Essays on Deterring

The American criminal justice system is made of the courts, policing agencies, and the prisons. Each of this plays a significant role in implementing the American law. While each of them has varying roles and responsibilities, they are intertwined as such that the action of one is bound to affect the others directly or indirectly. This essay will evaluate the trends in the policing agencies. There are various types of policing agencies within the American jurisdiction. The most prominent are the federal law enforcement agencies (Balko 15). These agencies include the U.S Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S Customs and ...

In the 1970s, domestic violence came into view when feminist groups revealed the complicity in women to be compliant, even with men lifting their hand against them. Women who were maltreated were given refuge under the women’s movement, while health and social workers were being trained on how to handle women who were maltreated. By the 1980s, international organizations had declarations defining violence against women and children as “an unacceptable violation of human rights [and] a source of tragic consequences” (Romito, 2008, p.1). This, however, may have proven to be fragile, especially in certain parts of Europe wherein ...

Criminal Justice

Introduction Criminological perspectives encompass several arguments that explain the cause of crime. Understanding the cause of crime is relatively important in solving criminality, which the various criminological theories tend to clarify. The discussion will highlight the three criminological perspectives namely trait, social, and classical theories. Each perspective will be discussed followed by an argument regarding the two sentencing models and determine, which of the models is a more effective approach in addressing crime. Lastly, the discussion articulates the sentencing model, which is likely to have the most potential in reducing crime while linking to the discussion on the various ...

International Air Law

Air transport is currently considered the fastest and safest means of transport globally, Passengers want to feel secure when flying from one place to another and expect the airline to be responsible in the event where they experience any form of injury while under the airline’s care. However, the application of treaties and agreements in determining the liability of airlines in instances of accidents has triggered debates as to what extent the airlines are liable for the damages experienced while the plaintiff is onboard. A particular question arises regarding the extent of injuries that an airline can be ...

Mental Illness Among Criminals

The prison systems have been over populated by many criminals in our country. The increasing rate of prisoners who have been diagnosed with mental illness is increasing. Many criminals have either been diagnosed with mental illness before being arrested and put into prison or they were diagnosed with mental issues after being incarcerated. The inmates with mental illness while committing crimes may have done so because of their illness. The people who were incarcerated and then diagnosed could have had mental problems because of the prisons system they are now living in. It can cause inmates to become depressed, ...

Proponents of utilitarianism envision a situation where human actions are judged by their consequences. According to Bentham, the best moral action must always maximize utility. Simply put, actions should ensure they bring about the greatest happiness among human beings. An action that does not promote happiness among people therefore does not meet this threshold. Bentham further argues that such actions must involve the two aspects of happiness; quality and quantity. Consequences, therefore, not legality, should form the basis of justification of actions by humans. Stuart Mill supports this proposition by arguing that bringing or increasing pleasure among humans should ...

Argumentative Essay: Capital Punishment

Introduction Capital punishment is one of the most controversial topics pertaining to criminal punishment. For many years, this issue has been debated, yet until today, no conclusive position has been reached especially in the United States. Discussing the issue of capital punishment is important primarily because people are divided on whether capital punishment should be imposed or abolished. Furthermore, capital punishment raises an ethical dilemma that needs to be resolved since it is crucial in achieving a just justice system. This paper would like to argue that capital punishment is a just form of punishment.

The arguments that support ...

[Class Title]

Introduction Capital punishment is the legal remedy afforded by the state that legitimizes the punishment of death penalty for those criminals who have violated a particular law. Such method of punishment is not new. In fact, in the history of mankind, the capital punishment has been observed. Various forms of capital punishment such as stoning, burning, hanging, beheading, crucifying, etc., can be observed in various societies and cultures of the world that goes back as far as history can tell. Today, the imposition of capital punishment has survived. And though there are modern ways of taking someone’ ...

Finance

Treasury Risk Management (a) (a.1)

The forward rate is:

Forward rate = 1.4010 + 0.095 Forward rate = 1.4105 Payment in six months: 8.5 million euros. Payment in GBP = 6,03 million GBP (a.2) 8.5 million EUR are 85000 options paid: Call: 1.2 * 85000 = 102000 GBP in paid premium Put: 1 * 85000 = 85000 GBP in paid premium Both strike options are different from the two values of currency exchange 1.37 EUR/GBP and 1.43 EUR/GBP. The results will be: 8,5 million EUR / 1.42 = 5,985,915.49 GBP – 102000 GBP = 5,883,915.00 GBP 8,5 million EUR / 1.4180 = 5,994,358.00 GBP – 85000 GBP = ...

