Essays on Desalination

Abstract

Application of the nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) processes is applied in the handling of water that is produced raw. The application has been investigated in the current day through various studies (Wang 14). The experiment of the processes of both nanofiltration and ultrafiltration is conducted in the laboratory unit which is operated in a pattern of cross flow (Ashaghi, Ebrahimi, & Czermak, 46). The study that was conducted in Oilfield of North Sea using the process of membranes of ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) indicated that the content of hydrocarbon decreased from 50 mg/l to 2 mg/l which recorded ...

In my opinion, the most important problem of today is the lack of fresh water. Global freshwater resources are threatened because the need for it has been increased in the variety of areas. More and more people need more water (demographic reasons). Thus climate change is likely to contribute to the occurrence of droughts (climate cause). Fresh water is 3% of the total water volume. Approximately 75% of the world's fresh water is contained in glaciers and icebergs; almost all of the remaining water is mainly located in underground aquifers (Rinkesh). Only 1% of water supplies is readily accessible ...

In order to reduce the United States’ dependence on fossil-fuel energy resources, alternate sources of renewable must be investigated in order to reduce the country’s emission of greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to global warming. At the recent COP21 Climate Summit in Paris, the United States committed to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28 percent below its 2005 level. This includes reductions in methane, carbon dioxide, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, nitrogen trifluoride and nitrous oxide, all of which contribute to global warming . In order to achieve these targets, the United States will need to employ alternative sources ...

Question 1: reasons why references are used for technical or academic writing

In technical and academic writing, referencing may be applied to ensure that previous information on a certain subject is acknowledged. The writer, in this case, is able to indicate that indeed he or she has researched related literature concerning the topic at hand and provides information on what has been achieved in the topic of concern. Consequently, once the previous literature has been acknowledged, the writer is able to table his or her position based on the previous information thereby providing a basis for the argument or claim they intend to make. Thirdly, referencing is done to ensure that ...

PERSONAL FINANCE INVESTMENT IN QATAR: INVESTING QR 1000000

Abstract This article describes a personal finance project which entails the investment of QR 1000000 in a short time frame, from 1 March to 27 May 2016. We first define personal finance and establish the five steps of a personal financial planning process, which entails: (1) assessment of the individual’s financial situation; (2) determination of the individual’s financial goals; (3) creation and details of the financial plan, based upon the determined goals; (4) execution of the aforementioned plan; (5) monitoring and reassessment of the plan. For each one of the five stages, we carry out the required ...

Abstract

Apparently the multiple dimensions of environmental management concerns for countries with multi-tiered systems of governance were far less understood approximately twenty five years ago. It was thereby important for the government to impose regulations that have the ability to assess and bypass thornier intergovernmental issues with respect to its ability to protect sensitive environments and introduce strategies for growth and expansion. In this context the term “disaster resistant community” holds good as opposed to “Disaster Resilient Community” and there are very specific issues why Webstar defines ‘Resilience’ as the ability to recover from or adjust easily from a calamity ...

Haitian Desal-A-Nation (A solar powered water distiller)

Background Small-scale desalination is a method that helps to desalinize cases of water scarcity. The salt water that is efficient and profitable. And, it is also life-saving and making the affected people live a healthy lifestyle. Several water desalination projects are in place to include the C- water, MIT solar powered desalination system and the Haitian Desal-A-Nation. Figure 1 : the Haitian Desal-A-Nation [3] This project is aimed at developing a distillation system which works solely on sunlight. The architecture is simple and hence can easily be reproduced for more consumers and additionally, the glass material is strengthened for ...

This paper seeks to bring to light the problems of farms on the east coast of the UAE and show their water-related problems and its effects on domestic and business activities through a story (Cronon). The protagonist of the tale is Dr. Saif Al Qaydi, who was the Dean of Humanities of a local college in the East of the UAE. He like all the residents of the area faced first-hand the acute problem of water shortage. Al Qaydi was involved in several types of research on the issue and discovered that more than 20 farm businesses were rendered ...

