Essays on Carbonate

Introduction

The cost of manufacturing ammonia using the Haber process plant constitutes the following components: the cost of energy, raw materials, equipment, labor and sparking substances (catalysts). Energy (gas or electricity) costs are incurred to maintain the temperature of the reaction. The Harber process is operated at very high temperatures, and pressures thus higher costs of energy are incurred. Some of the raw materials consumed in the Haber process such as nitrogen and hydrogen are recovered at the end of the process. The recovered materials are recycled back to the system to reduce the cost of raw materials. Starting and ...

Research Question

The effect of increasing the concentration of two reactants, i.e. Calcium Chloride solution and Sodium Carbonate solution, on the percentage yield of Calcium Carbonate is to be studied in this experiment. The efficiency analysis for the production of Calcium Carbonate (also known as chalk) is to be carried out. The dependent variable in this experiment is the percentage yield of Calcium Carbonate, expressed as percentage (%). The independent variable is the concentration of the reactants, i.e. Calcium Chloride solution and Sodium Carbonate solution. The concentrations are expressed in moles/liter or moles/dm3. While the control variable is the mass of the ...

There are three major types of gallstones classified as pure, mixed and combined depending on the composition of the three essential components which are calcium carbonate, bile pigment, and cholesterol. Firstly, the pure class has another set of categories designated as purely cholesterol, pigment or calcium carbonate stones. The pure cholesterol stones are large, oval and mostly radiolucent. Some stones deposit in the macrophages found in the mucosa of the gallbladder resulting in high cholesterol levels. Secondly, mixed gallstones are the most prevalent of the three broad categories, with a prevalence of 80% of all the cases of gallstones. ...

Stone Formation in the Kidney/ Role of Citrate in the Kidneys

Kidney stones are calcified or solidified molecules taking place in the upper urinary tract and the kidney. Kidney stones are usually composed of calcium as oxalate, phosphate, or carbonate. Stone formation in the kidney happens when the amount of mineral salts in the urine becomes saturated, during which the mineral will automatically crystallize (Rao et al., 2011). Stone formation is further facilitated by increasing amount of calcium in urine and dehydration. High levels of calcium in urine can indicate kidney disorder, prolonged incapacitation, hyperthyroidism or overactive thyroid, excessive intake of milk or aluminum and vitamin D. Stone formation in ...

Introduction

Geology is part science which deals with the study of the structure of the earth. Plate tectonic, climate and evolutionary history of humans’ shows the history of the universe and this is attributed to the large amount of geological information on the various processes. Geology also plays a significant role in explaining mineral and hydrocarbon exploitation and exploration, geotechnical engineering and also the natural hazards. Things like rocks and minerals, fossils and lithology encompass geology, and they are present in different parts of the world including Rolla city. Rolla city is known for its many rocks, minerals, and fossils. ...

Introduction

A fossil is any substance that evidences a once-living organism (University of Arizona, 2016). As such, fossils evidence the ancient life forms which inhabited the earth long time ago and were preserved by a natural process. Most of the fossils are found in sedimentary rocks formed from the sediments of rivers, seas, and lakes. Some of these fossils are actual remains of living things such as bones, or events that happened in the past, for instance, the dinosaur footprints. However, it is ordinarily the hard parts of organisms that get preserved under the right conditions and the interaction of ...

Carlsbad Cavern National Park 2

General Information 2 Geology 4 Climate 8 Wildlife and Biodiversity 9 Environmental Issues and Concerns 10 A Day in the Park 10 The 8th wonder of the earth Carlsbad Cavern lies in the heart of the United States of America in New Mexico. The park has an approximate of 118 caves and attracts an estimated number of 500,000 tourists yearly. It lies in the underground world and provides an amazing scenery to any tourist who visits the park. It offers vast subterranean chambers, incredible cave formations, and unique features. Touring the park will require some walking, crawling and ...

