Essays on Compounds

A diet high in fiber is associated with a lower level of estrogen in the bloodstream (Gaskins et al., 2009). Estrogen will break down into estradiol in the body, and a high-fiber diet will reduce the levels of serum estrone and estradiol in the blood (“Nutrition and Breast Cancer,” 2015). An increase of estrogen that is eliminated from the body in the stool is also related to a diet high in fiber (“Nutrition and Breast Cancer,” 2015; Gaskins et al., 2009). Fiber is known to bind to bile acids, toxic compounds, and carcinogens. The whole grains that are high ...

Question: what is the appropriate method of identifying compounds as either ionic or covalent based?

Background/Hypothesis Ionic compounds are created from the strong electrostatic bonding between ions (Brinker, and George 393). The covalent compounds have are formed by bonds that result from sharing of electrons (Mah 31).

Solubility test Conductivity test Melting point test Color and odor test Oxidation with oxygen test Steps/Procedures. Solubility test 0.25 grams of the chemical was placed in a test tube. 1 mL of water was added and stirred using a stirring rod. The addition of I mL was added until the chemical dissolved. The chemical that did not dissolve after adding 10 mL of water was recorded. The ...

Question #1

Hazards posed when one interacts with hazardous materials available at the refinery and related facilities, including the by-products, incident fire and release of acidic gas. Crude oil consists of petroleum hydrocarbons. When the products are discharged into the environment through leakage, spillage, or combustion; physical, chemical as well as biological activities occur. The aliphatic compounds in crude oil react with oxidizing compounds like nitric acid, oxygen or heat; they burn to generate carbon II Oxide and water. Sulfur in crude oil burns in air to produce sulfur dioxide. At about 400 – 500 ppm, exposure to sulfur oxide is considered ...

Introduction

The cost of manufacturing ammonia using the Haber process plant constitutes the following components: the cost of energy, raw materials, equipment, labor and sparking substances (catalysts). Energy (gas or electricity) costs are incurred to maintain the temperature of the reaction. The Harber process is operated at very high temperatures, and pressures thus higher costs of energy are incurred. Some of the raw materials consumed in the Haber process such as nitrogen and hydrogen are recovered at the end of the process. The recovered materials are recycled back to the system to reduce the cost of raw materials. Starting and ...

Abstract

Rose hip (Rosa Canina), often cultivated for its fruits, are orange-red oval berries, which seeds (including shells) are used in supporting the treatment of bladder infection, diarrhea, diabetes, and related conditions often in the form of a 3-g powdered seeds capsule. Its seed oil contains ascorbic acid, carotenoids, polyphenols, and GOPO, which reduces inflammation and pain, and lowers inflammatory markers. Extraction methods used include solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and subcritical fluid extraction. Licensed rose hip supplement products include Hyben Vital and LitoZin/i-flex. Hyben Vital dosage is twice daily for 3 to 4 months to reduce osteoarthritic pain and ...

Thin Layer Chromatography of Amino Acids

Introduction The technique used for this experiment was thin layer chromatography (TLC). TLC is used to separate components of a mixture (Clark, 2016). The purpose of this experiment was to identify an unknown amino acid. The components will have different affinities to the stationary and mobile phases. The various components will travel at different rates based on their affinity to either the mobile or stationary phase (Clark). A polar stationary phase is used in TLC experiments and the mobile phase can be a combination of solvents or just one solvent (psu.edu, n.d.). TLC can also be used to monitor ...

<Instructor>

Groundwater contamination by toxic metals and organic compounds is a serious environmental and public health problem (Crini 39). Many of the common contaminants in wastewater are known to be toxic or carcinogenic. Common groundwater contaminants include heavy metal ions, aromatic compounds, and dyes. Additionally, heavy metals are not biodegradable and tend to bioaccumulate, leading to various diseases and disorders. Mercury and cadmium are among the most toxic metals and are very damaging to the environment. Additionally, chromium (VI) is a wide-spectrum toxin, as it is toxic to bacteria, plants, animals, and humans. Organic compounds in groundwater are ...

