Essays on Coil

Horse-run carts portrayed the streetscape right up until the commencement of the previous century, but the arrival of the vehicle, which Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler created separately of one another in the year 1886, instituted a totally fresh combination of needs as compared to those connected with horse-run carts – particularly where the suspension was a concern: it was essential to handle superior pace, without jeopardizing road travelers. Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler assumed dissimilar approaches to this issue: while Benz chose the cycle as the initiating point for his Copyright Motor Car and employed a navigating head plus ...

Thesis

Improved Detection and Characterization of Obscured Central Gland Tumors of the Prostate:

requirementsRequirements for the degree of

2016

©2016 by All rights reserved Approved by First Reader Boris Nicolas Bloch, M.D.

Associate Professor of Radiology and

Director of Bioimaging Science Second Reader Kevin Thomas, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Bioimaging and Health Emergency

DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to my patient spouse Landry, my wonderful children Charlie and Phoenix, and my dog Armani. (Delete this page if you don't need it. Be sure to delete all the text on the page, and the page break after it, not the section break before it. To see the section and page breaks, ...

Chapter I: Introduction

In the United States, Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy after lung cancer in men with an incident of 126 per 100,000 people. The American Cancer Society (ACS) reported that the number of new cases of men diagnosed with PCa by 2016 will be an approximately 180,890 cases. PCa is still considered as the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Also, the ACS added that the estimation for death will occur from PCa is 26,120 deaths in 2016. Today, many studies stated that mortality rate is gradually decreasing compared with the ...

Electromagnetic induction can be defined as the production of electromotive voltage or force across an electrical conductor when it dynamically interacts with a magnetic field. There are numerous uses of electromagnetic induction, for example, in electromagnetic elements such as transformers and inductors, electric motors, generators, and transcranial magnetic stimulators.

Applications of Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction is an extremely useful phenomenon with various applications. It’s applied in the creation of eddy currents, which are swirling currents set up in conductors in response to changing magnetic fields. Electrons in the field swirl in a perpendicular plane to the magnetic field causing loss or transformation ...

Introduction

Taking measurements may require the conversion of the measured quantity to electrical quantity. Transducers are devices or elements that perform this function by transforming physical quantities such as quantities like sound, light, or temperature into electrical signals like current, voltage, or capacity. Transducers consist of inputs, sensing elements, transduction elements, signal processing, and electrical outputs. The inputs known as the measurands are the quantities, states, or properties that are to be translated into electrical outputs. The sensing elements accurately measure these input energies and sends the information to the transduction elements to be transformed into the desired form. The ...

Abstract

DC motors are employed and used in various applications to perform various tasks which require the conversion of electric current to mechanical motions. In most cases, DC motors are used as actuators to convert the electric current from the output of a control system to a mechanical motion for a present function. This experiment employed the use of simple and easily available materials to construct a simple homemade DC motor. The project used basic components such as coil of wire, permanent magnet and simple dc battery to construct a simple device which demonstrated the operation of a simple DC ...

Sound, Waves and Electricity

Question 1 A. As a sound wave through a uniform medium, the wave will experience a gradual reduction in its 1. Power As a sound wave travels through a uniform medium, the amount of energy transmitted into the medium gradually diminishes. This energy which is also the power of the sound wave too diminishes gradually because amplitude in a sound wave is a maximum which diminishes gradually. The speed and frequency of a sound wave travelling through a uniform medium remains constant as the speed and frequency of sound waves are determined by the properties of the medium and ...

Abstract

This paper analyzes the importance of generator synchronization to the power grid, the required conditions to perform this procedure and the consequences of imprecise synchronization. For a generator to be synchronized to a grid, the voltage magnitude, frequency, phase sequence and phase angle must match. Manual synchronization depends on an operator to modify generator voltage and frequency, confirm phase sequences of generator and grid, and monitor phase angle difference to timely initiate breaker closure. Automatic synchronizers perform all these function through a computerized system that consists of complex algorithms and control systems, and are categorized in phase lock type ...

