Essays on Corrosion

Inquiry

This paper provides a response to the inquiry: "How does the structure/specific property/shape of ceramic biomaterials influence their performance in hip implants?" The principal objective of coming up with the script is to analyze the existing literature on the use of ceramics as biomaterials. A lot of research is underway to optimize the use of ceramics in hip implants. The following subsections cover the literature on the effect of the shape, specific structure, and structure of ceramics as hip implants.

Introduction

Biomaterials are now an active area of research in Material Science Engineering globally. The term ‘biomaterials’ describes a wide ...

Abstract

The separation processes in industry are a common practice especially in the developed countries as well as in the developing world. As a result, it is a good step to improve the separation techniques to ensure a better process for the production of the finished commodities. The classification of the distillation columns and the packed bed columns together with an analysis of their ability to perform efficiently in the industry is vital. Therefore, the paper entails an analysis of each group of distillation columns, taking into account their ability to carry out their duties, as well as the reason ...

Abstract

Carbon capture is an essential approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Different plants utilize various technologies in reducing carbon dioxide emission. Some of the conventional techniques employed include oxy-fuel, pre, and post-combustion carbon capture. These approaches have a high potential for capturing carbon dioxide. However, their massive initial and implementation costs have been a challenge to plants globally. Additionally, most of them are yet to experience large scale applications. Therefore, it is essential for research and development activities to be conducted. This can ensure a reduction in the cost of production. The carbon capture technologies differ in costs. This ...

Question One

The portable fire extinguishers play a significant role in putting out the fires that break out within the buildings. In essence, these devices act as a first aid response to the fires and help prevent the destruction of properties as well as loss of lives. The thorough inspection, testing, and servicing of these firefighting devices in buildings is highly recommended under the Australian regulations. The inspection checklists help ensure that the portable fire extinguishers are ready for use if they are ever needed. The following assessment checklist is for the on-site inspection of the portable aerosol fire extinguisher located ...

Introduction: All most all metals are unstable when exposed to air. This is because of the tendency of the metal to be converted into its oxidized form on reaction with air. When compared to zinc, iron has a greater tendency to form oxidized form and thus has greater susceptibility to corrosion. The ability of metals to react with air varies and this determines their relative stability. As zinc is much stable when compared to iron, it is used to galvanizing iron pipe, thus preventing contact of iron with air and water that contains dissolved air. Brass is an alloy ...

British Petroleum is a multinational corporation that was founded in 1908. It initially had its single wells in the remote parts of Persia. The company slowly grew and within eight years it became one of the largest businesses in the world. It has been broadly divided into three main subsections that include oil exploration and production; gas, power, renewables and oil refining; and marketing section. All these departments work together to ensure that the company achieves its objectives. Since 1995, the company has been in the capable hands of John Browne, who has been its CEO until his untimely ...

Introduction

This experimental study has been carried out to determine the corrosion behavior of Type 316 stainless steel when it is exposed to chloride solution, which is usually a substantial component of sea water. The inherent corrosion behavior of stainless steel takes place in two phases as demonstrated in the morphological evidence the test pieces. The initial phase entails induction process, and it is followed by a breakdown of passivity, which culminates in the active dissolution of the material. The corrosion experiment is based on an electrochemical technique whereby the seawater acts as an electrolyte medium, whereas the test pieces ...

Definition of Coatings

Coating is the process whereby one material is used to continuously cover another surface. According to Dewo et al. (2015), coating is a surface modification approach that involves the addition of a new material onto the surface of a substance or element that is at risk of corrosion.

Formula: Rusting of Iron.

iron + oxygen + water ==> hydrated iron(III) oxide (RUST) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + xH2O(l) ==> 2Fe2O3.xH2O(s)

Different Types of Coatings

The process of coating utilizes multiple films of coatings as primers and top layers. The purpose of each layer is particular; however, the layers often interact with one another (Özçam et ...

It is evident, and all would agree, that the house should be strong, durable, built quickly and at a relatively inexpensive cost. In most cases, disputes begin on the choice of building materials. Which would be stronger, thermal insulated, warmer – wood, brick, concrete, or polymer-based materials? Which of them are considered environmentally friendly and which are not? Until recently, metal, steel in particular was not part of the discussion on the material for the construction of the frame of an individual house. However, the development of energy-efficient technology, the translucent structures based on steel beams are built today even ...

