Essays on Depolarization

The purpose of this assignment is to discuss the negative effects of prolonged diabetic treatment in adult patients. In particular, the assignment focuses on the effects of insulin infusion on patient suffering from diabetes with high potassium counts in his body Additionally, the patient's history shows that he had diabetes as well as chronic heart conditions. As a result, the patient has a history of high sodium levels as well as potassium levels in his blood system. The diagnostic treatments adopted by the clinical include insulin infusion and digitalis. This led to the patient developing abdominal pains and cramping. ...

Muscle contraction is a very important activity that enables an organism perform various bodily movements and flexible actions, in response to nerve stimuli. Muscle fibers are multinucleated long cylindrical cells that have an outer membrane called sarcolemma, and are mainly composed of contractile elements called myofibrils (Dougherty, 2016). Myofibrils are made up of repeating units called sarcomeres. Sarcomeres in turn are composed of (thin) actin and (thick) myosin protein filaments called myofilaments (Dougherty, 2016). The muscle fiber structure and organization is shown in Fig 1.

Contraction Mechanism – Sliding Filament Theory

According to the sliding filament theory, during contraction myosin filaments remain constant in length, ...

Biology

Abstract This is a practical report on human physiology EMG. The experiment recruited 85 subjects to examine the level of the signal emanating from muscle contraction in the lab. Some of the participants were left-handed while some were right handed. Males and females with varying levels of activity were recruited. The results indicated that more males exhibited maximal compression force than females as attested by the higher numbers that returned quickly to half the clench force. The level of activity of the participants positively correlated to slow return to half of the maximal compression force and reduced signs of ...

DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ION CURRENTS IN DETERMINING THE SHAPE AND DURATION OF CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL

Introduction Selective permeability to various ions is an important characteristic of cell membranes, one that determines myriad cellular functions. In animal cells, ion permeability and the electrical potential generated thereof determines the activity of neurons, myocytes and the like. The electrical potential depends on the concentration of the ions inside and outside any given cell, the permeability of the cell membrane to the ions and the ion channels that are present on the surface of the cell. Cardiac cells also possess different ion channels on their surface. These determine the two types of electrical potentials, namely, resting membrane ...

Definition of Some Terms

- Resting membrane potential: term denoting that Em is about -70mV - Depolarization: reversal of Em due to influx of sodium ions - Sodium (Na+): major extracellular cation - Threshold: minimal stimulus needed to cause an AP - Absolute refractory period: cell membrane insensitive to stimuli. - Potassium (K+): major intracellular cation

Answers to Questions

Describe a synapse, and include definitions of the pre- and post- synaptic neurons. A synapse is an anatomically specialized junction between two neurons, and it is where one neuron alters the activity of another. A presynaptic neuron conducts signals toward a ...

Introduction

The neurophysiology of nerve pulses in the cell were the subject of the online laboratory experiment in order to better understand neuron communication from inside a cell to the outside of a cell. One of the incredible characteristics of the nervous system is its capability to communicate due to the existence of neurons. Neurons show a measurable response to their environment by producing an electrical signal. We can smell due to olfactory sensory neurons that can directly react to perfume, food or anything with an odor; these odors are the sensory stimuli. The function of the receptor potential is to trigger an ...

Introduction

Pain is an essential part of the body’s defense system which is perceived as an unpleasant feeling. Pain produces a quick warning to the central nervous system to start motor response as a minimization of harm. Lack of pain perception is dangerous can cause grave problems such as Auto-amputation, corneal scarring or self-mutilation. Researchers in the medical profession have distinguished between pain and what is known as nociception. Nociception occurs when signals get to the central nervous system as a result of the activation of nociceptors (Svokos & Goldstein, 2009). Nociceptors are special sensory receptors which relay information regarding tissue damage. Pain ...

An investigation into the cholinergic receptor control of gastric muscle activity through the action of neurotransmitters

Introduction Different types of neurotransmitters have different effects on the activity of the smooth muscle. Neurotransmitters exert their effects on smooth muscle through binding to different types of neurotransmitter receptors present in smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles in the body that do not have the ability of controlling their own movements. Smooth muscles are unstriated because they lack the visible cross striations available in other types of muscles like the skeletal muscles (KCUMB, 2012). Smooth muscles are small in diameter 2-10mm. The muscle fibers that make the single unit muscle are complied together into sheets. ...

a) Explain why the effort of hormonal (Endocrine ) control tends to be slow whereas nervous control is usually very fast.

Endocrine control is normally slower when compared to nervous control majorly because hormones once released by the endocrine gland have to travel via the circulation to reach their target receptors on the effector organ which generally takes more time. Meanwhile, information relayed by nerves is in form of impulses (that is, action potentials generated due to electrical excitation produced by a change in the charge across the surface membrane of the neuron evoked by the stimuli) that simply travel along the ...