Sodium

Sodium is an element found in Group I of periodic table according to WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements (n.p), commonly known as the Alkali metals. It is a metal with silver-white color appearance. It is usually found in many different minerals like cryolite, zeolite and amphibole. The most common mineral where it is found is sodium chloride. Sodium is the sixth abundant element in found in earth’s crust. It has an atomic symbol of Na and an atomic number of 11. The atomic mass is 22.98977 and atomic radius is 186pm. Sodium is a very reactive metal. ...

Research paper about Lithium

Introduction Metal minerals are critical for the economic development and technological advancement. In the world, many minerals play an important part in easing and improving the development of new and advanced materials. Lithium mineral is an example of the mineral found in some various part of the world and is use in multiple applications in industries. This research paper majorly focuses on lithium production and manufacturing. It gives the brief history of mining and production of lithium, the countries, and companies that are well recognized for the mineral production. It also gives the industrial application of lithium. Furthermore, the ...

Is Water Hard or Soft

Standardizing the approximately 0.01M EDTA requires one to pipet 50-mL portions of the Standard (CaCl2) calcium chloride solution to three 250 milliliter volumetric flasks. Afterwards append five droplets of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution, 5-mL of NH3-NH4Cl buffer solution followed by five droplets of magnesium-EDTA convoluted solution. This should then be accompanied by a titration with just about 0.01 molar of the EDTA solution. After doing so, calculate the molarity for EDTA from the data obtained for each titration. Work out the average of these values. Obtain a sample bottle of approximately 500-mL deionized water and pipet three portions of ...

Introduction to environmental studies

Three integrated elements of sustainability The three integrated sustainability elements include the social, environmental and economic elements. They are identified to be interconnected.

What is an example of an initiative or decision that benefits people, the environment, and economic growth?

Some of the core items that are core in the environment include air and water. Careful purification of water and air is an initiative that is a beneficiary to the economic and environmental growth.

Population growth

How many people are currently on the planet? According to United Nations statistics, the world population is approximately 7.04billion What is the single most significant discovery/change in humanity’s way of living on the planet that has sparked the exponential ...

Introduction

Drugs may be categorized through the chemical form of the ingredient which is active or even through the method it is utilized to treat specific conditions. It will as a result be realized that each drug may possibly be categorized into several drug classes. By definition, antacids are actually agents which purely neutralize gastric acid as well as raising the pH of gastric. They are in most cases utilized to treat dyspepsia plus peptic ulcer symptomatic relief. Antacids are in fact a form of medication which can possibly control the levels of acid in stomach. It will be documented that they ...

Engineering

1.0 Dependence of Relative Permeability on Petrophysical Properties

Carbon dioxide (CO2) entering the atmosphere from sources such as power plants, oil exploratory and production sites and traffic pollution from fossil fuel-burning vehicles. CO2 exists in high concentrations in the atmosphere which increases the impact of the greenhouse gas phenomena which makes the global warming problem worse. The relative permeability of soils is linked to finding a solution for removing large concentrations of CO2 by sequestering CO2 in appropriate geological formations. Data from a study by Bennion and Bachu (2005) is available online at the Relative Permeability Explorer. The Explorer is ...

Impact of climatic change on the Great Barrier Reef

Climatic changes refer to lasting and significant changes in the weather patterns characterized by statistical distribution over a period spanning decades or hundred thousands of years. These changes may encompass extreme weather conditions and may happen due to variations in solar radiation reaching earth, biotic processes, volcanic eruptions, melting of the polar caps and plate tectonics. Certain activities undertaken by humans have also been recognized as contributing to negative climatic changes such as global warming. This climate change has threatened earth's ecosystems. The recent harsh change in the climate such as an increase in temperature takes a great toll on the ...

1. How do continents grow and how are they modified Continents arise due to movement of plates causing boundaries within the earth surface. Plates move through the oceanic crust along narrow zones between each other leading to the development of plate-tectonic forces. As a result, this forces leads to development of boundaries between the plates. This plates becomes the continents. Generally, continents arise because of continental drift that forces a single land mass on the earth surface to split and drift hence forming a continent. Their modification arises due to various plate boundaries that develop within the earth surface. These boundaries ...