Copper wires have a low coefficient of thermal expansion; thermal expansion is the ability of metals to expand on heating and contract on cooling. Copper wires when used during the manufacturing stage they maintain stability and show little change of state when there are temperature variations in the process of manufacturing of materials (Kurzepa, Lekawa-Raus, Patmore, & Koziol, 2013). Copper wires are recyclable and can be used again in the process of manufacturing. Used wires of copper can be collected and recycled for use again because the metal is of high quality and does not lose quality easily. Copper wires ...

Introduction

The flow of a given volume of fluid through a pipe requires a given amount of energy. In order for fluid flow to occur, there must be pressure or energy difference. During fluid flow through a pipe, energy is lost. The main causes of this loss are the resistance encountered by the fluid in the process of its movement through the pipe. Viscosity is one of the most common forms of resistance to fluid flow through a pipe (Noltingk, 1985, p. 5). Fluids that have high viscosity tend to exhibit high resistance while flowing through a pipe (Considine and ...

Material Extraction of Dry Battery AA:

A typical alkaline dry AA cell comprises a cylindrical external case, cathode, anode, and electrolyte and separators. The external casing is made from nickel-plated steel and is lined with a separator to divide the anode and cathode. The separator is made of either a porous synthetic material or layered paper. On one end, the battery canister is sealed with an epoxy or asphalt sealant underlying a steel plate and at the other end with a brass rod driven through the cylinder. The rod is welded to a metallic end cap and passed via an outer plastic seal. Inside the ...

Introduction

Stainless steel is an important component in the modern industry having various uses in the industry. This has forced new developments in its manufacturing especially in terms of its composition. This can be the steel made from aluminum, manganese, and iron. All these materials makes the finished stainless steel product unique in terms of its composition, physical metallurgy, and other factors. This paper is going to discuss the development in stainless steel technology with regards to its composition in terms of the materials used. The materials that are going to be discusses are Al, Mn, and Fe. The paper ...

Introduction

In 2014 Flint Michigan found itself captured in the national headlines after high levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) and lead concentrations were found in the water system. This was after a terrible decision was made by the Flint Michigan city council of switching the water supply from a Detroit plant treated water system to the local Flint River water supply. The decision was made because the city council officials believed that the new proposed water system would assist in saving a lot of money little did they know that they would cause a significant problem to the society. Soon after ...

Literature review

In the history of the construction of sea structures in oil exploration, load and corrosion together with how those structures will be maintained have always posed a scientific nightmare. Chamberlain, Adam and other authors in a scientific journal illustrate that for a good design of an onshore structure, there should be a right proportion of the ingredients in order for the structure to give maximum life service. They all agreed that in order to achieve this, keen interest should be paid to the permeability, strength, and durability of the mixture. Finally, they added that for effective control of corrosion, ...

Burj Khalifa is the world’s tallest building and was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architects, who have been bestowed with the “Global Icon” award. The design of the high-performance building makes use of cutting edge technology and carries cultural and historical influences. The architects faced several challenges when building a tower of this height such as wind, heat, humidity, gravity and earthquake forces. The essay looks at the advanced technical and engineering skills used to create Burj Khalifa and how a skyscrapers’ design should respect cultural values and make the best use of space utilities and add to ...

0. Introduction Moto-cars are made from metals. This very common opinion was almost entirely true during almost all the previous century though opposite solitary examples (displayed at images below) are very well known for car likers: wooden bulks, a rubber car, a fiberglass sport car, a car with plastic bulk facias based on soybeans, a concept of a ceramic car, a glass car, and so on. All those examples are just very rare exceptions. Moreover, the probably refer rather to arts than to industry. However, in the current century, metals lost their monopoly. In the present essay, several material ...

Introduction

For one to achieve success in any given casting practices, there must be a proper control in the variables required during the process. The variables may involve certain characteristics of the alloys, and metals used, the casting method, design of the mold, material of the die used, and the parameters used during processing. The casting quality is influenced by the cooling rate, gating systems, and the evolved gasses during the entire process. Precautions must be, therefore, taken to avoid defects during metal casting design. This paper also outlines the economic factors that are relevant and basic in casting operations.