Criminology

Contemporary critical criminology and its power on crime and terrorism Contemporary critical criminology main goal is to assess how criminal law is used as an instrument of social control. O’Conner (2014) states that it views crime as a product of social conflict and economic inequality. Contemporary critical criminology defines power as the economic and social structures that control all human beings. In the past decade or so, critical criminology has been more evident than ever before as many crimes and political notions have risen in the society. Among these crimes is the every growing and very dangerous crime ...

- Introduction

1.1 Premise Understanding the motivations of sport consumers has become increasingly important to researchers, marketers and organizers of mega events worldwide. Because factors of motivation drive sport attendance of mega sporting events such as International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) World Cup tournaments directly, it has been suggested that they can provide insight about future attendance at these events. Mega sport events play a powerful role in projecting a desired image for the host nation that can go far beyond the event, especially in light of economic consequences and travel tourism following the sports tournament. The purpose ...

- United State Interest in Afghanistan

The Afghanistan war was conducted by the American soldiers in a bid to stamp out the terrorist group of al Qaeda. The group enjoyed support by the extremist leadership of the Taliban within Afghanistan. The first few years of the war provided success with the military group scattering and some of the members moving to the mountainous regions.

The presidential address showed that the group was regrouping which would be a problem to the homeland security (Military, P.3). The regrouping members of the terrorist group have been blamed for causing insecurity in Pakistan region. The group has started causing insecurity within ...

Death penalty in USA is applicable to many state crimes and it stretches from espionage, federal murder, human trafficking, Treason, and large-scale drug trafficking. Military too execute soldiers who involve themselves in intolerable crimes. In USA, the Federal Bureau of Prisons manages execution and housing prisoners.

Should Grady receive the death penalty?

I would not suggest Grady be executed. Though death sentence in any Nation universally taken to punish the culprits and reduce crime rate, it is not just at all punishing them less harshly. Death sentences are to extinct the murderers rather than correction them and be a resource to the community. In a way, the ...

Difference between Legislative, Executive and Judicial Branch of Government

The legislature, Executive and Judicial branches are the three main branches of the United States government. Legislative branch of the government is composed of two main houses, which are referred as the house of congress, they are: The House of Representatives and the Senate. All the parties in both the Senate as well as the House of representative are elected leaders. The most significant role played by the Legislative Branch that is, both the Senate and the House of Representatives is to formulate or make laws; these laws are discussed and voted. Moreover, the Legislative Branch is responsible for ...

Introduction

Since time immemorial security, agencies have been practicing the act of stopping and frisking people when they suspect that victims might be armed or have illicit materials. For example, in the Terry v. Ohio (1868), Terry a police officer saw three men who looked suspicious and acting in a manner likely to suggest they wanted to rob. Upon stopping and frisking them, he found a gun with one of them. Although there was no probable cause, the police acted on suspicion, which later led to the arrest of three people (Eterno 38). The Supreme Court judge held that although the move by ...

Philip V. Moore

The exclusionary rule, which forbids the use of illegal obtained evidence in trial, has always been a controversial element of the American criminal justice system. Although it is not considered an individual right, the Supreme Court has held that it is a useful tool to deter against the violation of a person’s constitutional rights. In fact, one of the fundamental reasons that the Supreme Court, in Mapp v. Ohio, made for the use of the exclusionary rule was the benefit they saw in deterring police from violating the Fourth Amendments rights of the people against unreasonable searches and seizure. Under ...

Section 1: Proposal

Within the major profession of criminology, one recurring problem is the explanation of criminal behavior patterns and their relationship to crime, involving the subtopics of the sociological legal and psychiatric aspects of crime which contribute to defining and elaborating on criminal behavior.

Section 2: Body Sections

Casey, Sharon. "Elements of Psychological Maturity and Its Influence on Antisocial and Criminal Behavior." The open criminology journal 4.Suppl 1-M1 (2011): 32-39. This article by Casey explores the concept of psychological maturity in adolescents and how it relates to teen violence. The author explores the background information currently existing in the field of developmental ...