Causation of Climate Change

The world’s climate system is composed of five elements that include hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, cry sphere, and biosphere. It varies naturally with time and is dependent on the incoming and outgoing energy which determine the optimal balance of the earth’s energy. These determinants constitute factors that cause climate variation that result in either warmer or colder states. This result into a phenomenon referred to as climate change. This is a condition, in which, the earth experiences adjustments in its weather that occurs over a period. This essay provides a detailed analysis of the causes, characteristics, and the impacts of climate change ...

Answers to Objectives

pp. 441. - Chordates- have pharynx which can function as digestive and respiratory. These organism have a notochord and are classified as deuterostomes. Echinoderms have spicules on their skin and they have exoskeletons made of calcium carbonate. - Phylum Chordata- have notochords and tubular dorsal nerve cords. They also have muscular tube obtained from mesoderms. Pharynx walls have gill slits and most of the organimsms have tails. Phylum Echinodermata-organisms that are unsegmented, bilateral in larvae and usually have a radial symmetry in adults. Phylum Hemichordata are also considered as the sisters of echinoderms and most of them have shorter ...

Soft drink manufacturing in the United States (US) is currently wrought with challenges resulting to the decreased sales of soft drinks. Trends among consumers lowering their intake of sugar and calories have primarily contributed to the declining sales of soft drink products. It is also noteworthy to consider the expansion of the beverage market, which has led consumers to veer away from soft drink products by trying out other options. Health risks also became a major concern of consumers against soft drink products, leading soft drink manufacturers in the US towards lower sales figures (Euromonitor International). In response to ...

Caffeine is present in tea leaves and can be readily extracted. This is the producer that was demonstrated in this laboratory experiment. In the laboratory experiment, the teabags were heated to ebullition for five minutes. The ebullition was sequenced by an extraction which applied dichloromethane. All of the washings occurred in a separator funnel. The residual substrate was subsequently evaporated up to the point of where the crude caffeine remained as a residual. Sublimation was applied in order to separate the purified caffeine from the crude caffeine. The mass of the sublimate is was 0.0035g. The percentage yield of the caffeine ...

Tropical coral reefs are deep-sea habitat made of calcium carbonate. Corals secrete the calcium carbonate making most of the coral reefs. They occur in warm tropical waters with bountiful sunlight necessary for their survival. Coral reefs are made up of tiny marine creatures made up of few nutrients. Stony corals consisting of polyps make the basis for most of the coral reefs. Polyps belong to group cnidarians in the animal kingdom. This group of animals also consist the jellyfish and anemones. Different from the sea anemones, coral polyps secrete a hard exoskeleton made up of carbonate offering mechanical support to ...

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2 Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2 In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum chloride is not a ...

Abstract

Bones are formed through a process known as osteogenesis from three different lineages. This process takes place through two different methods, which are intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. A large increment in bone mass takes place in childhood, as well as puberty, through the formation of endochondral bone. At this point, growth hormones are known to play a role. This paper will focus on the process of cartilage and bone formation and the stimulation of bone formation by the growth hormone. There are a number of factors that regulate the formation of bone, while growth hormone affects a number of factors related to ...

Importing and Exporting Operations

Introduction Chilean Trade Company is a startup company operating in the import/export business. The company’s main business specialization is Lithium products trade operation between Chile and US as both of these countries provide high-technology products. The impacts of such trade of operations must be clearly understood. Different methods are considered along with the business set up, organization, and location to come to such a conclusion. The strategic approaches are elaborated and further described so that the document can act in guiding investors, public consumers and the government.

Chilean Trade Company (CTC) is a start-up company located in Hamburg with a ...

(Course/Major) (Professor/Instructor) (Location/Address)

Carbon Capture Technologies

Introduction Aside from oil, coal is regarded as one of the most important fossil fuel resources being utilized in the global energy mix. However, the use of coal in power generation has resulted in serious air pollution around the world. The use of coal has resulted in the release of almost 14 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, with a majority of these pollutants emanating from power generation activities. Carbon dioxide sequestration technologies seek to address the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere that add to the growing problem of ...