Brief summary

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is considered to be a health problem because of the millions of people who are using it worldwide. The article states that excessive cocaine use will cause changes in the prefrontal Cortes (PFC) (Terraneo, p.37). The reason for this is because PFC plays a significant role in the addictive cycle such as the inhibitory control, reinforcement learning as well as cravings. Many types of research that have been conducted show that the loss of inhibitory control is brought on by drug behaviors. The article looks at the animal studies that have been carried out in ...

Given the recent request to assist a local chemical manufacturer with OSHA compliance, one of the major issues to tackle will be whether the company is required to comply with OSHA Methylene Chloride standard. The company uses Methylene Chloride (MC) chemical to manufacture a special paint stripper for the Department of Defense (DOD). Methylene Chloride is a colorless, volatile solvent, with a chloroform-like odor. Exposure to this chemical increases the risk of developing cancer, and diseases of the liver, heart and CNS (central nervous system). Exposure occurs via inhalation, and direct contact and absorption through the skin. The immediate ...

This video highlights the development of theory of interaction of electricity with magnetism. A number of scientists were involved in understanding, interpreting and validating electromagnetism with simple experiments involving current and magnetic elements. During September 1820, Ampere investigated magnetic effects of repulsion/attraction between like/unlike poles. He developed theory of electro-dynamics related to magnetism as interaction of current elements. Laplace was skeptical of his ideas while some other scientists like Fernel started thinking on converse patterns. Some other scientists like Jean Fernel focused on theory of production of electricity by magnetism and production of currents in conducting metals. Jean Fernel ...

Abstract

This article discusses a variety of methods which are used in the day to day measurements that are taken in the field of engineering. This is important in familiarizing the engineers with the respective methods, which are unavoidable in the design of any component that requires utter precision. Therefore, this discussion promotes quality in engineering products by advocating for accuracy through precision in measurements.

Introduction

Measurement is the length, amount or size of something, as determined by taking the measure of the respective part or object (Diley & McConnell). It is enabled by the laws of physics which make certain materials ...

Purpose

The engineering systems often require control and maintenance. Therefore, the role of the electrical engineer cannot be underestimated. A qualified engineer has to possess knowledge of the electrical equipment operation, repair and facilitation, as well as perfect understanding of physics beyond the practical process. The report presents the description and functioning details of the relay systems and aims to assist an HR representative with non-engineering background in assessing the qualification of the candidates. The interview questions are included in the end of the report.

Discussion

A relay is an electrical switch that allows automatically turn on or off the equipment ...

Dept. Of Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept. Of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Abstract

Mobile phones have become part of our daily lives with continued technological advancement geared towards designing them to mimic computers (Suh, Lee, & Vu, 2014). This has created increased functionality in most of the mobile phones leading to increased power usage. The current mobile phones as well as the next generation mobile phones now require more energy in order to fully support their increased functionality for reasonable periods. Moreover, the research into long-life batteries seems to have reached its limits (Maeght et al, 2013). This therefore presents the need to ...

Business Memo on Wireless Mobile Phone Charging

Abstract This memo analyzes how to achieve a wireless charging system for mobile phones. The goal on wireless charging system is to achieve more convenience in the use of mobile phones. Previous literature concurs that it is possible to achieve a wireless mobile phone charging system. The system works with the electrical principle of mutual inductance to transfer current from the source to the mobile device.

As the use of mobile phones is becoming more popular, people are beginning to worry about the convenience of using such deviances. From the technological front, the use of mobile phones has been ...

Introduction:

In a typical hydroelectric power generation system, a dam (water reservoir) is built near water body such as a river to create head (height) that enables water to flow at high pressure via a pipe (penstock) to the turbines that drive the power generators. The fast moving water turns the turbine blades at high velocity, and in turn, the turbine turns the electricity generator’s rotor. The wire coils in the generator’s rotor sweep past the stationary coil (stator) in the generator thus producing electricity. This concept was first demonstrated in 1831 by Michael Faraday, who discovered that ...

Introduction

Contactless payment systems have evolved into a popular method of payment across the United Kingdom and internationally (CPSS 2012). Many merchants, including ExxonMobil, McDonald’s, Burger King, AMT Coffee, Tesco, Subway and other notable members of the hospitality, production, energy and other industries accept this form of payment (Anderson 2015). The most influential members of the international financial community, including MasterCard, Citibank, American Express, JPMorgan Chase, Barclays Bank, Visa and other institutions, involved in banking and financial sector, power the system (Dapp 2012; Chaudhyry 2012). The commentators anticipate that by 2020 every third transaction online and offline will be ...

