Essays on Catalysts

Introduction

The cost of manufacturing ammonia using the Haber process plant constitutes the following components: the cost of energy, raw materials, equipment, labor and sparking substances (catalysts). Energy (gas or electricity) costs are incurred to maintain the temperature of the reaction. The Harber process is operated at very high temperatures, and pressures thus higher costs of energy are incurred. Some of the raw materials consumed in the Haber process such as nitrogen and hydrogen are recovered at the end of the process. The recovered materials are recycled back to the system to reduce the cost of raw materials. Starting and ...

Introduction

Management accounting (MA) involves collection and dissemination of accounting information for purposes of decision making. Over the recent past, management accounting has experienced significant changes, an aspect that is explained by different scholars (Sven, 2007, p. 336). The topic has attracted different concerns from various stakeholders, linking recent changes to globalization and changes experienced in the organizational settings. The concept of MA is understood to have significant impacts on organizational management as it is used in making strategic decisions (Arroyo, 2015, p. 287). This paper evaluates various theories explaining factors influencing change in management accounting. To achieve study objective, ...

There are many sorts of crimes that are plagues on societies around the world. However, some are more prominent than others. Indeed, there is rape, murder and drugs. The latter, along with two crime types that often accompany drug use or dealing on more than one level, shall be the focus of this brief report. Specifically, there will be a review of peer-reviewed journal articles that pertain to illegal drug use, prostitution and money laundering. The first two often feed to the other in that the money garnered from the illegal activities has to be “cleaned” so as to ...

Abstract

When the topic of social workers is brought up, three major issues come to mind. The first is the bravery of social workers, especially those who work with children. There are those social workers who have risked life and limb to rescue children who are abused even by their own parents. There are stories of children who have been rescued from abusive parents by brave social workers who are trained to recognize abuse even if the children are too scared to report it. Social workers are also catalysts for change. They not only help their cases endure their current ...

Introduction

Waste is generated as a result of a lot of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Dumping it at some appropriate place is one option. However, ecological effects of throwing away waste products are becoming a serious concern these days. In order to minimize waste, the best strategy is to transform it into valuable products . Plenty of research studies have been carried out to utilize waste effectively. The aim of this report is analysis of the proposed methods for the utilization of common forms of wastes for useful purposes. We also recommend better alternatives to help create a lesser negative ...

Post Crisis Change Management in Business Organizations

Business Organizations are often confronted by situations which induce their owners to re- examine their policies and processes. These situations are termed as crisis and needs reformulation of organizational processes, in absence of which the existence of the organization may be threatened. These situations may erupt from failure to anticipate the internal and external consequences from economic, political, ethical and technological changes related to organizational activities. Even if they are anticipated, crisis may not be altogether averted; only it helps in formulating contingency plans that are used to address post crisis situation and calls for initiating changes in the ...

TerraCop Case

Communication is one of the key tools in business and planning. If communication lacks between employees, departments, and partners business transactions will face a significant amount of challenges that can limit if not diminish the success of an organization. TerraCog has been in operation and business since 1977. From the time the organization, begin to the present there has been an immense amount of success in the fish and gaming industry because of the unique and usable products TerraCog has been an innovative and strong competitor that slowly introduces new products to underserved markets. One of the products that ...

Fuel Cell Technologies in Passenger Cars

Fuel Cell Technology The last decade is characterized by the rapid development of research activity in the field of fuel cells, thus, creating the conditions for their uptake in electric systems. The basic fuel cells’ operating principle has been known for 150 years. However, a variety of technical and financial problems had kept them on the margins of technological applications (Brandon & Hart, 1999). The basic difference between a fuel cell and batteries is that while batteries store energy, fuel cells directly convert a fuel’s chemical energy into electricity by an electrochemical reaction (i.e. Without requiring combustion or movement ...

Abstract

The discussion on the shift of power from the marketers and brands to the consumers can be proven with the varied usage dimensions of consumer power tools like ad-block apps. Particularly, this enables the consumers to remove the ads from their web pages. As such, the internet users enjoy fast online page loading and lower data costs. Many factors have contributed to increase use of ad-block apps. It is also clear that the availability of the ad-block apps on iPhones has led to wide use of blocker programs. This has given consumers the power to disturb the marketing ability ...