Metal casting

...

Introduction

Stainless steel is an alloy with iron as major part and chromium with at least 11% by weight . Stainless steel industry grew rapidly during the 1989-93 period . This paper analyzes stress corrosion of stainless steel along with prevention measures and selection methods for stainless steel. After carrying out the study, it would be established whether stainless steel is an effective alloy or not for major uses in steel industry through adopting various selection parameters. Stainless steel is called stainless due to the resistance to rusting and corrosion .

Stress-corrosion in Stainless Steel

In order to reduce various occurrences of intergranular stress-corrosion cracking and severe ...

Conservation of Earthen Architecture in Saudi Arabia

Research Methodology Finding comprehensive sources was a challenge during this study. This difficulty was due to the inadequate number of research studies that have been carried out on the ideal conservation and restoration methods suitable for historical earth buildings in Saudi Arabia. The study has employed two procedures. In 2013, the investigator travelled to Saudi Arabia and carried out an exhaustive research on the remaining earthen architecture. He looked at the general status of the buildings (dilapidation, corrosion, and decay), the construction materials and techniques as well as the architectural styles and decorations. In addition, laboratory tests were done ...

1.0 Introduction and Background Information Nuclear power and energy has become very useful in the economics of the modern world. Whereas the energy can help to achieve enormous benefits, it cannot be disputed that the inherent hazards are potentially dangerous (Greenberg 63). These dangers are evoked by the nuclear wastes produced after the energy is produced and utilized (Strandberg 87). In principle, such waste is radioactive in nature implying that it remains active over a long period of time. As such, it becomes fundamentally vital to ensure that the nuclear waste management is concrete and undoubtedly reliable (Miller 84). ...

Abstract

Titanium metal is mainly used in the automotive industry due to its high-temperature resistance, high strength, resistance to wear and corrosion, and the unique properties of its alloys. Titanium applications in exhausts systems are the key attractive entry point of the metal into the automotive industry. The applications of titanium and its alloys in the automotive industry in making exhausts systems has been in existence for quite some years. Its application is supposedly limited to the first class road models and the racing cars because of its temperature capability and the cost.With the recent modification of titanium by alloying ...

Introduction:

Corrosion refers to the partial and gradual dissolution of materials used in water treatment and supply systems, pumps, pipes, tanks and valves. In most circumstances, almost all water is corrosive and this may lead to structural failure, water leaks, capacity losses and deterioration of the microbial and chemical water quality (WHO 2011). The pipes used in water distribution are made of different materials such as plastic, metals (galvanized steel, copper, lead and iron), and even concrete. Pipes made from concrete and plastic tend to be corrosion resistant. In piping systems, however, there are several water quality factors working singly ...

Structural Steel

Structural steels are the variety of steel customarily used for construction such as buildings, bridges and as reinforcements to concrete. It is used because of its strength and ductility (ability to deform substantially prior to failure). The form, shapes, and size of structural steels are dependent on the specific function that it will serve. There are several standards that must be followed when producing structural steels; these standards also include the specifications for the steel’s mechanical properties, chemical composition, specific cross section and shape profile (American Institute of Steel Construction np). Structural steels have various chemical elements which ...

1.0 Introduction The report considers the treatment of water that takes place at Lake Mary water treatment plant. Much of the discussion is based on the experience obtained while on a visit to the treatment plant. The report gives a firsthand information on the functionality of the water treatment plants while adding few insights from secondary sources. The report identifies the contaminants that are treated to ensure the water used by the community is safe for drinking so as to prevent risks of diseases. Contaminants from pharmaceutical products and personal care products are largely responsible for chemical contamination of ...

Introduction

A car is an automobile machine that has wheels driven by the engine. A car has four wheels the rotate to allow it to change positions from one part to the other. The components of a car involve the engine, body, wheels and steering for controlling the movement. The other minor parts of the car are the starter, headlights, backlights, windscreen, wipers, radiator, alternator, seats, safety belts, chassis, etc. different cars has varied engine performance depending on the model. Several types of cars exist in the market, and these include Isuzu, Toyota Mercedes, Mitsubishi, Honda, Landrover, BMW, etc. Each ...