Seawater Desalination

Availability of adequate clean and fresh is a primary aspect that determines the establishment of any human settlement. With the access to clean water, a population is likely to lead a healthy life, and such a community is highly productive. Climatic changes and other various factors have prompted water shortages in many areas. It is more worrying that the situation is likely to become worse in the future. This highlights the need of finding alternative and efficient strategies for addressing this life threating issue. Failing to adopt such strategies is tantamount to preparing for a disaster that will be ...

Water scarcity is a global problem that affects several places and regions around the globe. The phenomenon of water scarcity is hitting drier places hard . The impacts of water scarcity in these places have been severe. For example, impacts of water scarcity include crop failure, lack of food and extended starvation amongst populations and death due to waterborne disease in places where water scarcity forces people to consume dirty water. It is on these backgrounds that several individuals, community based organizations, non-governmental organizations, United Nations agencies and government agencies have put together concerted efforts to address the challenge of ...

in the industrial and infrastructure sector

Abstract

In most parts of the Arab countries, the limited resources of water pose adverse constraints to both the social and economic development, while also threatening the people’s livelihood. The available surface water keeps on declining, and the ground water over-pumping that goes beyond the natural recharge rates has continued to cause great negative impact in the lowering of water table. Over-pumping of ground water also increases ground water salinity, ground water depletion, and ecological degradation (SCENR 5). The outcome prompted the Qatar government to start regulating its water resources as a measure ...

Part A: Annotated Bibliography

Edberg, S. C. (2015). Microbial Health Risks of Regulated Drinking Waters in the United States—A Comparative Microbial Safety Assessment of Public Water Supplies and Bottled Water. This article examines the differences between tap water and bottled water in the United States of America, especially in regards to safety, regulation, and source. Essentially, the authors underline that there is a significant difference in the quality of tap water and bottled water. Tap water is likely to cause infections when consumed whereas bottled water rarely causes infections. Infections resulting from the ingestion of bottled water are unheard of, and related ...

Seawater Pretreatment Process

Desalination or treatment of seawater is a process in which fresh water that is suitable for consumption is extracted from the saline water (Pearce, 2007). Many methods are used in the desalination process, but the most applied and efficient one are reverse osmosis. The sea water that is fed to the reverse osmosis plants, many times has large particles which end up spoiling the membranes of the plants due to the high level of large particles in the seawater (Van Hoof, Hashim, & Kordes,1999). Therefore, to reduce operation cost and treatment time, there is a need for a pretreatment ...

[Client Name] Water is a colourless and odourless liquid, and is very important for human development and survival. It covers 75% of the earth's surface and is mostly found in lakes, rivers and seas. In addition, the human body comprises 78% of water. Water is an interesting molecule and consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. It is covalently bonded and possesses a very interesting characteristic, i.e. polarity. Polarity ensures that water is an effective medium for the dissolution of other polar compounds. In so doing, water is an enabler for many biological reactions (“The Chemistry of ...

Analysis and Comparison of two Climate Change films: “The Day After Tomorrow” and “Beasts of the Southern Wild”

“The Day After Tomorrow (TDAT)” refers to an American climate change film that was directed by Emmerich Roland in 2004. The film focuses on the disasters caused by global warming. “The contest over global warming is a challenge for the referee because it's a tag-team match, a real free-for-all” (Al Gore, 2011 p.2).In the movie, the weather scientist Dennis Quaid tries to warn people on the issue of climate change, but he fails. Quaid finds themselves horrified after finding out that all their predictions about global warming were coming true faster than they could imagine. According to the ...

LITERATURE REVIEW: WATER TREATMENT

1.0 Literature Review: Water Treatment. 1.1 Water Quality: Water quality is the measure of water condition in relation to the requirements of various biotic species, the environment, and/or any human needs and purposes. Water quality is determined by measuring and analyzing it chemical, biological, physical and radiological characteristics. Both natural and human activities influence water quality. Natural influences that affect water quality are mainly climatic, geological and hydrological since they affect both the quality and quantity of water available (Diersing 2009). The highest influence on water quality occurs when its quantity is low, yet the limited resource must be ...