Drug metabolism is the enzymatic break down of drugs-a process that takes place in the liver. While drug metabolism can take place at the cellular level, the liver is the major site for this process due to its size-translating to a big supply of enzymes. Drug metabolism is classified as one of the liver’s processes to detoxify the body or get rid of foreign compounds (Law et al., 2014). When the drug reaches the target site and finished working, the remaining amounts may accumulate in the body to levels that may be poisonous or toxic. Drug components are ...

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Every year, various types of cancer kill millions of people. The problem of cancer disease is unique because of its complexity and importance to humankind. Cancers affect all segments of the population, causing enormous damage to society. Although malignant tumors are extremely diverse and complex for the perception, the risk factors and mechanisms of development of cancer are well known enough so that it becomes possible not only to heal, but also to engage in cancer prevention. Cancer is the most difficult and dangerous disease, since it can ...

Bacteria refer to the regnum of prokaryotes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan). For the current moment, it accounts for more than ten thousand kinds of bacteria. The bacterium is recognized as one of the most ancient of living organisms, arising about 3.9 – 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria have the substantial variation in the ways of metamorphic and energetic metabolism. Thus, autotrophs can synthesize all necessary organic molecules from non-organic compounds, whereas heterotrophs demand active organic compounds to transform them. The biggest degree of heterotrophs belongs to intracellular parasites. They are called saprophytes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan) and can ...

Disease pathophysiology

Definition of breast cancer Breast cancer is a malignant growth of cells in the breast. This type of cancer arises in the milk-producing glands when cells begin to divide in an uncontrolled way, forming a tumor. The most common neoplasm in breast cancer is the adenocarcinoma of the cells covering the terminal lobular unit (American Cancer Society, 2016; Stephan, 2016).

Prevalence of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer to affect women in North America, with more than 200,000 new cases each year, and worldwide, counting up more than 1,200,000. It is the second cause of cancer ...

Novel drug sourced from snake venom

Abstract The cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have continued to be some of the leading death causes across the globe. In the recent times, the field of medicine has received substantial advancements, particularly in the areas of pharmacological treatment and the prevention of the disorders such as the plasminogen activators, platelets GPIIb/IIIa antagonists and the direct thrombin inhibitors. The development of the novel drug, the tirofiban sourced from the Echis carinatus venom been highly reported to be of great importance. Tirofiban, an anticoagulant factors isolated from Echis carinatus has a variety of immune responses that includes both acute inflammatory responses ...

Introduction

Reduction reactions are very important in chemistry as they are effective processes for synthesizing new compounds from existing ones. In organic chemistry, a compound is said to be reduced if it acquires new hydrogen. There are diverse reagents for carrying our reduction reactions. Two of these are sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) - the latter is a more powerful reducing agent compared to the former. In this experiment, NaBH4 was used to reduce p-Nitrobenzaldehyde to form p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol. NaBH4was used over LiAlH4 in this experiment, because LiAlH4 would also reduce the nitro group of the aldehyde.

Experimental:

...

Natural gas is a mixture of certain types of gas, which are formed deep in the Earth after the decomposition of organic sedimentary rocks. This is a kind of mineral resources, which is extracted along with oil, or as an independent matter. The gas that is extracted from natural deposits, consists of hydrocarbon and non hydrocarbon components. Natural gas is methane, which includes heavier homologues - ethane, propane, and butane. In some cases, it is possible to find a natural substance that has a pair of pentane and hexane. Hydrocarbons contained in deposits can be formed only in the ...

Abstract

The composition of the foods people consume has a significant influence on their health. Whole certain components in certain foods offer protection against the development of certain disease conditions, the consumption of other components at certain levels might predispose one to certain diseases and disease conditions. The processing industries have a role to inform the consumer of the ingredients in their food products. This is necessary for the consumer to make informed decisions about their dietary choices. This requirement is enforced by the role through regulations passed by government agencies. Even then, certain compounds that are present in processed ...

At the point when regularly utilized, opium poppy to mitigate extreme torment viable yet in the event that anomalous utilized it might bring about nerve tip diseases and additionally misery of opiate reliance. Poppy seeds can without much of a stretch be fermented into a foul tasting tea which delivers a sedative impact because of its morphine, codeine, and so forth content. Poppy seeds don't contain morphine, yet when the seeds are removed from the poppy little measures of opium are left on the outside of the seeds. Opium is exceptionally addictive and can bring about death if consideration ...