Introduction

Air Conditioning is perhaps one of the most wonderful scientific inventions that provided relief to the people living in a hot climate. What started as a device for cooling homes was later extended to vehicles that have a closed structure. For a layman, it appears that an air conditioner cools the air. However, scientifically speaking, the air conditioner provides cooling by transferring heat from the air inside the thermally insulated place to the air present outdoor by the medium of “refrigerant”. The phenomenon of heat transfer involves three physical processes: evaporation, compression, and condensation (“How Does an Air Conditioner Work?”). Firstly, ...

Velocity Sensors

Sensors are devices which detect variations in a physical incitement and turn it into a signal which can then be measured and recorded. Sensors transform several types of energy in different forms such as radiant energy, movement, thermal energy, magnetic energy and electrical signals. In addition, sensors come in different types that are very useful for different specific functions. The first sensor, thermostat was released in market in the year 1883 which was then considered as the first ever manmade sensor to be modernized; then there came in 1940s the infrared sensors followed by the invention and release of different ...

Inferences and Assumptions

Two important aspects of reasoning are the usage of inferences and assumptions. An inference is a conclusion that is drawn (or made) from a combination of many factors. Many inferences -- or conclusions -- are drawn from underlying assumptions. Underlying assumptions are facts that are taken for granted, or presuppositions. If an underlying assumption is invalid or incorrect, then, by necessity, the inferences one makes are skewed, and do not reflect the reality of the matter at hand. Many people -- including myself -- make inferences based on underlying assumptions. It is a normal, healthy aspect of everyday decision-making. However, when one's ...

The Ozark Big Eared Bat

The Ozark Big Eared Bats (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) are found in different habitats accross the United States. They are limited in number and are found in Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma; however, it was reported that they are no longer found in Missouri because of the destruction of the environment. In Oklahoma, they are found in Adair County and adjacent parts of Cherokee and Delaware counties. In the early 1970s, the Ozark big eared bats were documented to only be a hundred in Missouri. With efforts in the l980s, it was reported that an increase in number among these creatures have occurred. ...

An EMS controls the vehicle engine in response to both vehicle and engine inputs. It consists of an electronic control unit composed of a micro-processor with several electromechanical and electronic actuators and sensors. Sensor devices are used to monitor the vehicle engine and detect engine speed, lambda values, crank angle and other engine parameters. The electronic control unit determines the engine ignition time, the quantity of fuel and other engine parameters that keep the vehicle engine running. The ECU does this by use of input values that are calculated based on the inputs that originate from the sensors. Under this ...

If someone has made an invention to make life easier or to alleviate one’s living condition then the security of the patent for that invention is needed. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, a patent is an exclusive right of a person for producing something that offers a new solution to a problem. Furthermore, a patent provides the maker with protection for their invention, and this protection usually lasts for 20 years. One privilege of a person who has a patented invention is that the invention cannot be sold, distributed, used or commercially made without the inventor’s consent. This right is usually enforced ...

Abstract

The method of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) focus on the exploitation from the heat contained in deep warm rocks associated with restricted penetrability. Although that particular extraction is just feasible when the reservoir penetrability is actually sufficient to make sure a liquid circulation in between injection as well as production water springs. Financial utilization associated with enhanced geothermal systems has to do with normal or even induced nutrient precipitation as well as associated reduction in permeability from those methods even though it might inhibit liquid flow within well casings or even in rocky fractures as well as therefore decrease heat ...

There is an increasing number of electric cars in the world, with the US expecting to have 1 million electric cars by the end of 2015. Arguably, it is easy to increase the number of electric cars but difficult to increase electricity generating capacity at the same rate. Generating capacity to cater for the number of electric cars. The basic problem with electric vehicles require an overnight charging to ensure the car is fully charged when owners need it to commute in the morning. Any given grid can provide a certain amount of excess electric supply which it can devote ...

