attempt ...

Over the years, psychologists have tried to research and study the human behavior; however, it has not been easy to isolate nature and nurture on the influence that both on human beings. Nurture emphasis more on the role of human genetics in influencing human behavior whereas nature is based on the environment and how it relates with how human beings behave. Nature and nurture cannot be isolated when studying psychology since they highly influence how people behave and interact. Different theories are used to explain the two point of views expressed by the empiricists and nativists.The Bowlby theory ...

Attachment Theory as it relates to Growth and Development of young children with Developmental Disabilities

Understanding human psychology has played an important role not only for health professionals in diagnosing and treating people with health concerns, but also has helped parents among other people to detect and determine as early as possible any problem or issues that might affect those close to them. This paper has first presented an over view of attachment theory and later analyzed literature on the subject where it discusses four patterns of attachment that exist. It has also presented the stages that children undergo through in realization of a complete attachment in their infant lives. Finally it has presented discussion ...

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Bowlby's theory of attachment: An Introduction The Attachment theory by John has acquired wide recognition for perceiving social and emotional growth of children. It has offered a theory on which to shape human perception concerning the pivotal role of the parent-child interaction and its impact on psychological development. The force of attachment theory is not only affecting parenting, however also have a direct bearing on child care policies and practices, with the emphasis for sensitivity in the children – caregiver interaction. The attachment rules are also considered important for the work of ...

Psychology of humanity is as interesting as presented by Bowlby in this article. The idea that human beings view the world through mental images that can change at the event of a new experience or set of experiences is interesting, and relates closely to the subjective views that many people hold. This ideal therefore holds a valid stand in the psychological areas of humanity and relationships. The subsequent section explains the variances that inform attachment theory. The exposition of the attachment theory explains a critical phenomenon in the life of humanity and psychology. From the previous study of young children and ...

The paper aims at analyzing the impact of attachment style on the level of intimacy experienced in friendship (Grabill & Kerns, 2000). For this reason, the characteristics explaining intimacy such as responsiveness, self disclosure and the feeling of being valued and cared in a relationship were measured. Since attachment style as put forward by the theory proposed by John Bowlby (1979), classifies all individuals as either being securely or insecurely attached, this study was directed to further expand the earlier researched topic of attachment. Therefore, in order to assess the impact of individual attachment style on intimacy in friendship, it ...

Blair Waldorf is one of the main characters of the TV series Gossip Girl (Von, 2003). The show revolves around the life of teenagers and the typical issues of that age; love, sex, and conflict. Belonging to an elite family of New York, Blair is known as the Queen Bee of Manhattan's social scene. However, her actions are under the constant scrutiny of an anonymous blogger; Gossip Girl. This person continues to update New York’s youth via the digital world of technology. These posts did not only expose the scandalous life of the elites, but it was also ...

One of the most demanding, challenging and complicated missions in life may be parenting. Parenting may not only be conceiving or giving birth to a child. It entails the way of raising, growing and educating a child. Parents try their best to achieve a thriving job rather than to be responsible parents. In the interest of achieving their goals, parents should have some discipline and ground rules in their home as a technique to use to educate their children. Thus, since parents may be required to excel in their specific jobs and since children follow only what is taught, parents should use the “ ...

Introduction

For Katrina, given her history, the most significant and helpful modality and intervention would be long term individual treatment. Object relations theory and attachment theory inform that choice of treatment because they are theoretical perspectives focused on how early attachment informs the ability to develop healthy relationships later in life. Trauma in early life is usually extremely dangerous in the future of a human being if not dealt with early in life. They are causes to various ill choices that the victims are likely to engage into. Katrina is an example of what most of the trauma victims undergo. ...

- Situations in practice that can lead to grief/ bereavement Bereavement refers to a period of grief after one has lost a loved one. It also refers to “the entire experience of friends and family members in the anticipation of the death of a loved one and the subsequent adjustment to living after the death of a loved one (Care, 2006 ).” On the other hand, grief refers to “the emotional affective reaction to the loss of a loved one.” It has both psychological and physical manifestations (Care, 2006 ). Bereavement can be complex and can affect individuals on many levels including emotionally, cognitively, ...

Advancements in technology and growth of the internet have transformed the nature of relationships among human beings. John Bowlby developed the attachment theory after describing attachment from the perspective of a long-lasting psychological connection between humans. Researchers have attached the attachment theory to provide explanations to romantic relationships existing among adults. These attachment styles included the secure attachment, avoidant-insecure attachment, and ambivalent-insecure attachment. The three attachment styles put forward in the attachment theory are applicable to romantic relationships. The study presented in this paper is aimed at broadening the scope of the attachment theory by examining romantic relationships in social ...