The United Kingdom is said to be the most observed nation in the world and, therefore, it is branded as “the Big brother nation” . Statistics shows that there is at least one CCTV camera for every thirty two people in the United Kingdom . A closed circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit live video feed or image data to a particular place with a set of monitors that are scrutinized on a regular basis by trained staff for the purpose of surveillance. There are over 4.5 million CCTV cameras in the United Kingdom and the figure is ...

- How the evolving technologies relate to national and international policymaking That national and international policy making being related to the evolving technological advancements is without doubt. From the olden times, it was evident that the law enforcement officers adapted the new technologies that were in existent to deter criminal activities. In the recent times, it would be next to impossible for the police officers to deter and prevent crimes without the application of the technological advancements most of which will be elaborated beneath. Bearing in mind that the national as well as international policy making process takes ...

This is a memo that is meant to elaborate on the subject matter of the above in relation to the welfare of the society. The country through its legislature has seen it fit to institute such a law owing to the frequency of road accidents in the recent past. This legislation is aimed at deterring the population from committing such an offense and at the same time punishing those who have breached the law. This legislation is not only aimed at punishing offenders but also deterring potential ones from committing such a crime. The concept of deterrence in legislation is a strategy ...

Following the new millennia, it is said that auctions became popular to both the government and the e-commerce world. An auction is the process of bidding over a certain product. Whoever has the highest or lowest bid will get it. Auctions are done to sell over licenses for operations of different products, for example mobile phones licenses and taxi medallions. This also goes to radio spectrum licenses. However, auctions can either come out good or bad. According to Klemperer (2002), designing a good auction is mainly based on “elementary economics”. Poorly designed auctions can lead to “fiascos”, since the revenues did ...

Incarceration versus Intermediate Sanctions

Introduction Less than five years ago more than eight million individuals were currently incarcerated, probated, or paroled in the United States (Cullen, Jonson, & Nagin 49). Understandably, incarceration and immediate sanctions are both prevalent concepts within the field of Criminal Justice and Criminal Law. Incarceration is a type of penal control used to detain criminals viewed as posing a threat to public safety. Intermediate sanctions are types of punishments that purposely keep the criminal offender from being incarcerated while their actions are still monitored and regulated. Both types of criminal sanctions vary depending upon the crime committed, victims involved, and numerous ...

Abstract

Cocaine has a variety of physiological manifestations. Cocaine is a local anesthetic that was discovered in the sixteenth century. The characteristic of being a local anesthetic is the primary attribute for its application in medicine. There are a number of compounds that have been recently created that are more effective than cocaine for the purposes of anesthesia. Cocaine also has the characteristic of being a potent vascoconstrictant. The applications of vascoconstrictant are effective for the implementation of throat and nose surgery. The application of cocaine in the nose and throat areas has the characteristic of deterring bleeding. Cocaine also has influence over the sympathetic ...

Capital punishment is a legal procedure whereby an individual is executed by the state for the crimes he/she has committed. Even though this sentence has been adopted by many governments, capital punishment has remained a controversial issue around the globe. Capital punishment is mainly used for the punishment of atrocious and heinous crimes, particularly murder. In addition, death penalty as it is also known is also used on crimes against humanity, espionage, reason, and crimes against the state. Many states and interest groups have mixed reactions and views on capital punishment depending on their country and their faith. In my view, ...

Laws are enacted to maintain social order and status quo in the society. Various arms of the government, especially the judiciary are bestowed with the responsibility of ensuring that citizens obey the laws to promote social order, harmony and social justice in the country. In most countries, the judiciary has the discretion to pronounce any form of punishment on a criminal; based on the gravity of crime an offender has committed. In most countries including America, criminals who are convicted for committing capital crimes such as murder, robbery with violence, rape and treason are punished through death penalty. The move ...

Introduction

There are various approaches to the conduct of work in the criminal justice system. Due to this, there are different methods that police officers and other law enforcement authorities work and cooperate in order to detect, investigate and prosecute offenders in the country. This literature review will critically evaluate groundbreaking definitions and various theories and concepts relating to problem oriented policing and the research and evaluation systems or approaches in the criminal justice system.

Section 1: Problem-Oriented Policing

There are different definitions of the concept of problem-oriented policing. “Problem-oriented policing is more concerning with solving a particular problem and having an outcome”. This implies ...

