Essays on Deformation

Quality Assessment

Scanning technology (3D laser scanner technique) measures the dimension of a precast concrete panel using extraction algorithms to measure boundary points with a compensation model to increase measurement accuracy (Kim et al., 2013). 3D laser scanning converts CAD models into BIM, which identifies scanned objects by ensuring precision for rebar mapping before actual drilling as well as rebar detailing for installing rebar cages (Hajian & Brandow, 2012). Before shipping precast concrete elements, dimensional quality assurance (DQA) is carried out to ensure that there are no dimensional defects using a scanner in an automated process that saves time and labor input ( ...

Introduction

How materials behave is dependent on various factors, some of which include their mechanical properties. When the material experiences various loading conditions, its behavior reflects its mechanical conditions as well as the effect of the loading conditions. When a material experiences various loading conditions, the material experiences either shear stress, tensile strength, or compressive strength. The tensile properties of a material relate to its ability support any axial loads to which it is subjected without rapturing (Department of Engineering. 2007). When a material is subjected to tensile stress, the deformation that occurs is in the form of elongation or ...

Diseases and disorders occur due to many reasons such as bacterial or viral infections, can genetically be inherited or they can be linked to nutritional deficiencies. One such disease linked with nutritional deprivation is termed as Rickets or Osteomalacia. It is an illness which has been around for many centuries and mainly affects children. However, the prevention of rickets has been made possible with research and discovering the factors which can help improve bodily health. Yet, the disease is a commonly recurring one in developing countries where infants and young children are exposed to a nutritional deficiency of Vitamin ...

Abstract

Materials exhibit different chemical and mechanical properties such as strength and durability. Combining different materials to form a material composite enhances their individual properties in different measures. In this experiment, the mechanical strength of composite sandwich structures was investigated through bending. Four samples were investigated for their properties on bending and strength. Three of the four polystyrene beams were reinforced with paper while the fourth beam was investigated without paper reinforcement. One of the beams was bonded with construction paper on one side; the next bema was bonded with construction paper on both sides while the third beam was ...

Lab report

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the influence of phase transformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of plain carbon steel type AISI C1045. The testing of metals is necessary to learn what metal is suitable for construction of a specific item by testing how microstructures react during phase transformations. The metal used during the experiments was samples of AISI C1045 Steel also called carbon steel alloy. The samples each underwent tests for Heat Energy (ft-lb) and Hardness (HRC) at five temperatures; 70°F (assumed to be room temperature, 400°F, 700°F, 1000°F and ...

Introduction

There are different perspectives that are being peddled concerning fracture processes, this has led to confusion on what actually this term means. In this review, a deeper understanding is sort by analyzing different aspects of the nomenclature of the fracture process. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the failure processes several aspects are put in consideration key among them will be discussed below and include; the energy of fracture, macroscopic structure path and microscopic fracture mechanisms.

Energy to Break

The toughness of a material is the measure of the absorbed energy during and before fracture. The toughness of the material ...

Abstract

The experiment involved the investigation of the young’s modulus of different beams made from different materials. The beams that were used for the test were steel, aluminum and timber. The experiment involved placing of the beams on the measurement machine shown below and addition of loads at the center of the beam. The loads were then varied across the beams while investigating the relationship that existed between the beams when different loads were added. The height, width, and the respective deflections were therefore recorded for analysis. The dial gauge was used to measure the deflection of the beam ...

DEFLECTION OF BEAMSIntroduction

Any kind of modern day construction makes use of a component called structural beam, or beam. A beam helps in adding strength of any design or structure. Generally manufactured using steel, wood, or concrete, it is commonly used for spanning any open element of a structure. In any design work based on iron, steel I beam is the most commonly used one. On the other hand, home-based constructions generally make use of wooden beams. When steel I beam is encased within concrete, it forms a concrete beam and is typically used in the construction of heavy structures, such as ...

Introduction

Stainless steel is an important component in the modern industry having various uses in the industry. This has forced new developments in its manufacturing especially in terms of its composition. This can be the steel made from aluminum, manganese, and iron. All these materials makes the finished stainless steel product unique in terms of its composition, physical metallurgy, and other factors. This paper is going to discuss the development in stainless steel technology with regards to its composition in terms of the materials used. The materials that are going to be discusses are Al, Mn, and Fe. The paper ...