Abstract

The research is dedicated to studies of activated carbons performance in the wastewater treatment process of dye removal. The experiment was performed to assess the efficiency of the commercial activated carbons (F100, F600, F820, SGL 8×30, CAL, AP4-60, OLC12×30) in adsorption process for Dylon Burlesque Red removal. The effect of pH, type of activated carbon, dye, contact time, and salinity was studied. The experiments were performed by measuring the absorbances of the solutions before and after contact with the activated carbon. The absorbance was evaluated with UV-vis spectrometry. The adsorption of the dye took place on all ...

Question 1

Spectrometry would indeed be a good analytical tool since it will help in distinguishing the different compounds in the powder. In such a case, the best type of spectroscopy would be infrared spectrometry and mass spectrometry. Infrared spectroscopy is a vital analytical tool to identify controlled substances. Infrared light is passed on the unknown substance. As the sample absorbs the infrared radiation, an infrared spectrum results, which is a series of peaks and valleys ("Physical Evidence Handbook Drug Identification Unit", 2016). Each substance in the compound results in a highly accurate infrared spectrum. The spectrum of the unknown elements ...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution to yield 4-Bromoacetanilide

Introduction Halogenation is a common process in organic synthesis. It is used in industrial and research synthesis as halogenated compounds are used for numerous widely used goods, including plastics. The lab aimed to perform monohalogenation of acetanilide. The reaction is specific since it is performed without catalyst. The typical halogenation is realized in presence of Lewis acid. Halogens molecules are electrophilic, and do not actively react. In presence of Lewis acid, the interaction is rather active.2 The lab used catalyst-free halogenation. The acetanilide molecule contains the acylated amine. As a result, the electronic density is shifted towards the amine ...

Ultraviolet light (UV light) is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is located between visible light and X-rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is invisible to the human eye, and has a frequency greater than that of visible light but lesser than X-rays. It has a wavelength ranging from about 10 nm to 400 nm (ISO, 2007). UV light is a part of the radiation that comes from the sun. It can also be produced artificially by electric arcs, black lights, tanning lamps and mercury vapor lamps. The name Ultraviolet literally translates to “beyond violet”, as it has a ...

Introduction

Much recent publicity surrounding climate change has focused mostly on global warming, but little direct correlation has been given in the media with regard to the impacts that environmental pollution has on climate change, and also on human health. Although studies of pollution and the environment have been carried out since the time of the Industrial Revolution, it only relatively recently that attempts to measure environmental on a global scale have been undertaken. Environmental pollution is a major cause of global concern, not only for the effects that it has on the physical environments, but also for its potential ...

Introduction

In the production of drugs and other substances, manufacturers have the mandate of listing the underlying chemical compounds and other substances used in the production process. That would help in defining the schedule in which the drug will fall under based on the current drug policy within the United States. Classification of drugs into different schedules helps in maintaining an overall understanding of what to expect based on one’s intake of the drugs and other substances. The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) has come up with five distinct categories or schedules of drugs depending on their chemical composition (Nutt, ...

Fuel Cell Technologies in Passenger Cars

Fuel Cell Technology The last decade is characterized by the rapid development of research activity in the field of fuel cells, thus, creating the conditions for their uptake in electric systems. The basic fuel cells’ operating principle has been known for 150 years. However, a variety of technical and financial problems had kept them on the margins of technological applications (Brandon & Hart, 1999). The basic difference between a fuel cell and batteries is that while batteries store energy, fuel cells directly convert a fuel’s chemical energy into electricity by an electrochemical reaction (i.e. Without requiring combustion or movement ...

The use of medical marijuana is of medical and political interest because medical marijuana means a marijuana plant that is used by addicted people. It is a controversial issue because some countries pass laws that allow to legally use medical marijuana to treat people. Medical marijuana has properties and influences on body and psychosis. This paper will address the pros and cons of marijuana as a medical option, common arguments for and against it and propose a public health policy in order to address this important health topic. Marijuana should not be a medical option because its negative influence ...