Lignin Chemistry

Lignin History Lignin is a plant-derived biopolymer with several applications. It is considered an effective alternative to chemically synthesized plastics that pose serious environmental problems during manufacture and disposal. Lignin is often obtained as a byproduct in paper and pulp manufacture. Lignin has to be dissolved to obtain cellulose from wood. In 1838, Anselme Payen discovered that wood contained cellulose, and oxidizable coatings (later called lignin) that bind the cellulose together (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). This coating material could be removed from wood after acid treatment and washing with an aqueous alkali solution (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). Later, several ...

Abstract

In this experiment, benzene was treated with hydrogen in the presence of Pt/SiO2 as an example that can be applied on industrial operations to show that the most recently modernized methods of neutron total scattering that cover a wide Q-range allow the use of appropriate catalytic chemistry that can be measured on time domain to probe directly on site the hydrogenation of benzene within the catalyst pore. Based on this method, it is possible to study the rates of reaction on length scales that can provide measurements equivalent to the size of an atom or a nanometre. Furthermore, the ...

Introduction

The conversion of gas into liquid fuels is an innovative technology that is well-known to many people. This technique is so promising and enhancing new options for environmentally friendly manufacturing of fuels and chemicals as well as other natural gases. Looking into the large natural gas and coal reserves and deteriorating petroleum reserves all over the world, it is anticipated to play an important role in the future. Cobalt-based chemical agents are the ideal catalysts for hydrogen synthesis since they have a high FTS functionality, discernment for long-chain paraffin as well as a low process for the water-gas change ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Iran Revolution of 1979

Abstract The Iranian Revolution of 1979 involved the popular uprising in Iran against the regime of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. This paper examines many of the leading explanations for the uprising, including the rise of militant Islam, structural weaknesses of the Shah regime, the coalition of three important social groups (e.g. woman, youth, and the intelligentsia), the composition of the reform movement, and the effect of the Shah’s policies of accommodation and repression, to name a few. This paper also draws on leading theories in social movement theory, contemporary field work involving discussions with the Mullahs and their ...

- Describe two features that make all enzymes catalysts.

Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reaction between substances and remain unchanged in the reaction. Enzymes are vital to several bodily functions and make possible such processes like metabolism and catabolism. Two features that make enzymes catalysts is their ability to lower the activation energy and their inherent tendency to combine with coenzymes and cofactors. Activation energy is the minimum energy required to activate the molecules of reactants in order to initiate a chemical reaction. Some substrates have high activation energies that would need very high temperatures to activate ...

Living organisms depend on biochemistry to power various chemical reaction cycles which are important for the overall biological functioning of an organism. Chemical reactions occur at a specific rate in certain conditions and require input energy (activation energy) to be supplied before a reaction can begin. Since a reaction cycle consist of many consecutive step, slowing one step slows down the whole cycle. Enzymes are proteins which act as catalysts in biochemical reactions and speeds up reactions to rates that are high enough for biological functioning. Enzymes manage this by providing an alternative reaction route with lower activation energy.

The breakdown of ...

Enzymes as Catalysts

All known enzymes are catalysts. Enzymes have a number of properties that make them catalysts. To begin with, enzymes accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up them or altered by the reaction (Luciano, 1983).similarly; enzymes accelerate rates of chemical reactions without changing the equilibrium between the products and reactants of the reaction.

Metabolism of Fructose in the Liver

Once fructose is absorbed, it is rapidly taken up by the liver by glucose transporter, GLUT2(Bozzetti,2006).The fructose in the liver is rapidly metabolized by the enzyme fructokinase into fructose -1-phosphate.Aldolase B enzyme acts on the substrate fructose -1-phosphate.The enzyme metabolizes fructose-1-phosphate ...