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Introduction

The lifespan of an aircraft ranges to thirty years enhancing the opportunities for their maintenance. In an aircraft maintenance of propellers is of utmost importance. Propellers manufacturers usually specify the time of propeller inspection. A regular daily inspection depends upon the type of the propeller. The inspection of the propellers varies a visual inspection to a more thorough checkup. The inspection must be meticulous and professional. The visual checks must include spinners, blades, weld and braze sections of the blade, dome shell and hubs of any evidence ...

Structural steels are the variety of steel customarily used for construction such as buildings, bridges and as reinforcements to concrete. The form, shapes, and size of structural steels are dependent on the specific function that it will be used on. There are several standards that must be followed when producing structural steels; these standards also include the specifications for the steel’s mechanical properties, chemical composition, specific cross section and shape profile (American Institute of Steel Construction np). Structural steels have various chemical elements which give its properties. It is very important that the components in making structural steels ...

LITERATURE REVIEW: WATER TREATMENT

1.0 Literature Review: Water Treatment. 1.1 Water Quality: Water quality is the measure of water condition in relation to the requirements of various biotic species, the environment, and/or any human needs and purposes. Water quality is determined by measuring and analyzing it chemical, biological, physical and radiological characteristics. Both natural and human activities influence water quality. Natural influences that affect water quality are mainly climatic, geological and hydrological since they affect both the quality and quantity of water available (Diersing 2009). The highest influence on water quality occurs when its quantity is low, yet the limited resource must be ...

The primary idea of the article is to analyze whether premature pin failure is connected to cyclic fatigue. The main instruments used in the article are pin made from ph 13-8 Mo stainless steel and other elements that have an impact on the pin failure. According to the article, the first experiment showed that in one week of operation, the shear pin prematurely failed. The high tension in the flocculator drive is the main cause of the shear pin failure. The article is based on the evaluation of deflection, stress and fatigue of the shear pin. According to the ...

A Review Paper on Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Ternary Nitride based Coatings

Chauhan, K. V., & Rawal, S. K. (2014). A Review Paper on Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Ternary Nitride based Coatings. Procedia Technology, 14, 430-437. doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2014.08.055 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212017314000917 The paper reviews the nanotribological researches that are required to create basic understanding of the interracial phenomena on the lesser scale in the nanostructured polymers employed in the storage if magnetic systems and for other commercial applications. In many fields of the electromagnetic and coating applications such as the use in the automobile and the aircraft sectors, the wear and the friction of the moving parts is a critical aspect to be put ...

Lubrication is an important function that sustains the life of an engine. Lubricants help in reducing friction and wear of the parts of the engine. Lack of lubrication can lead to corrosion and formation of rust on the engine of an airplane. All engines require lubrication regardless of the frequency of their use. Airplanes that are frequently used can have issues of rust formation and corrosion (EAI, 2015). The idle airplanes have a higher risk of rust formation and corrosion compared to the airplanes that are frequently used. It is easier to lubricate and maintain airplanes that are on ...

Introduction

All aircraft are constructed with the identical simple elements: wings for lifting, engine to enhance drive power, a fuselage to carry load and controls, and a tail assembly which typically regulates the bearing of flight. The fuselage or body of the airplane clutches all the fragments together. The pilots sit at the front of the cockpit at the fuselage. Travelers and cargo stay in the rear of the fuselage. Some aircraft carry fuel in the fuselage; others aircrafts have engines in the wings. The wings lift the weight of the aircraft itself, the fuel, the travelers, and the cargo. ...

Metal handling is very significant for engineering processes. Metals possess unique properties that make them useful in engineering processes. As a result of these properties, metals are used in various construction processes such as building of bridges, houses, automobiles, machines and various kinds of structures. There are basics need to performed before processes as metals have to be joined, cut or even bent. This brings in a number of engineering practices as soldering, brazing, welding and even cutting. Plasma cutters leveraging high end technologies are used in cutting metals and joints can be joined using soldering, brazing or welding. Soldering, brazing ...