1. Intake with screen removes floating, large solid impurities. The removed solids are called screenings, and they are treated and disposed as solid wastes. Mixing tank is where coagulants such as alum, aluminium sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate or lime are mixed with raw water (Al-Najar), there is no waste stream generated from mixing tank since the process is quick and there is no time to settle. In, the flocculator slow mixing occurs to allows for floc formation, the chemicals added in mixing tank promote this process. Flocculated suspended impurities settle sooner due to their large size and mass. ...

The periodic table of elements, by far, stands among the most notable discoveries in the history of chemistry. Nowadays, probably everyone who has ever heard about chemistry heard about the periodic table of elements. Its implications on the scientific world are so enormous that it has even leaked out to the general public and have become associated with the chemistry itself. This is not surprising considering the scientific strength of this instrument. Using the periodic table, many characteristic properties of the elements can be predicted and many phenomena can be explained. This discovery put so much scientific knowledge together, ...

Poison Waters

What are the implications of this dilemma for human growth and development? This dilemma of water pollution has a great effect on human growth and development. As it has been seen in the video, Puget Sound is said to be in intensive care unit. This is because the water has significantly been polluted. A testimony to this is the population of killer whales or the orcas. These whales are a good example because they predate on other fish thus they absorb chemicals or other compounds from other marine organisms that they predate on (Rick, 2009). The whales are dying ...

In addition to the direct physical manifestation of swarm phenotype –increased length and number of flagella, swarm cells often produce wetting agent, usually a surface of some type, for instance, the surface in Serrtia (serrwettins) and Bacillus (surfcatin) (White, 2006). In both cases loss of surfactant dramatically decreases swearing proficiency in Bacillus as well as strains of E. Coli do not make surfactants, which is probably why they are such picky swimmers. Surfactants act mainly to maintain surface wetness, which in turn allows cells to swim in every shallow layer of fluid on the surface. Research findings indicate that ...

Introduction

Studies have shown that expectations regarding health effects of organic foodstuffs are the perhaps the strongest drives for consumer to purchase organic foods. However, these expectations lack solid scientific evidence. Various researches are being carried out to check the health value of organic products vis-à-vis the conventional produce and how organic food consumption has affected health biomarkers. Organic foods have become the benchmark of today’s debate over the value of grown with less additives and chemicals. While there are some health benefits in organic foods, the media has been time and again accused of hyping the benefits ...

Introduction: Smoking is a learned habit that has existed in the society for long. This allows us to understand how the habit affects health and wellbeing both in the short term and in the long term. This injurious habit of smoking has taken a commonplace in our culture. Tobacco, the key ingredient in cigarettes, is the leading cause of avoidable illness in the world. A person who smokes 2 packs of cigarette per day, spends ~ 3-4 hours per day on smoking and inhales 1000mg of tar each day. The health care cost is several times higher for smokers when ...

Lignin Chemistry

Lignin History Lignin is a plant-derived biopolymer with several applications. It is considered an effective alternative to chemically synthesized plastics that pose serious environmental problems during manufacture and disposal. Lignin is often obtained as a byproduct in paper and pulp manufacture. Lignin has to be dissolved to obtain cellulose from wood. In 1838, Anselme Payen discovered that wood contained cellulose, and oxidizable coatings (later called lignin) that bind the cellulose together (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). This coating material could be removed from wood after acid treatment and washing with an aqueous alkali solution (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). Later, several ...

Introduction

Consumption of addictive psychoactive substances can be traced back to the earliest records of the human history. In ancient past, these psychoactive substances were consumed in various occasions: some priest consumed the substances during religious ceremonies; some substances such as opium were used for medicinal purposes; were consumed by the general population as they were socially accepted. People later devised various potent compounds which were easier to administer. As a result of high administration, addiction and abuse of these substances began. As early as in the 17th century, the concern of overuse of these substances and the loss of ...

Throughout history, Americans have been documented to have abused various drugs starting from precolonial times America as it is well documented that Christopher Columbus, the explorer that discovered America, found other mind-affecting drugs which he brought back to Europe on his first voyage to modern-day (Elaine, n.d.). However, until the late 1880s, prohibitionists and abstentionists had an easy time in addressing the drug abuse among the population, since all the supply point was known and easily identified. Nonetheless, the country failed to have a comprehensive legal framework that was engineered to address the drug abuse problem due to rapid ...