Abstract

The experiment is aimed at constructing a step-up transformer. This is due to the type of materials being used and the number of rolls that the wire is rolled on the U-shaped material. This can easily be related to the alternating current that is tapped from one source to the other. This current can easily be measured in respect to the size of the voltage that is alternated in between the primary transformer and that of the secondary transformer. The number of coils in the primary material is two; the other secondary coil has four coils. The material used to ...

Introduction

There are many resemblances that can be observed in magnetic and electric phenomena. A magnet comprised of north and south poles which are opposite to each other. The opposite poles attract and likewise repel each other. A magnet has principle property to influence the surrounding space. This surrounding effect of a magnet is known as a magnetic field. Magnetic fields consist of lines of force and force of attraction and repulsion that travel/or move along the lines. The developed forces depend on strength and distance apart the poles. Figure 1: Magnetic lines of force for bar magnet A ...

Introduction

I have chosen to base my arguments on Targa Tasmania, and Australian motorsport competition suctioned by the renowned Confederation of Australia Motor Sports (CAMS). It is important to note that this event has backing from big organizations within the government and as a result is rated as one of the major national events in Tasmania. The event is a major contributor to the growth of the country’s economy and hence must be accorded close observation.

Discussion

Owing to the significance of this event to the government of Tasmania, it is important that some critical measures are taken to ensure that the ...

Nikola Tesla was physicist, inventor and electrical engineer in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the inventor of the alternating current-rays and lights as well as the laser during his career of life. During this period, the Edison’s lamps were inefficient and weak when they were using direct current. The system of direct current had several limitations such as the system could be neither transported for long disturbances nor stepped up to high voltage for long distance transmission. In addition to that, the uses of direct current system need many sub-power stations which were costly. ...

Introduction 2

Nature of Hurricanes/Cyclones 2 Variations of Hurricane Development 5 Considerations on Hurricane Response 10 Conclusion 11

References 12

Introduction For the past couple of decades since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, scientists have slowly began a campaign to raise awareness to the changing state of the planet. Records of high temperature changes, onset of diseases and erratic weather patterns have been reported worldwide, each change becoming more severe as the years progress. When it comes to erratic weather patterns, scientists highlight the now common occurrences of natural disasters such as hurricanes or cyclones. Although skeptics stress that ...

Transport is a key factor of economy well as useful tool used for development of a society rather nation for its intensive use. Good transportation can create market and various social opportunities. There are various modes of transportations like train, bus, car, ship, aeroplane, etc. But fossil fuel, used in all modes of transportation, has become big concern in today’s world due to carbon emission causing environment pollution or global warming. So, the core idea of future transportation has become to diminish carbon emission and for this reason electricity and magnetism have become popular for their potential use in transport ...

Abstract— Faraday's Law is used to estimate the magnetic field of the magnet from the maximum induced voltage. This paper presents the report of the experiment on Faraday’s Law of induction. In this experiment Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law are examined, along with the concepts of magnetic flux and conservation of energy. The experiment was carried out by using a wand having a coil at its end. This coil is made to swing through the magnetic field of a horse magnet. The induced EMF stated by Faraday and the reason for the minus sign added to it by Lenz has been ...

Abstract

The word technology may be in the talk of time for most individuals, however, little do they know what impacts all this development. The existence of visual systems, audio systems and other complex equipment all give credit to the early discoveries. Discovery of atoms, ions and later electrons simplified everything. It is from theses that energy was developed. One of the most promising techniques used by scientists is the charge to mass ratio of electrons. It helped in observing the nature of materials. This lab report aims at analyzing the Sir J. Thompson`s experiment of evaluating charge to ...

Electricity and magnetism will propel the future transportation system, and it will make our travel safe, smooth, but faster than other conventional transport system. The new transportation technology is magnetic levitation or Maglev, and in this transportation technology, the train remains suspended and move in the air freely without any support but, under a strong electromagnetic field. The speed of maglev vehicles can be between 300 to 500 kmph. The technology is based on the familiar property of magnets that the opposite poles attract and same poles repel. For example, the north pole of a magnet will attract the South Pole of ...