Abstract

The paper is aimed at the research of the water provision issue in a region of developing world in order to suggest solutions. India was chosen for the completion of assignment, because it as the developing country is characterized by a free market, low standards of democratic governance, human rights guarantees, the active development of social programs and industrialization. Being the second largest country in the world by population, India has faced significant water scarcity problems. The proper statistics was provided to support risk worsening. Two methods of water provision, namely waste water treatment and desalination of sea water, ...

1. Introduction Libya is counted amongst the driest nations throughout the world, where only their narrow coastal area gets precipitation above 100 mm annually. As a country, Libya has faced several historical challenges in terms of managing the increasing water demand as they suffer from water scarcity. Apart from the deficiencies in water supply, there have been instances reported for pollution in the water supply. It is apparent that water scarcity is apparent in Libya, especially in the coastal areas which are highly populated areas that causes major pressure on environmental, economic and social levels. Within Libya, concentrated of ...

Introduction

Security of people in the United States remains one of the top priorities of President Barack Obama’s government. It is thus therefore not unusual to find the United States in conflict with nations which tend to threaten world peace. The Iranian and Syrian conflicts are some of the latest examples of this situation. This is because the two nations are suspected to be in possession of nuclear plants which pose a threat to the safety of many people around the world.

Stakeholders in the Nuclear Energy Sector

The major stakeholders in the nuclear community comprise of national regulatory authorities, industrialists, and environmentalists. Other stakeholders include ...

Water can be considered one of the most vital resources in the planet because of its benefits to every aspect of life. Aside from being used for drinking, water ensures that life is continously sustained around the planet. However, as mankind continues to grow, supplies of critical resources like water are slowly drying out due to various causes. While a majority could argue that it is due to the changing climates causing extreme heat, there are others saying that the reducing supply for water is because of pollution. For countries like the United States, issues regarding water supply and pollution ...

Abstract

The seawater forms 97% of water of the world, and the icecaps account for 2%. The portion of water available for human consumption is barely 0.5% and that also in aquifers. The widening gap between availability and requirement of potable water especially in the Gulf countries has necessitated newer methods and technologies for production of water suitable for human consumption. This situation in the Gulf region has developed due to non- availability of surface water, high growth of population and urbanization, and water depletion. The present paper takes account of the desalinization of seawater plant established in Abu Dhabi ...

Figure 1 Schematic representation of hot water solar system in a building 11 Figure 2 Twenty Years Solar Energy Consumption in different regions 12

Benefits of Solar Energy

Abstract There are various sources of energy in the world and these sources include wind energy, tidal powers, solar energy, thermal power, energy from fossil fuel and so forth. Moreover, this alternative renewable energy source can facilitate in minimizing the greenhouse effect. Solar energy has been in use for a long time; however, immense advancement in the field is only taking place in the recent past. The solar technologies can be outlined into two classes ...

Introduction

Water scarcity is a preventive issue in UAE. The gap between availability and demand leads to a situation called water stress. Water stress is expected to rise to alarmingly high levels owing to demographic factors like population and increased consumption and legal factors like government policies enforced in this direction. Conservation and effective utilization of available water resources is a must to support the current population and the future generations. Desalination provides a non-conventional technique of re-utilizing disposed or water from marine areas for intensive applications like irrigating agricultural fields by removing the salt content. According to the US Geological Survey, water ...

Abstract

Crude oil, also known as petroleum, is one of the most important natural resources. It is a fossil fuel that is non-renewable and has different components such as hydrocarbon compounds and other materials like oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, salt and water. It is normally extracted from the ground, under the seas, and on land and is then transported to refineries. Most of the substances are removed in the refinery, and the oil is broken down and blended into useful products (McCants, 1989). Some of these products include medicines, plastics, fabrics, dyes, cosmetics, and transport fuels. Transportation of crude oil is done ...

Texas Water Shortage

Most Texans are acquainted with the impacts of the 2011 dry spell. Watering limitations in the enormous urban areas may have just been minor bothers, yet news pictures of starving cows and boiling over out of control bonfires made it hard to overlook the giganticness of the disaster . A few assessments put horticultural misfortunes at more than $7 billion. Watering system for rice ranches and farming downstream from Austin was cut off by the Lower Colorado River Authority without precedent for more than 70 years. Twenty-three open water frameworks reported having short of what six months' water supply. The ...