Abstract

In this experiment, the young modulus of three beams was investigated these were steel, aluminum and timber. The beams were placed and the deflections values upon addition of various loads at the Centre of the beam taken. There was a variation of the loads across the beam to investigate thee relationship that existed between the loads, the span width, height, and deflections. Measurement of the deflection was therefore done through the dial gauge with three sets of measurements being taken and the average calculated. Different beams were used to enable elaborate comparison of the coefficient of elasticity. Measurement of ...

Personality of the offender - a set of socio-psychological characteristics and qualities, which are the causes and conditions for committing crimes. Criminal’s personality is different from the personality of law-abiding person by public danger, it is characterized by criminal needs and motivation, emotional and volitional deformation and negative social interests. The problem of offender’s personality is one of the central problems for sciences, which are connected with criminology. Criminology examines the socio-demographic and moral-psychological characteristics of offender. In addition, crucial for this topic and for criminology as a whole is a question of what the nature of ...

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Questions Do you know the basis functioning of Ultrasound and how it effects you in generating the ultrasonic images? Do you think that ultrasound is necessary to determine the texture and shape of internal organs and tissues? Do you think that ultrasound is necessary to determine the health of fetus and what kind of abnormalities in fetus can be depicted by the ultrasonic images?

Are you certain that the results of ultrasound are always reliable and help in the adequate diagnosis?

Are you aware about the safety measures that are required to be incorporated during the ultrasound? What kind of potential harms ultrasound can cause on the individual and fetus? What are the possible ...

A brake is a device that produces artificial resistance to the moving part of a machine to stop or slow down its motion. Any machine or its part that is in motion possesses kinetic energy. As per physical laws, energy cannot be destroyed; its form can only be transformed. The brake system converts the kinetic energy of the moving machine or part into thermal, potential or chemical energy. Brake systems are of various types utilized in different applications in industries, home appliances, vehicles, railway trains, and other sectors. This paper has focused on the brake systems used in vehicles, ...

Introduction

Bend (flexure) testing is often done in springs as well in brittle materials whose behaviors of failure are linear like concrete, wood, plastic, glass and ceramics. Bend testing is suitable for evaluating the strength of brittle materials where the results of tensile tests aren’t easy to interpret due to the breaking of specimens around the gripping (Schoffstall, Charles, and Robert 234). In bend testing experiment, smooth rectangular specimens without notches are recommended under three or four point bend arrangements. Figure I below illustrates three point and four point bend arrangements respectively. Figure 1. Bend testing of a smooth ...

Introduction

In consolidation test of soil parameters of a sample, the settlement caused by applying an increased load to a soil sample is measured. These measurements involve the amount of soil that will decompress or compress on an application of a load.

Materials

Sieve nest Sieve brushes Tamper Consolidation device Displacement indicator Caliper Drying oven Moisture Procedure A soil sample of size finer than # 40 sieve is selected to be used in the experiment. The soil moisture content of the is first determined using a representative quantity and the mass of the remaining sample (Wd) which will be placed in the ...

Having emerged at the same time with Fauvism, Cubism played a major role in the formation of formalistic painting. Its history can be traced back to 1907 when Paris hosted its discovery by the formalistic movement. The founders of Cubism were the expressionist painters Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. In fact, cubism painter were basing on Cézanne's statement that the groundwork of nature was represented by simple geometric forms, such as a sphere, cylinder and cone, though Cézanne himself did not expose the geometrical structure of things, thus only implying it while constructing volumetric figures (Strickland, Boswell ...

SUMMARY

This article explains the structure and history of Crevice pluton. The structures found inside the pluton are observed which include the moderate to steep penetrative foliation, top-to-west shallow ductile shear zones and subvertical northwest-striking mode I fractures of regional extent. A research was conducted to examine the inside architecture and age of deformation of Crevice pluton, near the main fork of the Salmon River. This investigation also attempts to examine the relation that is assumed to exist between the different fabric patterns of Crevice Pluton. Laser ablation technique was also used to analyze zircon from Crevice Pluton and ...

