Post-stroke dysphagia, a potentially fatal complication, affects an estimated 23-50% of all stroke survivors. It is associated with a seven fold increase in the risk for aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia increases the catabolic demands of the body and in the settings of impaired swallowing leads to a vicious cycle of malnutrition, dehydration, and further infections (Shaker & Geenen, 2011). Dysphagia affects a significant number of patients with hemispheric stroke which is the main subtype of ischemic stroke in the general population (Kumar et al., 2011). The functions of swallowing are subserved by a vast brain network. The inferior peri-rolandic sensorimotor ...
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1. Biot’s respiration named after Camille Biot is an abnormal ataxic breathing pattern, where rapid series of shallow respiration are followed by a period of apnea. In order to known how AMP kinase, knock down leads to Biot respiration in mice; it is necessary to known how AMP kinase affects respiratory rate. AMP kinase is a metabolic sensor and is activated in response to stretching of the lung alveolar cells and other stressors. During respiration, the lung goes through cycles of expansion and contraction (Budinger et al., 2008). When the alveolar cells stretch during expansion, the 5′ AMP-activated ...
Vestibular Projections
Vestibular projections in the central nervous system consist of vestibular end organs which communicate with the brain stem and the cerebellum via the vestibular branch of the eighth cranial nerve. These nerves are also connected to the auditory fibers. Thus damage caused to these structures can cause both vestibular and auditory disturbances. The vital function of the vestibular system is to coordinate head and eye movements. The ability of the eye to stay focused on an object even while the head is moving is brought about by the vestibular system.
Vestibular Cochlear Nerve
The vestibulo cochlear nerve or the auditory nerve is ...
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ORDER AN ESSAYThe nervous system (NS) denotes a collection of human body organs as well as connections, which have expressly differentiated cells referred as neurons or other specialized biochemicals, tissues, and supportive cells that assist in the normal working of the human body NS (Swanson, 2015). The human nervous system helps in addressing acquisition, processing, understanding, storing, as well as coordinating or transmitting signals in the body. Therefore, many body organs, as well as sensory organs, possess discrete and different roles. The nervous system (NS) can be categorized into two, that is, peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as central nervous ...
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