I had the chance to observe my 10-year-old niece Sophia and upon analysing this observation, I got to verify the theories that the pioneering psychologists had established. I shall be describing in this essay how Piaget’s cognitive development theory, Bandura’s social learning theory, Kohlberg’s moral development theory, Ainsworth’s attachment theory, and Bowlby’s parenting styles can be illustrated in a child’s everyday behaviour.

I was observing Sophia as she was engaged in a conversation with her mother. The mother told her that on Sunday they will visit Sophia’s grandfather who was confined in the hospital. ...

Introduction

Attachment theory is founded on basic but critical principles which claim that that the differences in attachment between individuals can be traced back to early Care Giving; that early differences have multiple implications for patterns of adaptation in later development and that the patterns provide the basis for the differences in the emerging self during developmental stages, (Berghaus, 2011). The theory has multiple implications and applications since its proposition that cognitive schemas which are based on earlier repeated experiences with caregivers directly influence how people perceive and act while in interpersonal relationships is both simplistic and practical, (Mikulincer, Gillath, ...

“Lifespan (human) development and its changing roles through Health & Social Care settings, describing the psychological intervention that would be useful in health promotion (lifespan development to death - understanding the health and social care service users)” The development of a human being covers a broader area. It does not begin from birth but it traverses through the time when the mother conceived. Development that starts inside the mother’s womb is equally critical in deciding how the baby would continue to be in the later years of life. Initially, this phase of development was largely believed to be a period of ...

Biography and Contribution to the Attachment Theory

Mary Dinsmore Salter Ainsworth (1913-1999)

There is no doubt that Mary Ainsworth was born an intellectual judging from her contributions and discoveries in psychology and other academic fields. Perhaps, Mary Ainsworth is best known for contributions in the development of the attachment theory and as well, her works in developing of the strange situation (Bretherton, 1992). Her professional career was hugely shaped by Bowlby’s research unit.

Early Life

Mary Dinsmore Ainsworth (nee Salter), the eldest in a family of four sisters, was born to Mary and Charles Salter, Dickinson College graduates, in Glendale , Ohio, in 1913 (Bretherton, 2000). Her parents placed ...

Attachment Theory describes intergenerational attachment relations. The theory makes a valuable contribution into studying child development by suggesting the possibility of helping children by working with their parents. Empirical evidence shows that self-reliant and secure individuals usually have supportive parents, who allow and support autonomy. One of the main conclusions of the Bowlby’s research was that children need warm and intimate relationships with the permanent caregiver (most often mother) to grow up mentally healthy. The quality of interaction depends on the sensitivity of the attachment figure to the child’s signals. Moreover, during the preschool years the so ...

Q1 Attachment Theories of Different Theorists

Bowlby described attachment from a psychoanalytic point of view where he proposed that attachment was instinctive. Hence, children from the time they were born they had the tendency to form a bond with one main care giver, usually the mother. The attachment happens in the first two years of a child’s life and it is reciprocal, where the mother also develops the attachment. If there is no attachment by age three, Bowlby posited that it would be difficult for it to happen. Secure attachment was also essential for future development of mental, social, and emotional development of a child. Interruption of the ...

Bridging the Gap: Feminism, Fashion

And Consumption

Abstract This review analyses the relation between feminism, fashion and consumption as discussed by Angela McRobbie in her article ‘Bridging the Gap: Feminism, Fashion and Consumption’. The paper will evaluate the arguments that the author presents, focusing on women and consumption as well as the feminization of the fashion industry. McRobbie treats the issue of consumption as a problem that is not getting the degree of attention it deserves. The evidences she provides to prove her point will be noted. She also focuses on the predominance of women employees in the production of fashion products across the ...

In the 1960s, following John Bolby’s article The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, many psychoanalytic figures criticised his work. They claimed that attachment theory was “mechanic, nondynamic, and explicated according to thorough misunderstandings of psychoanalytic theory” (Fonagy, 2001, page 1, p2). Critiques felt that Bowlby treated his human subjects like animals, and used too many labels and categories when reporting on experiment results. When examining the attachment theory today and, in particular, Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment, it does appear that the critiques’ points were valid. The personalities and behaviours of human beings are extremely diverse, ...