Literature Review: Body Armor Overview

Literature Review: Body Armor Overview - Body Armor: Introduction - History

In modern times, security forces and military personnel use body armor to mitigate the likelihood of serious injury while engaged in their professional activities. However, the use of body armor is by no means a new phenomenon. From the earliest times that man developed weapons, he has also produced means of providing protection against weapons wielded by others, including the use of body armor. Early man used comparatively primitive methods, but as civilizations developed and techniques advanced, body armor evolved. Whilst the soldiers of ancient Greece ...

Introduction

Jewellery has been in existence since the early humans began to become civilized. The human desire is to be adorned with precious metals and gems. This has been evident since the Neolithic and Palaeolithic eras. The early humans made jewellery that was formed from claws, bones, teeth and shells. This has been documented by archaeologists. The Egyptians, the Romans and the Greeks applied distinct methods for the creation of jewellery (Cartlidge 1985; Dorner & Turner 1985; Druff and Dormer 1995; Druitt 1986; Falk 1989; Game and Goring 1998; Gilhooley and Costin 1998; Grant 2005; Grant 2007; Hinks 1983; Hughes 1972; ...

Literature Review: Body Armor Overview

Literature Review: Body Armor Overview

- Body Armor: Introduction

- History

In modern times, security forces and military personnel use body armor to mitigate the likelihood of serious injury while engaged in their professional activities. However, the use of body armor is by no means a new phenomenon. From the earliest times that man developed weapons, he has also produced means of providing protection against weapons wielded by others, including the use of body armor. Early man used comparatively primitive methods, but as civilizations developed and techniques advanced, body armor evolved. Whilst the soldiers of ancient Greece used shields ...

Introduction

Selection of materials is an important part of engineering design. Material selection is aimed at increasing the performance as well as the life of the engineering component and hence, very important for success of engineering component. The nature of loading, expected life, working environment amongst other factors determines the material to be selected for a particular application.

Therefore, engineers and designers must determine the properties of materials before they incorporate them in their design. Mechanical properties of materials such as ultimate tensile strength, Modulus of Elasticity, proof stress, specific strength, toughness and density amongst others are some of the important ...

Machining Technology is a manufacturing process that involves the foundational and basic principles about cutting via the application of various cutting tools. Despite the many modern technological advancement in this field of material science, it cannot be denied that there are the same principles involved both from the traditional and modern up-to-date techniques. Machining is the application of process used for shaping metals as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Cross sectional view of the machining process. The machining technology is applied in various work materials especially in the use of metals. It is used to shape and ...

A collision refers to a physical situation where kinetic energy of momentum of an object is transferred from an object to the other one. In physics, collisions are classified as either elastic or inelastic. Conservation laws; energy conservation and momentum conservation are important tools in the analysis of collisions. Various literatures and experimental studies have confirmed that it is difficult to assess the interaction of bodies during collision. Therefore, main objective of this work is to demonstrate to relate the various parameters such as velocities and masses of the system using the principle of conservation of energy and momentum.

The momentum of an object of mass, m and velocity, v is represented mathematically as shown below:

momentum, ...

Introduction and Theory

The main aim of this experiment is to investigate energy and momentum conservation in a closed system. Momentum and energy conservation principles are significant physical variables that engineers use when describing various physical phenomenon. Momentum of a body is a vector quantity, which is given by the product of its velocity and mass. In collision theory, the momentum of the body is always conserved when two bodies collide. The principle of momentum conservation applies to both elastic and inelastic conservation irrespective of the dynamic interaction between the two objects. This report demonstrates the application of momentum equation in determination of motion parameters ( ...

Group

Abstract Material selection is an important stage in engineering design. Engineers use various materials with different mechanical properties in building of structures. These mechanical properties include; tensile strength, yield strength, proof stress, Young's modulus, shears modulus of rigidity and ductility amongst others. Material selection increases the performance as well as durability of the engineering component. The expected life, cost, nature of loading and working environment are some of the factors that assist engineers to select materials for particular application. Therefore, engineers and designers must be able to determine the properties of these materials before they use them. Engineers ...

- Stress in the Thin Cylinder Subjected to Internal Pressure - Discussion on Lab Results I would like to start with the proverb “Err is Human”. All the scientific experiments conducted in the research lab are always subjected to the errors. Most of the errors are due to the human mistakes while taking the reading, and it was called as the parallax errors. This report may contain the certain types of errors. Now, we can analysis about Table 1 and Table 2. The table 1 speaks about pressure (N/MM 2) and gauge (ε). If a pressure increases the ...