Velocity Sensors:

Abstract: In the monitoring and analysis of vibrations in industrial machinery and other devices, machine mounted sensors are of critical importance. There are three parameters representing motion that can be detected by vibration monitors, and they include velocity, acceleration and displacement. These parameters are mathematically related and therefore they can be derived from a variety of vibration sensors. Due to this relationship, the choice of sensor, whether acceleration, velocity or displacement is dependent on the signal levels involved and the frequencies of interest. This paper briefly explores and discusses the history, theories, and applications of velocity sensors as well ...

Introduction

Wireless electricity conduction is a fascinating subject. Such technology is still in its early stages, but the importance of its development will be significant to humanity worldwide. Statistics indicate that the world population is increasing by the day. Many nations are constantly trying to improve the quality of living of their citizens. These trends only serve to reveal the growing demand for energy globally. Wireless electricity is a modern technological concept of transmission of electrical energy to devices without the use of wires. With this technology, it is be virtually possible to power or charge gadgets, without wiring them to a power ...

Introduction

“Cochlear implants are electronic devices that contain a current source and an electrode array that is implanted into the cochlea” (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2004) and where electrical current is used for stimulating the surviving auditory nerve fibers. With the development of the cochlear implant having undergone a long history, this paper aims to discuss this history, focusing particularly on the evolution of the cochlear implant over the last thirty years. In addition, this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the implant, as well as the public’s response to its development and use.

Early Beginnings of the Cochlear Implant

The development of the cochlear implant started ...

Lab Section

- Theory When charged particles flow through a given magnetic field, force is exerted on them. Likewise, charged particles that are in motion induce magnetic fields around the conductor in which they flow. Biot-Savart law is stated by the formula shown below; dB=μo IdL*r4πr3 In the formula, µo represents the permeability of free space, r represents vector displacement pointing from the section of the wire carrying current to the point whose magnetic field is being determined, and dl refers to a vector quantity with the value equal to the length of the segment of current. ...

Theory

A magnetic field refers to magnetic control of electric currents and the magnetic materials, specified by both direction and strength. It results from moving electric charges and the magnetic moments of elementary particles related with their spin. It can also be defined as its force exerted on a charged particle in motion. Magnetic field lines normally form in concentric circles around a current currying conductor cylindrical in nature for example a length of wire. The strength of the magnetic field is inversely proportional to the length of the wire or the distance for an infinite length.

Biot–Savart law describes the magnetic field generated by a steady current, I to be equivalent to;

Where; - dℓ refers to ...

1. Introduction The motor is an electrical device, which converts electrical energy into the mechanical energy. The electric motor operates by the interaction of the magnetic and the current to generate the force. The electric motor operates in generating or braking modes. The industrial fans, pumps, and motors are being powered by the direct electric current sources. The small types of motor is being found in the electric watches [1]. The motor has highly standardized dimensions with the good mechanical power to the industries. The high capacity motors is being found in the ship propulsion and compression. The ...

Introduction.

Current generates magnetic field β of which its direction and magnitude highly depends on the geometry of the coil in which charge flows through. Coils can have different geometric shapes; circular, torus and two circular coils with current flowing in either the same or opposite direction. In such different coil geometry therefore, the magnetic field β can be determined using Ampere’s and Biot-Savart Laws’.

Instruments/apparatus.

- Bar magnet. - Insulated copper wire Circular and toroidal coil - Cardboard tube. - Galvanometer.

Procedure and Observation.

- The insulated copper wire was wrapped around the cardboard tube to form a single circular coil and ...

Introduction.

The magnetic field β, in a solenoid coil of N turns with a medium magnetic permeability μ and length ɭ through a current flow ɪ, can be computed from the following equation. β = μNɪ ---------- equation 1. β = μNɪ ɭ = μNɪ ---------- equation 2. ɭ (ɭ2 + D2)½ (ɭ2 + D2)½ The above equation 1 only provides the magnetic field strength at the center of the coil, but because unavoidable parallax errors on measurement would normally arise, the equation is modified by a correction factor D, the coils diameter and appears as in equation 2. Depending on the direction of currents flow, magnetic field in a wire or a solenoid coil ...

In modern world transportation is the heart of civilization. There are different modes of transportations – train, ship, aeroplane, vehicles run on road such as bus, cars etc. In all modes of transportation fossil fuel is generally used. But the carbon emission from fossil fuel-burning-combustion engine vehicles causes environment pollution or global warming which is also a big concern in today’s world. So, primary objective has become to reduce the use of fossil fuel-burning-combustion engine vehicles in transportation as far as possible. The core idea of future transportation is to decrease emissions. For last few decades researchers have been developing ...