A lot of people in America have had a perception that people who are using marijuana have horrible characteristics in common, but the truth is that they failed to understand Marijuana have a lot of importance to not only the body of the user but to the entire life of an individual. Indeed, the threats of Marijuana have dependably been misrepresented, and its arrangement has been an exit from extent. The perspectives about the utilization of the cannabis have been developing throughout the decades. Indeed, as the plant has been there for centuries, its legality to use and distributed ...

In generic sense of the term, a "genetically modified organism" is a living organism whose genome has been altered artificially. This understanding includes all the possible ways of modifying the genetic information, from crosses method for genetic engineering tools. From a legislative point of view, a large number of countries and organizations use a more restrictive definition in reference to that specified in the Cartagena Protocol, which means "living modified organism" "any organization living with a novel combination of genetic material. " However, this definition is not universally recognized. Some countries, including the United States, do not make this use ...

Chemistry examines major ways of how matter is classified and described, this includes the principle of the composition of elements, compounds, and mixtures (Saint-Jalmes 836). Principle of the physical state includes gas, liquid, and solids. Gas, liquid, and solids are generally referred to as observable properties of matter, hence known as states of matter. A gas has no constant volume and shape while in liquid volume depends on the shape of the container they are placed in ("Macromolecular Organic Matter Working Group Report" 39-50). Solids have defined volume and shape. Gases have large intermolecular spacing than the liquids, and ...

The legalization of marijuana was only brought to effect after the drug had been tested to prove it had positive effects on a user’s health. There has been much debate about the drug’s effects on the brain, psychological health of a person and the benefits of marijuana in treating illnesses. Many people use marijuana mainly for recreational purposes. However at times, they are in pain or are suffering from an illness because of which they take the drug in order to alleviate some pain. But if the drug helps them then it is beneficial for their health, ...

Assumptions in Molecular Weight Determination and their impact on MW determination

DSC measures the quantity of required heat necessary to melt a sample where the heat of fusion is calculated based on a percentage of crystallinity. Therefore, the methods used to measure crystallinity, weight determination such as DSC must be detailed to retrieve valuable results. However, in most of the molecular weight determination methods, there are certain assumptions undertaken but those assumptions also have a certain impact on results. In DSC profile, three types of distinct probabilities of uncertainty exist. The first is natural uncertainty that may be linked to equipment such as uncertainty of weight measurements of the sample. ...

Introduction

In 2014 Flint Michigan found itself captured in the national headlines after high levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) and lead concentrations were found in the water system. This was after a terrible decision was made by the Flint Michigan city council of switching the water supply from a Detroit plant treated water system to the local Flint River water supply. The decision was made because the city council officials believed that the new proposed water system would assist in saving a lot of money little did they know that they would cause a significant problem to the society. Soon after ...

Oil and natural gas are the two primary types of fossil fuels that the world relies on for energy and also for various other products. Crude oil and gas are mined beneath the earth’s surface where they formed a long time ago. The products origin can be traced back to the remains of animals and plants that existed millions of years ago as marine life. The living materials die and sink to the sea floor where they pile on top of each other. The successful conversion of the remains into oil or gas is only possible if the ...

07th of April 2016

Air pollution impacts the human health and the environment in various ways - by direct and immediate threat (smog, etc.) to the slow and gradual destruction of the body's various life-support systems. In many cases, air pollution negatively affects the structural components of the ecosystem to such an extent that the regulatory processes are not able to return to their original state and thus the homeostasis mechanism fails. The atmosphere is the air shell of the Earth. Air quality involves the totality of its properties, reflecting the level of exposure to physical, chemical and biological factors on humans, plant ...

Orange was one of the fruits found at the market. They are produced in Florida and California. Apart from the conventional oranges, there were organic oranges. The prices were different. The organic type was more expensive, simply because they were chemical free. They are grown using organic manures. Pests and diseases were controlled using purely biological means. Organic oranges have green and white USDA organic sticker to distinguish them from conventional oranges (Laroche, Bergeron, & Barbaro-Forleo, 2001). Purex is one of the commonly used laundry detergents in United States of America. This is an inorganic detergent characterized by its pretty ...