1.0 Introduction Categorically, there are approximations that nearly 30% of the overall globe land area comprises of occupied arid and semi-arid areas. Most importantly, water shortages prevent both economic and social development of the mentioned arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The cited economic and social development gets held back because they significantly rely on continuous water supply resources. Due to the constant and continuous interruption of the aquifers (V.E.A, 2005, p.122), the freshwater challenge gets motivated, because, the mentioned water is increasingly becoming salty. The report, therefore, aims at evaluating the feasibility of providing fresh water ...

Module Code and Title

Assignment Question Report Assessing the Feasibility of different Techniques for providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions 1.0 Introduction The challenge of sustainable water supply and management in arid areas is magnified by the climatic condition of these regions. The areas often experience a period of six rainless months every year. The areas also experience low and unpredictable annual precipitation of around 100 to 500mm per year as well as extreme potential evaporation (Bunn et al. 2006, p.174). The impact of climate change primarily affects the amount of fresh water supply in arid regions. There is a substantial decrease ...

Report Assessing the Feasibility of Different Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions of the World

Introduction Howard, Xin, and Mathias (2010) suggest that approximately 30 percent of the whole land in the world comprises arid and semi-arid areas inhabited by several populations of the world. The authors continue on the same note by asserting that the main challenge to the social and economic development of these arid regions of the world is the acute shortage of water, necessary for the development of various sectors within the society. The impediment results from the fact that the development of the economy has significant dependence on the availability of water in the regions. Sound development of ...

1.0 Introduction Water is an important component of life and without it life on earth will be non-existent. About ¾ of this planet is made up of water and it is a surprise, therefore, to find out that more than a billion people do not have access to clean water. According to the United Nations, the uneven distribution of water is endangering an increasing number of people although there is enough water in the planet to supply its entire population (2014). This situation is particularly true in areas that are classified as arid regions or regions with precipitation characterized as low, ...

Engineering and Profession 06-85-118

Sustainable Development Introduction The planet Earth is the third planet from the Sun in our solar system. By a fortuitous circumstance, it is located in the most optimal position to sustain life. It took 4 billion years for the Earth to change from a mass of gases and vapor to the present form, where land emerged and water condensed to form seas. From the basic biological forms at cellular level, plants and animals and finally Human life evolved. Human life can be traced back to the last 200,000 years of the planet’s history. Yet, in this relatively ...

Population

According to United Nations population has drastically changed compared mid-eighties and these days, rising from less than five billions up to seven billions in 2011 (World Population Prospect). In less than twenty five years population has increased for more than two billions. Demands for water, food and energy were also increased. Two billions people were requesting food, accommodation, transportation, health care and water. New locations are founded for extensive food production. New hydro and nuclear power plants were built to support growing energy consumption. For powering countless agricultural machines the oil was solution. It was cheap, easy to work ...

Executive Summary

This work is a result of the research conducted by a researcher from the United Nations. It seeks to examine the root causes of tensions arising from the water resources around the Jordan River Basin, the significance of this region to its occupants. According to the findings, The Jordan River Basin not only provides water for basic human uses but also for both subsistence and commercial agriculture, hence controls levels of economic growth for the surrounding states. The paper also anticipate identifying the most crucial areas and recommendations were made. Among the critical areas identified, include agreements for sharing existing resources, ...

Re: Paper#1a

The importance of water Introduction Water is one of the most important substances that ensure the survival of plants and animals on earth. Water occupies most of the earth’s surface, approximately 70% (Spoolman 140). However, most of the water on the earth’s surface is normally salty and only a little percentage of freshwater is suitable for human consumption. Salty water is normally found in the oceans and seas. Figure 1, below provides an image of the Mediterranean Sea. Figure 1: Mediterranean Sea (Google Images) Rivers are mostly comprised of freshwater. For example the Seine ...

Introduction

Water is one the most valuable resources in the whole world. For every country to be able to support ecosystem and for a successful socio-economic development, there must exist water. Countries in arid land such as Kuwait find it very difficult to get this most valuable resource and have to go the extra mile to get water (Howard, 2014). The most common method of water provision in Kuwait is through the underground water and desalination process. This paper is set to analyzing the two provision methods to find out what impact they have in terms of cost and how they ...