Abstract

Studies in mechanics have evolved to be the most fundamental tool in the innovation of new materials and advanced technology. Specifically, studies in Continuum Mechanics, has been very influential in producing materials that exhibit various desirable characteristics at the expense of size and weight. Nanotubes are a perfect example of how this study has impacted the evolution in material technology. It has been used as the basis for the explanation of these complex materials as well as provisions for their behavioral effects during machining. The wide use of nanotubes in fragile fields like technical textile supplements, truly depict the stretchy ...

1. When the load on the specimen increases, the compression on the specimen increases. The longitudinal strain increases by increasing of the load value. The young’s modulus gets increases with the longitudinal strain. The load compresses because of the load. 2. When a compressive force acts on the specimen, two types of stain occur one is lateral strain and another strain is the axial strain. The specimen undergoes lateral strain to some extent. The lateral strain occurs due to the overload applied on the specimen, but the specimen undergoes more longitudinal strain than the lateral strain. The specimen ...

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Abstract of the Tensile Test

Tensile tests are instrumental in understanding the properties of various materials and the way will behave when subjected to a load. Four different materials were subjected to tensile test using universal testing machine. The materials that were tested were: steel and nylon. The data obtained from each experiment was used to calculate and graphically determine some of the valuable properties of the materials such as, yield stress, ultimate tensile strength and young’s modulus. The material properties obtained from the various test were compared with the theoretical values and also amongst the materials themselves. The tensile test results showed that ...

Abstract

Animation in simple words means to give life, and the job of an animator is precisely that, to give life to static image or objects. Computer animation has traveled a long way, and today, the computer animation artists enjoy complete freedom to draw, model and animate objects in those infinite digital landscapes. The purpose of the essay is to look at the history of animation, and how it all started with simple drawings. The increasing sophistication and the realism of 3-D animation only reflect the never-ending possibilities of computer technology and the exponential processing power of a computer. With the ...

Abstract

The Altar basin found in the north western Sonora of Mexico, is a known subsidiary basin forming the present inactive part of the Colorado River delta. The sedimentary records of this basin show how the delta upgraded over a late Miocene. A structurally distinct aquatic basin at the northern end of the Gulf of California is found. Our interpretation of outcrop data, and information from exploratory wells, as well as analog seismic lines of Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), and magnetic and gravity explorations from various sources pointed to the existence of three sedimentary sequences, which can be related at regional scale ...

Pavement distresses are distortions in the pavement surface and the subgrade either due to poor design or external factors. Distresses shorten the lifespan of a pavement and pose a danger to the road users or causes discomfort. This is a paper on the different types of road distresses, causes, and the mitigation measures which can be taken to remedy the distresses.

Rutting

Rutting is the accumulation of slow permanent deformation due to continuous densification of pavement layers caused by the shear displacement of the subgrade. Shearing causes uplifting on the sides of the rut. Rutting occurs along the tracks of heavy vehicles on a ...

Introduction

Mechanics is a branch of physical science that deals with moving and stationary bodies influenced by forces. It is divided into two branches called dynamics and statics. Dynamics deals with moving bodies while statics deals resting bodies Mechanics also has a subcategory called fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is the science concerning the behavior of fluids. It could be fluid statics when it tackles about the body at rest. On the other hand, it could be fluid dynamics when the fluid body being studied is in motion. Fluid mechanics is a study regarding the behavior of material that can bend and ...

In our world today, there has been a huge interest in the study and understanding of the elastic properties of materials and how they are measured. It is an established fact that every solid object has a tendency to become deformed under the influence of an external force. However, the resistance offered by these solid objects against these external forces varies. This variation depends on the constituent materials of each of these solids. The resistance offered by a crystal object is greater than that of the ones made of amorphous materials. The applied external force, if large enough, can alter the size ...

Introduction:

The main purpose of the experiment was to carry out a tensile test on A36 steel and 6064-T6 aluminum. The experiment aimed at determining yield strength, rupture strength, ultimate tensile strength, the modulus of elasticity, the ductility of the materials under test. In real life engineering applications the tensile test is one of the most important and useful test that can be utilized to determine the mechanical properties of a material. Different materials have different mechanical properties and hence have different engineering uses. In engineering, it is imperative to determine the mechanical properties of a material as it helps in determining ...