Introduction

The very title of this article may seem to some readers fantastic. Is there any evidence that alien beings exist? Can we prove that there is no clear scientific argument in favor of their life and activity? Such questions immediately arise among readers, of course, they are quite natural. And yet, I will try to show that the statement of the problem in our time of exclusively rapid scientific and technical progress is quite logic. Moreover, most recently the first steps towards the solution of this great problem facing mankind were taken. Basically, from the scientific point of view ...

In the novel Oryx and Crake by the author Margaret Atwood, the author should have focused more on the two characters Oryx and Crake as the title depicts. Instead, the whole novel is centered on one character Jimmy or rather Snowman. The story is seen as being told through the vantage point of one character as memories of events that happened in his life, this story is centered on human nature in the phase of scientific developments (Tolan 294). The story should have been written in a first-hand experience of events as they happen. The characters Oryx and Crake ...

The following essay is going to review advantages and disadvantage of pre-workout compounds and anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and their effect on athlete health. Pre-workout compounds and AAS are considered to be 2 major enhancers of athlete`s performance in short- and long-term respectively. Among large number of pre-work out compounds like NO-Explode (BSN), The Curse (Cobra Labs), Assault (MuslePharm), C4 (Cellucor), Jack3d is considered to be the most powerful pre-workout compound to be ever created. The difference between old and new mix of Jack3d (produced since 2012) is that older version of Jack3d included DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine). Just like ...

Biology

(Department)

DNA and its importance in our lives

Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a long linear polymer located in the nucleus of a cell. It is developed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix. It is related to the transmission of hereditary information from one generation to the second generation. DNA contains the information for the development as well as reproduction of an organism, thereby leading to a normal life. In the year 1953, James Watson, a biologist, and Francis Crick, a physicist, discovered the structure of DNA in a laboratory in England (LEROY, 2003). The structure of DNA helped scientists to know the process ...

Introduction

Today the world is grappling with several ecological crisis; the effects of Global warming, the degradation of the Tropical Rainforests in South America, the environmental pollution of Oil Sands development in the Canadian Boreal, and the ecological threats from Nuclear accidents exemplified by the recent Fukushima incident. However, the least talked about is Waste management, particularly the problems of Electronic waste, often referred to as e-waste. Not only is the e-waste crisis a massive problem in most developed economies, but it is also quickly becoming a global crisis affecting even to a greater extent the least technologically advanced nations. ...

Laird's article covers the social and the cultural life of the Arabic Miswak. The author aims at exploring how the Muslims kept and maintained the information about the indigenous medicines and the various forms that the people passed the information about their famous drugs. The article as well touches on how they maintained their oral hygiene. It focuses on brushing stick among the Somali community. Somali incorporated their hygiene with their social life. The uncommon tooth problems among people of Somali origin is attributed the famous adage. The knowledge about the adage was passed from one generation to another. ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Dr. Albert Hofmann, a Swiss synthetic chemist, was born on January 11, 1906 (Luke, 2006). He was not from an economically stable family, and sometimes, due to the illness of his father, he was forced to work. He graduated from University of Zürich, and in 1929, he got his doctoral degree in medicinal chemistry (Pallardy, n.d.). After completion of graduation, he started working with Sandoz as a Director Pharmaceutical-Chemical Research Laboratories Basel (Fusar-Poli & Borgwardt, 2008). During his work in the company, he was associated with the synthesis of compounds that are commonly found in medicinal ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, who lived between January 1516 and April 1626. He had other titles such as being a statesman-served as an Attorney General and Lord Chancellor; he was a scientist, author, orator and a jurist. His philosophical works continue to be influential especially due to the application of science. His writing career spanned between law and philosophy in science. Initially, he often wrote to the courts before writing on science in 1620. His famous work, the Great Instauration also called the interpretation of nature was aimed at introducing a new way of investigating nature. It ...

Ch05 Discussion Question 1: When we form compounds in English, how do we know whether to join the words (hairspray), join them with a hyphen (hair-spray) or leave a space between them (hair spray)? Using the examples below, and any others that you want to include in the discussion, try to decide if there are any typical patterns in the way we form compounds. Note that multiple rules are operating in the hyphenation of compound words – pay attention to the length, meaning, sound, and usage of the compound words.backpack, back-pedal, back seat, blackboard, black hole, black-tie affair, bulletin ...