History 366

The Cave of Winds Note: In this paper you will read about “Cave of Winds” which is considered one of the most famous places in Nigeria. The paper gives an overall picture of the place. First, the history tells that how it was discovered and visited. While discussing about geopraphical process, the paper highlights the limestone that goes back very nearly 500 million years in which Cave of the Winds was framed. The paper also throws light on a number of rocks found in the Cave of winds.

History; The Cave of Winds

Colorado Springs is famous for its history, yes, additionally for its ...

While constructing a road in southern England, road builders’ retrieved remains of what was later established by archaeologists to be 51 Vikings who were mass buried dating back 1000 AD. Based on the archaeological evidences, it is believed that the Vikings mostly teens in their ealy 20s were beheaded in front of spectators (Quinn 2010). Further reports stated that, they came from Scandinavia with one man travelling from north of the Arctic Circle. Archaeologists believe that these is the biggest mass grave of foreigners ever found in Britain, it is further believed that these Vikings were executed by local Anglo-Saxons ...

Question 1: Echinoderms

Phylum Echinodemata gets the name from the Greek which means spiny skin. Therefore, members of this phylum have spiny skin although others do not have the spiny skin. Echinoderms have radial symmetry meaning they have appendages mostly occurring in a group of five with few in exception. One rare characteristic that occurs in the echinoderms is the water vascular system. This refers to a hydraulic system, usually with sea urchins and the sea stars and used for locomotion, waste transportation, food and respiration. This system comprises of canals that connect tube feet. The movement can be caused by the contraction of ...

The process of weathering deals with the breaking down of minerals, soils and rocks as well as synthetic materials as a result of contact with the atmosphere, biological entities and water. Weathering is slightly different from erosion, because it does not involve movement. Erosion involves the movement of water, wind, snow or other agents across minerals or rocks. Weathering simply takes place “in situ.” There are two significant types of weathering, chemical and physical. Each can involve a biological component, but the difference is that physical weathering has to do with soils and rocks breaking down as a result of directly contacting ...

Introduction

Extraction, crystallization and melting point can be used as methods of separating mixtures. Extraction and melting points are employed on separating liquid-liquid mixtures whereas purification of elements utilizes crystallization as their method of separation with impurities. Separation of mixtures involves the distinction of the constituent elements of the mixture into their constituent elements. Separation of mixtures is based on characteristics of the constituent elements of the mixture. Chemical affinity and density are the most utilized properties in organic compound mixtures.

Discussion

Methods of preparing the substance include the use of extraction from a mixture which is based on the principle of ...

Article Review

New additional clues have been discovered that reignites the proposed relationship between human beings and their closest relatives, the apes (Popular Archaeology 2013). Researchers, Frans de Waal, PhD and Zanna Clay, PhD both from the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center Emory University have postulated the theory supporting the linkage. From their recent study of the bonobo primates in the Democratic Republic of Congo in a sanctuary near Kinshasa, striking similarities between the emotional development of the bonobos and children were observed. From the results of the study, it became evident that the great apes had a ...

Introduction

Carbon dioxide is the main byproduct in a brewery. Accordingly, we have identified source of carbon dioxide, as an exhaust gas produced in a brewery. This report explains how such a source of carbon dioxide can be harnessed for future use.

Air extraction technology to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide

We understand that due to excessive burning of fossil fuels there is abundance or more than expected amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Accordingly, carbon dioxide can be extracted from atmospheric conditions using various technologies. This technology of carbon dioxide capture is a step wise process, which is called air extraction (Zeman and Lackner, 2004). In this technology, the ambient air ...

` The movie outlines the causes of ocean acidification as simple and easy to remedy in the following outline. Ocean acidification occurs because of burning fossil fuels in the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide released from these fuels is dissolved in the ocean water forming carbonic acid. The beginning of the industrial revolution saw an increase in industries burning fossil fuels and subsequently led to an increase of carbon dioxide released into the air. The process involved in the acidification of the ocean is a chemical one where, as carbon dioxide is dissolved in the ocean water, it reacts with the water ...