The landscape of current markets has changed considerably. Globalization forced business organizations to cast their eyes beyond the national borders in order to protect their local markets by fighting competitors, which may later invade their current markets, offshore. As competition moves offshore, value chain are setup for self-fragmentation due to outsourcing and collaborative associations; knowledge became increasingly indispensable; heightened demands for better products and services; to name but a few (De Meyer, 2011). Consequently, participative leadership no longer meets the demand of global leadership. A more expansive style of leadership is necessary. Collaborative leadership fits the bill. This essay ...

Abstract

Recently, attention has been diverted to clean, alternative and renewable technologies due to the depletion of petroleum resources and increase of the green house gases from the combustion of fuel resources. Fuel cell is the fore-runner of these technologies and has received immense impetus due to its relatively clean source of energy. Fuel-cells are devices that produce electrical energy from chemical transformation reactions. Electrodes are placed within an electrolyte medium that facilitates oxidation of fuel. In these electrochemical reactions, ions are generated that generate electricity. This electrical energy can be effectively harnessed to carry out a myriad of functions. Since ...

Abstract

Enzymes are the large biological molecules that play the role of metabolic processes responsible for maintaining the human life. They have the ability of high selectivity, as natural catalysts. They accelerate both the specifity and rate of metabolic processes, from food digestion and DNA synthesis. Most scientific enzymes are proteins in nature, even though some RNA molecules which are catalytic have been studied. The structures of enzymes normally adopt a three dimensional structure, and in order to assists in catalysis, it may employ the organic and inorganic forms. This experiment is meant to describe the properties and characteristics of enzymes ...

Film Studies: Hong Kong Cinema

Common themes in Hong Kong films include those that relate to human beings’ dreams, their journey, and their identity. Characters in some of the films we covered have certain dreams, often unattainable, and their stories revolve around their journey towards these dreams. Identity is also a prevalent theme in Hong Kong cinema, in terms of desired changes, lack of changes, or the transition of characters’ lives that influence or shape their identity. The succeeding discussion focuses on three Hong Kong films that explore characters’ dreams, journey, and identities particularly within the context of common themes such as love. In ...

Part A

How Enzymes Act As Protein Catalysts in Biochemical Processes Catalysis refers to the speeding up of a chemical reaction by a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but does not undergo a permanent chemical change in the process. Enzymes are catalysts whose building blocks are amino acids: they are proteins. Enzymes also exhibit a defined three-dimensional structure. In addition, they have a cleft on their surface called active site. The active site is the region where substrate interactions take place. Enzymes play important roles in fructose metabolism. The first step of fructose metabolism in the liver is the phosphorylation of ...

Ei-ichi Negeshi is a Nobel Prize winner in Organic Chemistry in 2010 for palladium catalyzed cross couplings in organic chemistry. The Nobel Prize for Organic Chemistry that he won is being shared to his other colleagues Richard Heck and Akira Suziki. Ei-ichi Negeshi is a Japanese citizen that was born in China. They transferred to Seoul, North Korea and experienced most of his childhood days in Korea then later they transferred to Japan Accordingly, Negeshi’s motivation in developing his self-discipline as a student happened when he experienced being in the123rd place in their classroom. He then realized that, if he ...

Introduction

Alternative renewable energy continues to grow popularity because of the upsetting climate change caused by greenhouse gases, exhaustion of non-renewable energy resources and rising global demand for energy. Renewable resources of electricity production are vital progress and are fundamentally motivated by cost. Solar energy is clean and profuse that is why it is the best among the available substitutes. The modern solid-state photovoltaic (PV) technology began in 1954 upon the discovery of silicon (Si) diodes photovoltaic effect . Crystalline Si and a wide range of thin film solar cells, which are inorganic, are the prevailing photovoltaic technologies employed nowadays . ...

The market for banks is fast changing with new product, new markets and new players. Not only are these, but also the ways previously consumers and banks interacted changing. It is hard to say how much more change are we going to see in the banking industry. What we can say is that only unchangeable element in the banking industry. Other factors, people, things, interactions and relationships are changing. Denecker et. al (2014) states in his article that banks are constantly changing as a result of new technology. New technology is making old process obsolete and slow and, therefore, ...