SLIDE-1-4

WELCOME-SLIDE /ADDRESS My dear respected faculty member/teachers and fellows, Asslamualaikum /Good Morning/ Afternoon Oil & Gas industry and environment are much important for us, and we have to save it for ourselves and future generations. Environmental issues are on the increase at the world and it could affect the alternatives of corrosion prevention in the future. Ecological needs still to be developed; however, some elements have been established.

SLIDE # 2

SLIDE#3 Saudi Arabia geography mostly comprises of deserts & seas and its economy is much dependent on oil & Gas industry. We need to protect our industry for sustainable progress ...

Abstract

Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies (CCS) is a technological method that is used to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from a variety of sources including industries and fossil fuels production and power sources. This type of technology involves the capture of dioxide either after burning or before burning and then transporting via ships or pipelines and then directing it into the deep underground for storage purposes. This type of technology has been in existence since the 1970’s and has rapidly evolved over time. In fact, the increased impact of the greenhouse effect due to increased amounts ...

A conductive cable is a wire or a group of wires that conducts electricity. Substances which do not allow the passage of current through them are known as insulators. An insulating material should possess a very good dielectric strength and fire proofing qualities. In addition to good mechanical strength, it should have high chemical inertness. Often the most suitable insulation for resisting dielectric stress may not have an outer surface that is suitable for the conditions which the cable must meet. Thus, for improvement in resistance to flame, oil, abrasion, and chemical environment, a suitable jacket is extruded around the insulated conductor. ...

- Introduction

The vehicle manufacturing sector, as a dynamic arena, has undergone various changes, influences and effects, since the advent of the European Industrial revolution, and majorly so, from the input of Henry Ford’s – Assembly line model. Through its involvement in the process of vehicle manufacture, it actively contributes to the global economy, by way of revenue allotment, industry development and employment opportunities, in addition to contributing to varied environmental impacts and effects. It is involved in the development, design, manufacture, selling and marketing of vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds amongst other transport equipment. Pertinent, is the presence of the auxiliary ...

Abstract

The method of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) focus on the exploitation from the heat contained in deep warm rocks associated with restricted penetrability. Although that particular extraction is just feasible when the reservoir penetrability is actually sufficient to make sure a liquid circulation in between injection as well as production water springs. Financial utilization associated with enhanced geothermal systems has to do with normal or even induced nutrient precipitation as well as associated reduction in permeability from those methods even though it might inhibit liquid flow within well casings or even in rocky fractures as well as therefore decrease heat ...

Fire safety engineering

ID:

Abstract

The primary purpose of this research is to illustrate the best practices which need to be followed in order to minimize the risks of leakages and mishaps resulting from the leakages. As the demand of LNG is on constant rise, the need of the hour is to prevent the leakages which may result either from the technical glitch or lack of adherence to the standard processes to be followed as recommended by the best practices through industrial standard. It is known that the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is not as harmful as the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and ...

Introduction

Building simulation methods should focus on the effect that occurs between convective heat repulsion between external air circulation and the given wall surfaces. This study will take a closer look on the effects of heat transfer on a brick surface. A tetrahedral mesh will be used to scertain for the effects that are caused on the walls. A brick wall is known for its thermal characteristic of absorbing heat. Therefore, this thermal property will also be studied in this study. Most authors have attributed this norm to behavior of the different correlations that are used to estimate the exact value of ...

Article name: Lead levels in drinking water spike when copper and lead pipes are joined

http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/23098.aspx In this article written by Diana Lutz talks about the harmful effects of lead if present in drinking water and how the replacement of the lead pipes to copper pipes can increase the lead content in water. Lead pipes when mixed with copper pipes, this leads to the increased concentration of lead contamination due to galvanic corrosion which is the process of corrosion wherein the zinc coating of the pipes is oxidised. According to the US environmental protection agency, the lead concentration in drinking water could be to a maximum of 15 parts per million. But the level ...

Abstract

The present paper examined water quality and contamination. The three experiments were conducted to find the effects of different pollutants on groundwater, processes of water treatment, and quality of bottled water. The contamination of groundwater was observed to evaluate the result of vitiating environment that has to be protected to ensure a safe future for the progeny. Water treatment processes have to be effective as well as economical, so that people in general worldwide can be benefitted. Treatment method like filtration has researched out for the benefit of people at large. Bottled water was analyzed considering safe for drinking. The ...

