Essays on Chlorine

Part A

Process, SEQ Water (2016) The flash tank: The water from the river flows to the flash mixer where it is mixed with caustic soda and alum chemicals. The rate of chemical used depends on some sediments and wastes contained in the water. Flocculation chamber: In the flocculation chamber, smaller chemical particles undergo a gentle mixing process allowing them to mix and form large particles known as floccules made up of clay and silt. Floccules enter the sedimentation tank and settle at the bottom of the tank where they are separated and pumped out of the sedimentation tank through a ...

Introduction

First, they suspected the food prepared for the birthday party to be the cause of the outbreak. It turned out that it was a waterborne disease, a norovirus. Waterborne disease can easily affect children who come in contact with the contaminated water. The swim club manager seemed not very much cooperative during the initial outbreak; but the VHD investigators needed the cooperation of the swim club manager in identifying the real cause of the outbreak. Later, the manager told them that other persons not invited to the February 1 birthday party (members of an infant-mother swim class) got sick ...

Norovirus in Vermont

On the 3rd of February 2004, the Vermont Department of Health (VDH) was advised of a few people who had severe gastroenteritis in the wake of going to a private indoor swimming facility over the previous weekend (Podewils et al. 2007, p. 827). Reported side effects were intense onset retching, looseness of the bowels, and sickness and by and large happened inside 12–36 h of going to the office and kept going up to 2 days (Hall et al. 2011). A far-reaching investigation and assessment of the pools and pool support frameworks were led by the Vermont Department ...

Question 1

It is evident that particulate matter is becoming increasingly concentrated in Asia as reported by WHO. Power plants, dust storms, fossil fuels burning in vehicles as well as various industrial facilities result in highly significant amounts of particulates in the Asian continent. People in countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Nepal are prone to and in most cases suffer from aggravating respiratory and heart diseases such as emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma. Bronchitis, characterized by coughing up of dry mucus which is sometimes colored, is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes that carry air to the ...

Lab 2 – Water Quality and Contamination

Abstract In this lab, the water quality, contamination, and treatment were investigated. The ability of contaminants (oil, vinegar, and laundry detergent) to remain in the water after passing through the ground was examined. Also, the simple filtering procedure was assessed for its effectivity in purifying water contaminated with soil. The quality of tap water, Fiji, and Dasani bottled waters by the content of ammonia, chlorides, iron, phosphates, total alkalinity, total chlorine, total hardness, and pH was analyzed and compared. All of the studied contaminants proved to remain in the volume of water after passing through the soil; the proposed ...

The periodic table of elements, by far, stands among the most notable discoveries in the history of chemistry. Nowadays, probably everyone who has ever heard about chemistry heard about the periodic table of elements. Its implications on the scientific world are so enormous that it has even leaked out to the general public and have become associated with the chemistry itself. This is not surprising considering the scientific strength of this instrument. Using the periodic table, many characteristic properties of the elements can be predicted and many phenomena can be explained. This discovery put so much scientific knowledge together, ...

Chlorine is the most common and effective disinfectant at the moment is. Among the chlorine-free water purification methods, ultraviolet radiation, the copper and silver ions, ozonation, the use of preparations of the active oxygen of the organic polymer are widespread. In some cases a combination of above mentioned methods is the most effective. Nowadays, new technologies allow to use following methods for water perification. UV-radiation of a certain wavelength and intensity, when exposed for some time to microorganisms, damages their DNA, making them incapable of reproduction. This principle is based on UV disinfection, it kills even those bacteria which ...

Introduction

In 2014 Flint Michigan found itself captured in the national headlines after high levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) and lead concentrations were found in the water system. This was after a terrible decision was made by the Flint Michigan city council of switching the water supply from a Detroit plant treated water system to the local Flint River water supply. The decision was made because the city council officials believed that the new proposed water system would assist in saving a lot of money little did they know that they would cause a significant problem to the society. Soon after ...

Background information

The need for clean water for use by humanity has since time immemorial been an area of concern with scientists and scholars inventing methods that prove to be more efficient than their predecessors. The ultimate goal has always been the removal of undesirable chemicals and pathogens that would, however, render the water unfit for human and industrial consumption. In today’s contemporary society, human activity has culminated into pollution of the natural environment including water catchment areas. This has therefore made water unfit for consumption thereby prompting for more cost-effective and efficient methods for purification of this natural resource. ...

Sodium

Sodium is an element found in Group I of periodic table according to WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements (n.p), commonly known as the Alkali metals. It is a metal with silver-white color appearance. It is usually found in many different minerals like cryolite, zeolite and amphibole. The most common mineral where it is found is sodium chloride. Sodium is the sixth abundant element in found in earth’s crust. It has an atomic symbol of Na and an atomic number of 11. The atomic mass is 22.98977 and atomic radius is 186pm. Sodium is a very reactive metal. ...

Ebola is one of the most devastating global health epidemics. It is a highly communicable disease and leads to fatal death if left untreated or poorly managed ("60 Minutes - The Ebola Hot Zone"). Considering that Ebola has an equal adverse effect on healthcare workers as their patients, this policy seeks to address the use of Personal Protective Equipment and Chlorine Disinfectants of the Ebola Treatment United. The units are special centers that have been established to specifically address an Ebola outbreak ("60 Minutes - The Ebola Hot Zone"). Taking these issues into consideration all employees in the Ebola ...

Chlorine is used in water treatment to reduce or eradicate microorganisms, for instance, bacteria or viruses found in water (EPA, 2011). The use of chlorine for the treatment of drinking water has significantly reduced the risks or exposures to water-borne infections or diseases. Besides, the supplies of safe or treated drinking water are paramount for the health as well as the general well-being of the public. Untreated water sources, for example, streams, boreholes, dams, wells, or rain water can harbor certain harmful or dangerous microorganisms, which when consumed may cause serious infections such as cholera, dysentery, or typhoid, as ...

Introduction:

Corrosion refers to the partial and gradual dissolution of materials used in water treatment and supply systems, pumps, pipes, tanks and valves. In most circumstances, almost all water is corrosive and this may lead to structural failure, water leaks, capacity losses and deterioration of the microbial and chemical water quality (WHO 2011). The pipes used in water distribution are made of different materials such as plastic, metals (galvanized steel, copper, lead and iron), and even concrete. Pipes made from concrete and plastic tend to be corrosion resistant. In piping systems, however, there are several water quality factors working singly ...