The ubiquitous climate change and the attendant consequences in the forms of flash floods, earthquakes, tsunamis etc has further intensified efforts at seeking alternative sources of energy to the currently used fossil fuels that contribute so much to the deterioration of the environment and the menace of climate change. The alternative forms of energy, termed green energy are renewable sources of energy e.g. solar energy. Theses green sources of energy do not contribute to the deterioration of the environment. The industrial production of hydrogen gas H2 is dependent on heavy use of fossil fuel-generated electricity to power the process ...

Abstract

Enzymes are biological catalysts and work by speeding up the rate of chemical reactions. The factors that affect enzyme activity include enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and the substrate concentration. This experiment aimed to determine the effect of lemon juice, which is acidic on the activity of catechol oxidase enzyme. According to the results, high acidity inactivates the catechol oxidase enzyme. The optimum pH level for catechol oxidase enzyme can, therefore, be said to be pH 6.

Introduction

Enzymes are biological catalysts and work by speeding up the rate of chemical reactions. The enzymes achieve this by reducing the amount of ...

Bio fuel cells utilize biocatalysts for the conversion of chemical energy stored in glucose into electrical energy. Bio-catalyzed oxidation of glucose or other organic substances at two electrode interfaces provides a means for conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. The obtainable power of a fuel cell (P cell) is the product of cell voltage (V cell) and the cell current (I cell)

The ideal voltage id affected by the difference in potential of the oxidizer and fuel as represented in the equation

(E◦1ox - E◦1fuel), with irreversible losses in voltage caused by kinetic limitations of electron movement, (η). Resistance and differences in concentration gradients of the energy source lead to decreased voltage values. As represented below P cell = ...

A1. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical processes (e.g., fructose metabolism, glycolysis); A2. Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance; A4. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by aldolase B during the breakdown of fructose; A5. Explain the role of aldolase B in the breakdown of fructose by discussing the products of the reaction. Enzymes are proteins that work as catalysts in reactions. A catalyst is something that is neither created nor destroyed during a reaction. Instead, an enzyme is shaped such that when the substrate reacts with the enzyme the ...

Answer 1

An organization is a social entity with different people that managed and structured to meet an objective or aim at a particular goal. All organizations have different administrative structures that give different roles to different departments within the organization. It has the duty to assign roles, subdivide responsibility to the members and authority to undertake various tasks. Organization are termed as open system, they are affected and affect by the environment in which it operates (Argyris and Schon, 1978). Organizational development can be as improving a business performance and the development of individual staff members. Each organization can be looked at ...

In the healthcare perspective, according to Gennaro et al. (2000), biochemical reactions are the chemical reactions involved in biochemical and cellular processes and particular actions of substances that affect these processes. Understanding biochemical reactions lead to the “understanding of the molecular bases of diseases”. The knowledge of receptor sites and metabolism (among other things) direct healthcare measures in efficient therapy management. Knowing normal cellular communication and metabolic pattern chemical reactions determine conditions that are abnormal in disease states. To Giese (2013), the scope of pharmaceutical reactions involve those of pharmaceutical biomolecules and biomolecule analogues and the chemical reactions involving ...

Physical property of a substance is that property which can only be observed but cannot be changed. They include color, volume and weight. On the other hand, a chemical property is that property of a substance which can only be observed through changing the chemical composition of the substance.

Difference between physical and chemical reactions

A physical reaction does not evolve a new matter. A chemical reaction on the other hand produces a new substance.

How different an element is from a compound

An element is a pure chemical material composed of the same type of atom. A compound on the other hand is entailed of atoms of unlike elements that are chemically combined together. Elements in the ...

Introduction

One of the classes of chemical complexes whose coordination chemistry has generated a lot of interest is the bidentate phosphines. This can be attributed to the fact that this class of ligands facilitates the combination of phosphorus atoms that have strong metal bonds with atoms from donor groups that are more labile in nature. Examples include Nitrogen atom from the aminophosphines donor group or an Oxygen atom from etherphosphines. This is unlike hard donors that are weak and basic like MeOH and H2O that do not have good binding with transitional metals including Rhenium. Due to this fact, complexes formed from ...

