Essays on Crystal Structure

Introduction

Stainless steel is an important component in the modern industry having various uses in the industry. This has forced new developments in its manufacturing especially in terms of its composition. This can be the steel made from aluminum, manganese, and iron. All these materials makes the finished stainless steel product unique in terms of its composition, physical metallurgy, and other factors. This paper is going to discuss the development in stainless steel technology with regards to its composition in terms of the materials used. The materials that are going to be discusses are Al, Mn, and Fe. The paper ...

Introduction

Capsular polysaccharides are of high molecular mass and low molecular weight cell-surface polysaccharides of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Wang et al. 2000). They facilitate evading the immune system; therefore, the production and extraction of this layer is a prospective therapeutic target (rcsb.org). In the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, strain TIGR4 the Cps4B is tyrosine protein phosphatase CpsB. The phosphatases have capability to dephosphorylate their analogous autokinases, instead of their similar functionality equivalence; they don’t demonstrate sequence homology. This capsule or CPS act as an interface border between a microbe and its environment that presents an expansive biological and clinical significance. ...

Introduction

Selection of materials is an important part of engineering design. Material selection is aimed at increasing the performance as well as the life of the engineering component and hence, very important for success of engineering component. The nature of loading, expected life, working environment amongst other factors determines the material to be selected for a particular application.

Therefore, engineers and designers must determine the properties of materials before they incorporate them in their design. Mechanical properties of materials such as ultimate tensile strength, Modulus of Elasticity, proof stress, specific strength, toughness and density amongst others are some of the important ...

Introduction

CD4 is a cellular immune response co-receptor that raises the avidity of relationship between an antigen-presenting cell and a T-cell through interaction with non-polymorphic parts of the complex between T-cell receptor and major histocompatibility class II molecules. It directly contributes to transduction of signal via cytoplasmic relationship with the lymphocyte kinase. CD4 also plays a role as the high-affinity receptor for attachment of cells as well as entrance of HIV. The CD4 extracellular part consists of domains that resemble immunoglobulin D1 to D4. This component of the CD4 has been qualified as a recombinant soluble protein, and crystal structures have been identified for ...

The compound C12H10Cl3N3O8Ru2 is made up of various elements. These elements include carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen and ruthenium. One of the features of the compound is that it has a formula weight of 632.72grams/ mole. This is the weight obtained by summing the atomic masses of the elements that make up the compound. This mass means that from every one mole of the compound, the total weight is about 632.72 grams. It can be observed that the mineral is heavy as compared to other compounds of the same nature.

The compound is joined together by covalent bonds. At room ...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs. Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

Carbon (C) is a chemical element of atomic number 6 and belongs to group 14 on the periodic table. Carbon is a nonmetallic element and it’s the sixth in abundance in the universe. Coal is the most readily available source of carbon. Carbon in its raw form is of little value and has to be processed into commercially applicable forms. Commercial carbon appears in three allotropes: graphite, amorphous, and diamond. This is a research paper on carbon, its applications and negatives effects on the environment (Jefferson Lab).

CARBON ALLOTROPES

Amorphous carbon is the resulting black material when a carbonaceous fuel or compound is burnt ...

Introduction

The destructive testing of the materials is often used to find out the material properties. The mechanical property is based on the parameters obtained from the material testing. The testing involves tensile testing, hardness testing, creep testing, and impact testing. The non destructive testing involves interaction of energy with the materials. It is necessary to decide the behaviour of the material by knowing the property of the materials. The structure of the material at the atomic level will guess the characteristic of the material at the atomic level. The materials fall into the category of metallic, ceramic, and polymeric. ...

Prions are infectious proteins that are usually linked with the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders in humans as well as many other mammals. They belong to the class of misfolded proteins and are the causative agents for the different transmissible diseases, mainly encephalopathy that can be defined by the changes in the anatomy accompanied by Pathophysiological origin that follow Mendelian genetics. The main characterization of the disease is the aggregation of proteins in the neurological system leading to degenerative brain diseases that are fatal and are incurable at present. Murray et al. (2004, p.37) have stressed that the transmissible ...