Natural fractures orientation and density in the Bakken formation, local and regional stresses

Both Induced and natural fracturing occur within the middle Bakken from where most Bakken wells are drilled. The level of thermal maturity, source rock thickness, proximity to source facies and level of hydrocarbon generation can be pointed out as the reason behind the distribution and frequency of horizontal, open fractures in the middle member of the Bakken. The Bakken formation comprises three distinct members, upper and lower Bakken, and middle Bakken member, which is the primary reservoir rock, although the other members also have reservoir potential. Horizontal fracture development in the middle member increases towards the boundaries of ...

- Application Assignment Sustainability, as an important aspect of packaging, is increasingly gaining importance. This is fueled material advances, consumer demand and legislation. The argument that paper-based packaging is the best alternative is not only valid but also necessary. Unlike other packaging material, paper-based packaging uses renewable materials; trees. Unlike other products used for packaging, paper based products are the most recoverable. As such, they can be recycled which enhances the sustainability of using paper-based packaging material. Throughout the life cycle of paper-based packaging products, they are responsible in that even when they are not recovered for ...

Question 1

Drop box is a company dealing with the backup of files and data for companies. It therefore deals with sharing of information and data through networks for the purposes of security. This company has a competitive edge over the others like carbonate and Mozi. Drop box has a higher storage capacity in the account of the customer making them also easy to share files from one account to another while both Mozy and Carbonite have no capability of sharing files. This product is easy to use and it provides search capabilities in full-text. It is also compatible with Macs, Linux and ...

Funding is requested from the National Science Foundation in order to carry out proposed research based on the calorimetric study of enthalpy, Gibb’s energy, and entropy. The technique of calorimetric experimentation has changed a great deal from the early 1960s when studies of the heat ionization of water were conducted. The first adiabatic bomb calorimeters were very simple and controlling the difference in temperature between the inside and outside jackets was hard to control. The difference in temperature needs to be as small as possible, close to an infinitesimal amount. Technology has developed to sophisticated levels. The automatic capabilities ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to assist one to learn how different equipment in the laboratory is being use when carrying out the experiment. It tests the level of accuracy required when using different apparatus for measuring the volume. For very approximate result of volume, a beaker or conical flask is preferred when measuring volumes of liquids.

Accurate methods of measurement

This is done by the use of burette, conical flask and pipette. These measuring apparatus are discussed below. When a much more accurate measurement is required, always measuring cylinders are preferred Measuring cylinders, which are much more accurate than beakers and conical.

Also volumetric pipettes and volumetric flask the mostly used apparatus used when measuring accurate volume.

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1. Which of the following is an antidote for benzodiazepine overdose or toxicity?a. Buspirone (BuSpar)b. Hydroxyzine (Visteril)c. Flumazenil (Romazicon)d. Naloxone (Narcan)There is one other drug overdose antidote in the above list. Name the drug and its mechanism of action. Flumazenil (Romazicon®) is another drug given to reverse the depressant effects of benzodiazepine and thus useful for overdose treatment. It acts as a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepines, having high affinity to GABAA receptors, which is the BZD binding site. This allows it to specifically target benzodiazepine and drugs with similar MOA such as zolpidem, but not other ...

Geographic Soil Study of Boulder County Area in Colorado

The area of interest for the study of this case is the Boulder County Area in the state of Colorado. It is located on the north-central part of Colorado. It is approximately 241,920 acres of land which lies on the eastern part of the Boulder County (Moreland & Moreland, 2008). This part of the survey consists of rolling plains as well as valleys, and the larger section of the acreage is an irrigated cropland. Boulder County is numbered as second in dairy operations in the state of Colorado. On the other hand, the western part of the boulder ...

Many scientists argue that oceanic acidification, which is said to arise from dissolving of artificial carbon dioxide emissions, has serious impacts to both the land and sea life. Besides, scientists equate oceanic acidification to the evils of global warming. However, in this essay, we argue that oceanic acidification does not pose much threat to either land or sea life, and it should not be such a significant environmental concern. Oceanic acidification, from artificial carbon dioxide emissions, is said to cause a decrease in PH level of the ocean, thus interfering with marine life. However, I refute this point because a decrease ...