As the technology takes root in the society, it is becoming hard for the intellectuals to protect their products from online injustices. One attempt to tame these vices have been to bring in board the Internet Service Providers (IPSs) to board under the international copyright legislation to limit the pirate activates. Legal action has been taken as a remedy to this problem to the IPSs who fails to corporate with this legislation. Australia is a leading nation in the online piracy activities with over 11.6 % of illegal downloads of the season four of Game of Thrones movie that has just ...

Policing is a crucial arm of the judicial system because it champions the maintenance of law and order. In essence, the police have three central roles. They include the detection and prevention of crime, the protection of both life and property, as well as protection and maintenance of peace and order (AIC 2010). The role of detecting and preventing crime is the most challenging. Preventative policing denotes law enforcement strategies that are geared towards deterring the commission of crime. It is a central feature in the modern police force. Because of their ability to bring perceivable results and their direct ...

Introduction

Nuclear weapons though not used have been the central to the political conflict of USA and USSR. Presently, in the post-Cold War ambience, this superpower rivalry has been totally removed instead the utility of these weapons are put in question. Nuclear weapons play an important role in the security of the country internationally. No large scale conflicts have been seen in past years after the Second World War inspite of the rapid increase in transportation, communications, as well as weapons technology. These weapons are most destructive instruments give a stabilizing effect on the relations of various countries making the ...

[Institution Title]

Domestic Violence: An Evaluation of the Violence against Women Act of 1994

Domestic violence affects thousands of people each year. In the United States, there were 7,047 cases of domestic violence reported in 2005. According to the U.S. Department of Justice in 2008, domestic violence and intimate partner violence affected some 6.2 million women in the United States. Domestic violence results in psychological damage, physical injury, death and other damages. Unfortunately, the problem of domestic and family violence continues to grow in the United States (American Bar Association, 2005, pp. 1-18). In the past, victims of domestic violence kept quiet about abuse. Their pleas for help fell ...

The process of using punishment as a threat to deter individuals from committing criminal activities denotes deterrence. It holds that retribution is an obligatory consequence of a crime committed, and ought to be measured through the gravity of the offence done. The approach was based on two assumptions; the first was held that the punishment would discourage and prevent the individuals from committing similar offence, and the second assumption held that the dread of punishment would prevent others from committing crimes (Sieberg, 2005). However, there are various deliberations as to whether or not the use of prison as deterrence to criminals ...

(Student’s Full Name)

“Capital punishment is as fundamentally wrong as a cure for crime as charity is wrong as a cure for poverty.”—Henry Ford “I think capital punishment works great. Every killer you kill never kills again.” –Bill Maher The above statements reveal the strong and opposing views which many individuals have on the topic of capital punishment. Some persons contend that it is unnecessary and inhumane. While others, like myself, posit that capital punishment is necessary for a fair, just, and civilized society which do not want to worry about the threat of a convicted murderer roaming the streets. ...

There is an ongoing debate on the use of Capital Punishment. Discuss the social, moral, and historical aspects of this controversial topic Capital punishment is seen as the act of killing an individual as a form punishment given to a particular crime. The act is carried out by a lawful hearing in a court of law. Capital punishment applies to cases of murder, but some countries apply capital punishment for fraud, adultery, and treason against the crown. Its use varies in many countries worldwide. Those who use capital punishment often justify their actions with the argument that such harsh punishments will deter ...

Introduction

The government of USA is putting in every effort into ensuring security and safety of the country from crime and terrorism. The public agencies responsible for law enforcement continue engaging in their normal activities of preventing and responding to criminal activities. They are also aided by private security agencies, who engage in equally similar activities. In the US, the estimated number of private security entities is 90,000 with a total of 2 million officers in the service (Cooke, 2014). Private security service providers have been recognized for being the first individuals who respond to a security situation, for example, during ...

Article Summary and Review

Article Summary and Review

Summary of the Article

The article entitled “Observing differences in verbal communication: Filipino and British manager-subordinate interactions” written by Callaghan, Wilson, & Wright (1996) proffered pertinent issues relative to comparing verbal leader behavior as exhibited by British and Filipino managers. The authors initially discussed unique cultural differences using a review of related literature. As disclosed, there are a number of Filipino values which were deemed contributory as influential to smooth interpersonal relationships centering on high concern for the family, patience, authority, as well as economic self-sufficiency. Likewise, these values and identified attitudes were noted to have potential positive or negative consequences to ...