Introduction

There are many techniques that are being used today to examine the functionality of the human brain. Most of the current technologies emerged in early 1990s. Some of the technologies that are used for brain imaging include; computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), event-related potentials (ERPs) and magnetoncephalography (MEG). This paper will look at the history of these techniques used for brain imaging(Katz & Alexander 1994). 1895 – 1900 Early uses of brain imaging The process of imaging human dieses started in 1895 following the discovery of Wilhelm Roentagen. He was a physicist that ...

Introduction

Electromagnetism refers to the creation of a magnetic force from the movement of electrical charges. In order to find application in most electrical appliances, electromagnetism concerns the use of electric current to make electromagnets. This field of electricity is called Electrodynamics. It can also mean using magnetic field to induce an electric current. This field of electromagnetism is called Electromagnetic Induction. Almost all electrical appliances use one of the two types of electromagnetism mentioned above especially those with moving parts. This paper discusses the application of electromagnetism in a speaker.

Application of electromagnetism in a speaker

The speaker is basically an electronic transducer which converts electric energy ...

Introduction

One of the revolutionary inventions in electrical engineering field was Tesla coil. Nikola Tesla invented Tesla coil in 1891. Tesla coil is primarily used to produce high voltage and high frequency alternating current electricity. Tesla coils are capable of producing high voltages better than artificial means of producing the same. “It takes the output from a 120vAC to a several kilovolt transformer and driver circuit and steps it up to an extremely high voltage. Voltages can get to be well above 1,000,000 volts and are discharged in the form of electrical arcs” (UCSC). Very popular in early part of ...

ARCELORMITTAL

Introduction AecelorMital is a multinational production company that deals in manufacturing of steel. Its headquarters are in France on Avenue de la Liberte, Luxembourg. It is the world’s largest producer of steel and has an annual production of 97.2million tones. ArcelorMital has the highest number of employees in Luxembourg with over six thousand employees. AecelorMital offers a large variety of services to its customers including production of prototype steel; this means that they can manufacture a steel product as per the client’s specifications. They have good strategies that enable them to have a high service value that attracts a high ...

Multi-driver speaker systems require ‘Crossovers’ as their subsystems and are primarily used for the separation of input signal on the basis of driver into various different frequency ranges. The power which is received by the drivers is only in their usable frequency range and therefore the distortion which is caused in the drivers can be reduced with the use of crossovers. Crossovers are only helpful in order to minimize the distortion and it is not possible to completely block at the passband edges, similarly amplitude variation and face changes also cannot be completely restricted. Crossovers are primarily of ...

Michael Faraday was born on 22 September 1791 in the southern part of London. Due to his disadvantaged background, he was not able to attend full education only achieving basic literacy (Faraday 1). At the age of 14, he apprenticed under a local bookbinder. For the next 7 years, he educated himself by reading books on a wide range of subjects mostly scientific (Hamilton 23; Scientific papers). In 1812, at the age of 20, Faraday received some tickets for a series of lectures conducted by the eminent scientist Humphrey Davy of the Royal University of Great Britain. He attended four lectures and ...

Introduction

Wireless technology is the use of non-cabling techniques to relay information. The use of wireless charging technology is not a very new idea in the field of technology. The wireless technology can be used for both short distance and long distance operations. It is commonly used in mobile phones, ipads and other portable media devices. This technology has developed in the recent past and is still in the process of developing further. Several improvements have been done to this technology in order to ensure increased functionality. Several opinions have been given regarding this technology as will be seen later in ...

The Mobile Phone: Parts and Choice of Materials

The mobile phone is one of the greatest inventions of all time (Guthrie, 2008). It has revolutionized the way people communicate and perform their day to day activities. Cell phones allow remote communication with people in far-away places, including those in other continents. Initially, cell phones were only meant to people to call and send short messages in the form of SMSs. However, cell phones have now advanced and are being used for a wide variety of purposes including taking pictures and videos, listening to music, browsing the internet, playing games, organizing events amongst other uses. The functionalities that a phone ...