I. Introduction Research on potential futures for the earth has suggested that in the future, clean, fresh, potable water will be as important if not more valuable than oil is today. The future of the world and of humanity is very dependent upon water; although much of the planet is covered in water, the vast majority of it is contained within Earth’s oceans, making it undrinkable in its current state. In recent years, the global community has come to recognize that access to fresh and potable water will become an issue in the relatively near future, and ...

- Introductory Information Fresh Water shortage is a serious concern in arid regions of the world which are defined as dry, sandy regions where rainfall is rare and suffers from sparse vegetation and extreme temperatures. With 80% of the arid regions having serious droughts and nearly 40% of the population of this world residing these regions this is a serious issue transpiring (Prudhomme, 2002). High intensity and less rainfall increases crisis of water as wetlands, reservoirs and river get empty. Global warming adds to the uncertainty in these regions over the availability of water in future. It is becoming evident ...

Abstract

Access and availability of portable water supplies in arid and semi-arid areas of the world is quickly becoming a large problem. Notably, these semi-arid and arid regions only have the least amount of annual precipitation and account for 2% of the entire global runoff. Water is and will always be the most important resource in the world. This report will investigate the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water in the arid and semi arid regions of Liberia.

Introduction

The United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights regard water as a universal human right. In many parts of the ...

1.0 Introduction Water is undoubtedly one of the most abundant elements on our planet. It is present in all areas of the world either as liquid, solid or gas. It does not diminish the fact, however, that fresh water is relatively rare, and its shortage in certain areas may have long-lasting negative economic, social and ecological consequences. Human body may survive without food for up to sixty days, yet absence of water may lead to death from dehydration within 6 days, in certain arid and hot areas – within just 2 days, and lack of peoper drinking water may ...

Executive summary:

Water scarcity is one of the most discussed topic globally especially in the Gcc countries where water has become scarce causing a lot to these countries. Scientists and researchers are continuing looking for solutions where they argue that replacement of the current resources is an important strategy and policy making for soil making and water is highly needed. In the worst scenario, the Arabian Gulf and the Middle East countries are expected to fall under physical water scarcity by 2025.

3, Scope

4. Method 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion

Introduction:

Gcc countries are at among the quickest rates in the world to ...

Abstract

Water is the most important source of life. Survival of any living organism without water is impossible. Though a large part of the earth is constituted of water, the supply of fresh water is limited to only 3% of the total amount of water found on the earth's surface. With the demand for fresh and clean water rising across the world, it is time for us to think seriously about the importance of water conservation. There are several engineering and behavioral practices which, if adopted by us at home, industries and other spheres of work and life, can reduce the ...

Abstract

Water is the most important source of life. Survival of any living organism without water is impossible. Though a large part of the earth is constituted of water, the supply of fresh water is limited to only 3% of the total amount of water found on the earth's surface. With the demand for fresh and clean water rising across the world, it is time for us to think seriously about the importance of water conservation. There are several engineering and behavioral practices which, if adopted by us at home, industries and other spheres of work and life, can reduce the ...

Osmosis is the random diffusion of solvent water molecule from an area of low solute concentration to areas where the solute concentration is high through a semi permeable membrane so as to equalize the concentration of the solute on both sides (Kylstra, Longmuir, and Grace 289). It is a biological process essential to both flora and fauna that results into various physiological effects, for this experiment water and a mixture of syrup and water will be used to demonstrate the process. A laboratory report hence illustrates what the students involved, understood while carrying out the practical experiments. The purpose of the ...

Among the many hoax websites present in the internet this website (http://www.buydehydratedwater.com/) dealing with dehydrated water has been classified as a hoax website for two main points. First, it does not have a clear definition of dehydrated water. And second of all, it does not present a clear argument as to why their product should be patronized. The article has no scientific basis or whatsoever that will persuade people to stop drinking tap water, water from desalination plants or even water coming from the stream and the headwater (upstream). An emotional appeal was just used to persuade the people from stopping to ...