The objective of this experiment was to prepare Beer-Lambert calibration curves for different forms of nitrogen and to determine the concentration of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia ions in different water samples from the Biscayne Bay.

Introduction

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth atmosphere. In is not surprising that it is one of the most crucial elements not only to human life but all life on our planet. The chemistry of nitrogen is rather diverse because it can exist in different oxidation levels – from +3 to -5. Due to its large impact on the biosphere, the circulation of ...

Introduction

H2S or hydrogen sulfide is a gas that naturally occurs in hot springs, crude petroleum, and even natural gas. Hydrogen sulfide is also known as sewer gas, swamp gas, manure gas, or stink damp. This gas is usually produced by the breakdown of organic materials commonly found in wastes of human and animals by bacteria. Some of the activities that commonly result to the production of hydrogen sulfide gas include treatment of wastewater, drilling and even refining of petroleum or natural gas, and kraft paper mills (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Aside from being a gas in form, hydrogen ...

Wallace Carothers

life and Education of Wallace Carothers Wallace Hume Carothers was born on April 27, 1896. He was born in Burlington, Iowa. He was the son of Ira and Mary Carothers, and was the oldest children in the family. When he was five years old, his family moved to Des Moines, Iowa. There he studied in high school. He started showing interest in science during high school years and started reading the scientific literature. During his studies, he liked to play with different tools, instruments, and other mechanical items, and liked to spend time in experimenting. He used to have ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Introduction of Mental Lexicon

Mental lexicon denotes a collection of words in the mind of any individual. According to linguists, it is a part of one’s grammar that encloses all the information linked to the words and morphemes including morphological, phonological, semantic, and syntactic (Dell et al., 1997). Psycholinguists have observed that words are stocked up with its phonological as well as orthographic shapes. Language impaired individuals have been a good source of information about lexicon through analyzing their speech errors including malapropisms, paraphasias, and lexical decision tasks (Sripada, 2008). ...

Introduction

The Anti-Markovnikov process in organic chemistry generally involves addition reaction method of an electrophilic substituent, HX to an alkene or alkyne compounds, in such a way that the Hydrogen atom in the HX electrophile are chemically bonded to the carbon atom containing the least amount of Hydrogen attached to it. This addition process commonly uses catalysts or additive compounds in order to hasten the reaction since the process is quite expensive and toxic in nature. Furthermore, there is also a limited number of reactions involved in using the Anti-Markovnikov addition, making its research more difficult to expand and develop.

Anti-Markovnikov Addition of Alkoxides to Alkynes

...

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to know the properties of oxygen and to prepare different oxides, acids and bases. Experiments Carbon is reacted with oxygen in order to form carbon dioxide. Sulphur is reacted with oxygen in order to form sulphur dioxide and calcium is reacted with oxygen in order to form calcium oxide. As calcium is metal, the formed metal i.e. the calcium oxide is a metallic oxide. On the other hand, as carbon and sulphur are non – metallic, therefore, the formed oxides i.e. carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide are also non – metallic oxides. If non – metallic ...

Introduction

Many countries across the world are faced with the problem of water and soil contamination. The contaminations are caused by industrial effluents, military actions and agricultural activities among others. Human carelessness and ignorance also contribute significantly to water contamination. As a result, new biological, chemical and natural activities have been invented in order to control water contamination. One of the most successful measures used in control of water contamination is phytoremediation. It involves the use of plants to absorb pollutants from contaminated water found on the surface of the land and in the soil. This paper discusses the biological ...

4 – Nitroaniline

INTRODUCTION

4-Nitroaniline is an organic nitro aromatic compound. It is a yellow powder with a pungent odor and is highly soluble in hot water, methanol, ethanol, acetone etc (Lide 1994). Its chemical formula is C6H6N2O2. It has the following chemical structure: (Courtesy: PubChem 2016) It is also known as P-Amino nitrobenzene, P-Nitraniline or Benzene amine (PubChem 2016). It explodes on decomposition to emit toxic nitrogen oxides (Lewis 1996). 4-Nitroaniline is used in the manufacture of textile dyes such as the red azo dyes. It is also used in preparation of antioxidants, fuel additives, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and poultry medicines ( ...