Oral cancer mostly affects the mouth, lips and tongue of a person. It affects people across all genders and class in societies. It arises from many factors that boost up its prevalence. In this study, however, our main concerns will be on the possible effects that may be resultant as a result of alcohol and tobacco intake. In this regard, effects of tobacco and alcohol intake can either be joint or on independent angles. It means that, the effects can exist singly or in collaboration. In this study, my point of reference will be a research article in Pub Med Journal. Ferreira ...

The time has come that the technical problems facing the old design of Airship with Helical Vertical Axis for Wind Turbine (Eagle 14) at High Altitude shall be replaced with a new one that meets engineering standards in order to work more efficiently. A team will handle the proposed project based on a research plan made by the members. The project is expected to produce good results because the team will assign a principal investigator or PI who has a wide experience and record of achievements in the fields of experimental and quantitative design of Airborne Wind Turbine at high altitude. This research ...

The horror of the Piper Alpha disaster happened about two decades ago. Explosion and fire ripped through the Piper Alpha oil production platform in the North Sea off the coast of Scotland. About 167 workers were killed as a result of the Piper Alpha Disaster. Several investigations were made but most of them were hindered by a lack of physical evidence. However, an eye-witness account made it known that light hydrocarbon got released into the surrounding when a pump was restarted after maintenance. On that terrible day, the day shift maintenance crew were said to be on some of the pumps ...

According to the Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat, The Burj Khalifa is the world’s tallest building based on height to top, height to highest occupied floor, and height to architectural top. The building is a multi-use Burj Dubai development tower with an approximate total area of 460,000 meters squared. It includes parking facilities, shopping malls, entertainment centers, offices, hotel, and residential (AL-KODMANY 2013, p. 12). The decision to construct this building was initiated by government’s idea to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is tourism and service oriented. It is 828 meters tall ...

Summary overview:

The manufacture of beers has been in existence for quite a long while. Similarly, Keg beer has also been around for decades, although it has gone through a series of evolution to make it more desirable to consumers. In the process of all the evolution, the keg has become cost efficient and significantly reduced in its weight. From its initial manufacture, kegs were stored in wooden materials. This later changed as technology advanced, to usage of synthetic kegs which can withhold high pressures. The assembly of keg is simply a process of few steps such as collection of the keg components, ...

Peace that people enjoy nowadays uninterrupted is, of course, not a new phenomenon. However, what is interesting is that the humanity has lived only several hundred years without warring for whatever reason could bring large armies face-to-face in a lethal confrontation for questionable reasons. Besides soldiers, the brute force of conflicts, the main tools of war have always been weapons indicating the state of technological advancement of nations, being the litmus paper and the benchmarks of progress. Thousands years ago, there was no such concept as a long-lasting peace, and the weaponry was a lot more different than it currently is, being used ...

Corporate Social Responsibility Policy:

Introduction: Steward Construction Limited Civil Engineering commits to balancing the organization’s economic sustainability along with its environmental and social responsibilities. Our regard for people comprises of fair treatment to our employees, healthy community’ relations and interactions, and sound management of the associations with our supply chain.

Business Model:

Our business management systems oversee the daily activities and constantly furnish the management with assessment reports. These reports monitor and evaluate the outcomes of the business practices hence prompting the necessary course of action. The present integrated management system is certified to ISO 9001, and endorsed by the Global Construction and ...

Introduction

Alternative renewable energy continues to grow popularity because of the upsetting climate change caused by greenhouse gases, exhaustion of non-renewable energy resources and rising global demand for energy. Renewable resources of electricity production are vital progress and are fundamentally motivated by cost. Solar energy is clean and profuse that is why it is the best among the available substitutes. The modern solid-state photovoltaic (PV) technology began in 1954 upon the discovery of silicon (Si) diodes photovoltaic effect . Crystalline Si and a wide range of thin film solar cells, which are inorganic, are the prevailing photovoltaic technologies employed nowadays . ...