The Earth can also be referred to as the blue planet and contains water that covers approximately three quarters of its surface. Water contained on the earth's surface can be categorized according to the state and place it can be found (Gleick, 817). It can further be categorized as fresh or salt water. Salt water covers the largest amount of Earth's water and can also be referred to as salient water. The distribution of Earth's salty water can be allocated as follows herein. Oceans cover approximately 96.5%, Permanent snow 1.74%, ground water 1.7%, soil moisture 0.001%, swamps 0.0008%, river ...

Executive Summary

As a community group based in Melbourne, Australia, we firmly believe that the Australian federal and the corresponding state government, as well as the stakeholders involved in the construction of the Wonthaggi Desalination plant have been transparent and cooperative enough to merit the trust not only of our group but also of the entire Australian community. We are an environmental community group that is not driven by self-interests despite knowing how having the Wonthaggi Desalination plant unbreakably established in the marine flora and fauna rich shorelines of Australia could help reduce the federation’s residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural sectors’ ...

Executive Summary

As an environmental community group based in Melbourne, Australia, we firmly oppose the construction as well as the maintenance of operations in one of the major coastlines of Australia. We are an environmental community group that is not driven by self-interests despite knowing how having the Wonthaggi Desalination plant unbreakably established in the marine flora and fauna rich shorelines of Australia could help reduce the federation’s residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural sectors’ apprehension to expand. Egoism played a big role in the federal and state governments’ decision to support the project despite knowing the different moral, ethical, and even ...

Introduction

The purpose of this project is to provide Flagstaff residents with adequate clean water which they could use for domestic purposes. This initiative is prompted by the needs of the many residents in the area who constantly lack regular supply of clean water in their houses on a daily basis. This project entirely focuses on meeting the needs of the citizens who by and large need this precious resource in their livelihoods. In order to decrease waterborne diseases in this city, a water treatment program will be implemented by the development and research groups. This project will ensure efficiency in delivering ...

Community environmental groups have reacted almost upon being informed of the planned construction of a multi-billion dollar project in Victoria, which was later on announced as the Victorian Desalination Plant. According to a 1600 page report published by the Environmental Effects Statements, the construction of the project which would extend to at least a few kilometers both inland and towards the sea would have negative implications on the biodiversity of some protected species of fish, and sea creatures that are even unique to the waters of Australia. The intention of the Victorian Government in constructing the desalination plant was to provide ...

Term paper outline

The reverse osmosis which is membrane technology filtration process that seeks to Attain the fresh water requirements suitable to the general health of the individuals well being. The technological process that employs bathe mechanisms of osmosis across a semi permeable membrane brings in to a keen focus the various mechanisms that bring make the filtration process of water a success in the context that the micro organisms are killed. In this context my company proposes to start a plant in the middle east that purifies the water to the locals in the overview that brings into attention the thirst stricken continent and ...

Renewable Energy in the Persian Gulf

Six Arab states border the Persian Gulf, namely, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain and Oman. Although Iran also has an extensive coastline along the Gulf, the country does not show a strong interest in clean energy. All these countries are known to be major oil producers, so they currently rely on conventional energy sources. Due to the dramatic increase in oil prices, there is a growing interest in renewable energy as an alternative to fossil fuels. The states around the Persian Gulf are planning to supply their domestic energy needs through other energy sources. This way, they could ...

Introduction

Membrane filtration is a technique used to separate a liquid from any particles present in it. In membrane filtration, a liquid is passed through a semi-permeable membrane. The size of the pores on the membrane determines its permeability thereby enabling the membrane to act as a barrier to all particles larger than the pore sizes. Different approaches and systems can be employed in membrane filtration depending on the type and capacity of the liquid being purified but the overall goal is to obtain a clean liquid. Membrane filtration can be used in the treatment of wastewater, filtering milk during its processing among other applications. This ...

Abstract

Clean water for domestic use is essential for a health population. Therefore, all people should have access to clean drinking water. Drought is a common phenomenon in arid regions and this makes water shortage a significant problem. The effects of water shortages are experienced in the arid Southwestern parts of the United States, this just being one among the many arid areas of the world. The paper seeks to address and compare the various small and large scale methods possible for water provision in this arid region of the United States. Among the large scale possible methods of providing water for this ...