NITROGEN AND COPPER DOPED SOLAR LIGHT ACTIVE TIO2 PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER DECONTAMINATION

Abstract: A new category of photocatalytic coating that can degrade chemical as well as bacterial contaminants under visible sunlight wavelengths was generated by the deposition of a stable photocatalytic TiO2 film over the internal lumen of glass bottles by means of a sol–gel technique. Such a coating was produced either in doped or undoped form. This coating used copper and/ or nitrogen for producing visible light-active TiO2 films that were normalized or annealed at 600 ◦C and were characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation of methylene blue was seen to accelerate with doped and undoped TiO2 films ...

Organizational change refers to any alterations to an organization’s labor force (people’s attitudes, behaviors, expectations and perceptions), structure (authority relationships, job descriptions and coordination strategies) or technological state (in terms of work methods, processes and equipment used). Such changes are inevitable as organizations are prone to various forces, in both the internal and external environment. These forces influence the needs of the organization to change and evolve into a better, more sustainable and profitable company. External forces include competition from other organizations, government laws and regulations and technological advancements while internal forces are accounted for by employee attitudes ...

1. ABSRACT

The purpose of this experiment was two-fold. Firstly it was to synthesize shape-controllable Copper Oxide (Cu2O) under alkaline conditions by using hydrothermal methodology. Secondly it was to measure and evaluate its application for photocatalytic degradation of direct blue dye 53 also commonly known as Direct Blue 53 or Evans Blue. Materials used for the first step were Cu2O and the two reactants, CuCl2.2H2O and NaOH. The temperature during the hydrothermal process was raised from 80°C to 140°C. Two products were synthesized: a) the Cu2O nanorod and b) a mixture of Cu2O nanorod and Cu2O nanocubes.

Hydrothermal temperature was found to ...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass. Non-fossil wastes that are ...

A biofuel is made from a biological process known as carbon fixation. These biofuels are gotten from the conversion of biomass, solid biomass, liquid fuels as well as biogases. The biofuels are continued to be known because of the high prices of fossil fuels and also for the purposes of ensuring fuel security in various countries. (Caye, D. & Terry W.2008). The biofuels are produced from two distinct ways; that is through metabolic by-products or from living organisms. Examples of biofuels include; bioethanol which is an alcohol made from fermentation process. Another example of biofuels is biodiesel which is made from ...

Introduction

Waste biomass is usually in the form of manure, agricultural residues, municipal sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and industrial bio-sludge which can be converted to animal feeds, alcohol fuels or industrial chemicals. There are various processes which are employed to convert this waste into the respective useful end products rather than being dumped away. The complexity of these processes depends on the kind of technologies being used. Conversions of waste biomass into renewable energy forms play a major role in reducing the dependence on crude oil and thus promote economic growth. The process of waste biomass conversion to useful products ...

Introduction

An eEnzyme is kind of a protein and, like all proteins, proton is composed of a chain (or chains) made up of the 20 different amino acids found in most living organisms. The sequence of the amino acid chain(s) determines the 3-D shape of the protein, and its shape to a great extent determines its properties. and it has a 3-D shape. Enzymes act in aqueous solutions to facilitate used in biochemical reactions by lowering the energy barrier, but they are not themselves changed or consumed by the reaction. This is referred to as catalysis, and enzymes are biological catalysts. to make ...

Abstract

The experiment conducted is a palladium catalyzed coupling of a terminal alkyne to 4-Iodonitrobenzene. 1.25 mL of 95% ethanol was added along with 93mg of 4-Iodonitrobenzene, 80mg piperazine hexahydrate and 4 mg CuI, in a 5mL clean and dry conical vial plus spinvane. 80 µL (density 0.898 g/mL) of tetrahydro-2-(2-propynyloxy)-2H-pyran was added to the solution through an automatic pipette. To this add 3 mg of Pd(OAc)2, refluxed and stirred under a water cooled condenser for half an hour until it turned dark brown. The reaction mixture was then poured into a clean and dry evaporating dish and heated gently with a ...