Abstract

This report acknowledges the various properties associated with plastics and their behaviour when subjected to different conditions of loading. This experiment investigates the mechanical behaviour of five types of polymers which include Silly putty, six pack rings, nylon cable ties, Ply Doh, and Splat Ball. The properties of plastics can be altered to introduce cross-links and thereby introducing constraints to prevent sliding or rotation. The findings of the experiment concluded that temperatures, speed of loading and chemical composition of plastics are determinants of their mechanical behaviours.

Introduction

Polymers play a critical part in day-to-day life as manifested in the numerous applications. ...

Introduction

Thin films are in use since ages, and in old times people used to beat gold with hammers into thin films about less than one μm thickness and then used this thin film for gold coating of different stuffs. Thin films are used in many materials and do use them in daily life but are not aware of it. If one wax cars or paint homes that mean, they are applying a thin film.

Bulk Material VS thin film

Bulk materials are those materials that are mined. They are referred to as Bulk solid in mining and mineral industry. The material that can be stored ...

Introduction

The destructive testing of the materials is often used to find out the material properties. The mechanical property is based on the parameters obtained from the material testing. The testing involves tensile testing, hardness testing, creep testing, and impact testing. The non destructive testing involves interaction of energy with the materials. It is necessary to decide the behaviour of the material by knowing the property of the materials. The structure of the material at the atomic level will guess the characteristic of the material at the atomic level. The materials fall into the category of metallic, ceramic, and polymeric. ...

a Course, College, country b Course, College, country

Abstract

Tensile strength is a kind of force which is applied by pulling something such as rope, wire etc. to the point where it breaks [1]. The tensile strength of the material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure [1]. There is different kind of tensile strength yield strength, ultimate strength, breaking strength. The tensile strength can be found using tensile test which is a kind of the mechanical test [2]. Tensile test are simple, inexpensive and fully standardized. The motto of this paper is to analyze the tensile ...

reinforced with Aluminium glassy alloys

Engineering

The effects of mixing time, sintering temperature, sintering time and pressure on mechanical properties of a metal matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with Aluminium glassy alloys

Introduction

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are an important class of engineering materials because they can continually be adapted to suit the needs of manufacturing and newly available technology. MMCs using aluminium as a basic ingredient can be designed to meet particular needs for high performance materials. Duralumin™ was the first aluminium alloy demonstrating the ability to result in a material with very high temperature strength after solution treatment and aging (STA). Duralumin™ or ...

Answer 1

When a material is applied a force on, stress develops on the material. This in turn leads to the deformation of the material. Engineering strain can be defined as the measure of deformation of the element in the direction of the applied force divided by the original length of the material. If the stress is lesser in amount, the material will only deform upto a very small measure and it will come back to its actual size after the loading is removed. In terms of engineering stress and strain parameters, we make the use of undeformed and actual cross sectional area of ...

Introduction to proteins

Proteins are polypeptides made up of amino acids joined together by polypeptide bonds. The number of amino acids in a protein molecule can vary from several amino acids to thousands of amino acids. Proteins are made of a combination of several of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids as well as other minor amino acids. Proteins are very important molecules in the body .They form the structural components of animal and human tissue (Yildiz, 2009).

The primary structure of proteins is determined by the sequence of the amino acids in the protein. A functional amino acid must contain the correct sequence ...

On Whey Protein Isolates

The hardness and brittleness are key characteristics of protein molecules that can be used in determining the nature of the proteins. The hardness of the protein molecules refers to how well the molecules are bonded together making it more difficult for the denaturation of the protein molecule (Vardhanabhuti, & Foegeding, 1999).On the other hand, the brittleness of the protein molecule refers to the character of the protein molecule that prevents breakage in the bond linkage when subjected to different conditions. A major function of proteins among the food systems is the process of gelation. The process constitutes a ...

Over the last two decades, the Westboro Baptist Church congregation has picketed military funerals of U.S military officers to voice their discontent with scandals involving Catholic Church clergy and the churches belief that God hates the United States of America for tolerating homosexuality. On March 10, 2006, was the funeral of U.S marine Lance Corporal Mathew A. Snyder killed tragically in line of duty in Iraq on March 2006. The burial was attended by marine officers and family members. The Westboro Baptist Church congregation travelled all the way to Maryland to picket the funeral. The picketing was staged ...