Executive Summary

Recently, the Middle East has experienced high rates of bad weather conditions that among others have caused sandstorms around the region. These conditions continue to affect various socio-economic activities with massive deadly consequences especially for airline companies (Seinfield and Spyros, 2006). For instance, in 2008, sandstorms caused low visibility conditions caused very many cars to pile up on the Dubai-Abu Dhabi border. It is estimated that around 25 people lost their lives in this incident. In late 2013, the same incident did not only cause injuries to a dozen people but also hampered activities around Dubai airport for three days. ...

Introduction

Orthopedics refers to the branch of surgery devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of illness, injuries malformations and deformities of the musculoskeletal system (Goriainov et al. 2014). The system includes the muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints and bones. Orthopedic engineering leverages biomaterials in the form of implants such as sutures, joint replacements, bone plates and so forth. It also deals medical devices to replace damaged and defective parts of the body (Goriainov et al. 2014,"Material, Technology and Profit” 1988). Biomaterial is termed as "Any substance (other than drug) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which ...

Steel is an alloy of another metal, iron. In addition, it contains carbon components. The carbon content of steel metal varies between 0.002% and 2.1% according to their weight. In fact, it is the carbon component in the steel metal that makes it harder than mere pure iron. As such, these carbon atoms make it hard for any dislocations to occur in the iron crystal lattice preventing the lattice from sliding past each other. Notably, steel is the metal that is most widely used for construction purposes, as well as the most recycled metal on earth. It ranges from ...

Currently the EN 771-1 has been revised in order to adapt the new element of the Construction Products regulation. This exercise entailed stipulations of the usage of the product and modification to the new CE design and the affirmation of the performance. The new law requires the manufacturers of the construction materials to apply the CE markings. Art. 11 of the CPR emphasis that the manufacturer has to fulfil the obligation of drawing up the declaration performance and to affix the CE marking.

Introduction

The product category rules are important in preparation of the EPDs for manufactured concrete and the ...

When designing various projects for a client, an engineer is concerned with different aspects of the design. For instance, the aesthetic value of the design is very important to the engineer. Other factors that concern the engineer are the durability of the product and the cost effectiveness in both the design and production processes. However, and without belittling the importance of these factors, safety is ultimately the major concern of the engineer. Safety as a factor is incorporated into all designs, for both the client and the environment (including other people who might not necessarily use the product but stand in ...

The name beach house is used to signify and show a housing structure built near the beach or a large mass of the water body. Mostly, they are houses used as vocational homes or second homes for people who work in further places. They are equally used by people of good financial means and ability as vocational homes or where the wealthy and their families go to spend vocational periods like the holidays. Beach houses are usually designed and constructed with considerations of the weather of that particular geographic location. Thus, beach houses are uniquely different from one another, because they ...

INTRODUCTION

Background A car jack is a device that lifts vehicles off the ground so that maintenance and repair can be carried out underneath the car. Available car jacks, however, are manually operated. They require much laborious physical effort on the part of the user. Such jacks present problems for the handicapped and elderly.

Aim of the design

The aim of this study is to deliver a high an efficient car jack to the end user. This project has been motivated by the need to determine whether the introduction of automation and keen material selection in a jack saves time and improves on its performance and ...

Introduction

Thin films are in use since ages, and in old times people used to beat gold with hammers into thin films about less than one μm thickness and then used this thin film for gold coating of different stuffs. Thin films are used in many materials and do use them in daily life but are not aware of it. If one wax cars or paint homes that mean, they are applying a thin film.

Bulk Material VS thin film

Bulk materials are those materials that are mined. They are referred to as Bulk solid in mining and mineral industry. The material that can be stored ...

Q1:

There are four classes/or types of materials that are considered as listed below

- Ceramics and Glasses - Composite materials - Polymers - Metal alloys First generalized properties of the materials will be discussed, and then based on these properties one material will be selected for a specific application. - Ceramics and Glasses Ceramics and Glasses are inorganic, non-metallic materials consisting of metallic and non-metallic elements bonded with ionic and covalent bonds. These are high strength bonding gives special characteristics to these materials.

The typical properties of these materials are as:

- Low to moderate density compared to metals, - High modulus of elasticity, - Provide good strength at elevated level of ...