Literature Review

Literature Review Automobile is an essential means for social and economic mobility. Cars in particular have brought convenience and transportation benefits and became a significant symbol of culture, innovation, and progress. However, the proliferation of cars presents several opportunities for criminal activities such as theft. Key cities in the United States are experiencing high prevalence if car theft cases and among the regions with the highest rate of cars stolen is the Dallas Country in Texas. Due to the imminent increase in car theft cases in the area, local law enforcement units are finding more effective anti-car theft solutions ...

In today’s world, the criminal justice system stands to benefit more from the deterrence of crime than in the actual handling of criminal cases. Lucky enough, crime specialists have a number of tools at their disposal to choose from. One of the ways to used to deter crime is through the use of criminology theories. This is inspired by the fact that criminology theories give an insight into deviant behaviour and the various reasons underlying criminal activities. Among all these theories, social disorganization theory is the most popular within the criminology circles. The social disorganization theory was born from a ...

<Name> <Professor> <Subject>

Introduction Diamonds serve as an enduring symbol of beauty. Being among the most expensive minerals in the world, diamonds are a common feature in priceless jewelry pieces that remind many people of sheer elegance and luxury. The strong image of diamonds as an embodiment of opulence and exclusivity alludes to its highly lavish natural features. However, many remain unaware that diamonds have also figured in a strongly controversial social aspect, involving the funding of armed conflicts. Armed conflicts stand as costly efforts in terms of both the required resources and the consequent ...

Death Penalty Economics

Introduction The death sentence is one of the most extensively discussed and researched topics. A death penalty is also known as capital punishment. It is a judicial sentence where a criminal is put to death after being found guilty of a heinous crime like murder. During the ancient times, the death penalty was allowed and practiced by most countries. Its existence can be traced back to the eighteenth century in the code of King Hammurabi who strongly believed in capital punishment. The debate on the death penalty has led to the development of two schools of thought. There are the ...

The moniker 'Three strikes law' aka “Three Strikes and You’re Out” refers to the statutes that make imposition of harsher sentences mandatory on repeated offenders of serious or violent felonies. This law grants life sentences without any possibility of parole for minimum 25 years on the third strike of offense. The crimes listed under 'violent' include murder, rape, kidnapping, aggravated robbery, sexual abuse and violent physical assault. Under this statute, a criminal who has been convicted of serious crimes in two prior charges might receive a maximum sentencing on the third felony even if that is a minor felony such as ...

The death penalty also known professionally as capital punishment is where one is put to death by the state after being found guilty of a heinous crime. Its existence can be traced back to the eighteenth century in the code of King Hammurabi (Strieb 24). During the colonial times, the death penalty was approved in most constitutions. The common methods used included hanging or mutilation of the head. These methods were thought of as slower, torturous and ineffective. Consequently and with industrialisation, these methods were improvised to include electrocution and the use of lethal drugs. The main aim of a ...

Introduction

Humans are peculiar creatures endowed with ability to think, reason, socialize, and make rational and logical decisions. This aspect differentiates human beings from other animal species living in the universe. Unlike animals, human beings have formulated and enacted laws that guide their daily activities. Nations across the globe have formulated and enacted criminal laws through the act of parliament with the aim of maintaining status quo and social order (Engdahl, 2010). Although criminal laws differ across nations, they remain effective in deterring crime; promote coexistence and unity among the people. Under the provisions of the constitution, members of the ...

Abstract

The January 2012 Strategic Air Force Guidance was launched in an effort to cut the United States Air Force budget in over $480 billion over the next decade. Options to reduce the budget and yet protect the USA citizens are continuously being exploited. This paper will identify and discuss three capabilities that could be used to maintain spending in the USAF at a minimum and yet advance its functionality. This would be a challenging tall order but it is possible. The new strategies discussed in this paper are embarking on new technology, deterring aggression in the Asia-Pacific and Middle East region, ...

It is common knowledge in American society that driving under the influence of alcohol is a very dangerous thing to do for the driver and other people on the road. There are public service announcements, news stories, classes, and many more ways in which the information is imparted on people, and yet, every day, people still drive while intoxicated. Why do people behave in this way? Many people, particularly young people, do not believe that anything bad will happen to them if they drive while intoxicated. In addition, alcohol itself lowers an individual’s inhibitions and encourages him or ...

Classical Vs. Neoclassical Theories of Criminality

The classical school of criminology obtains its fundamental ideas from the “period of enlightenment.” This occurrence took place at the beginning of the eighteenth century in France. The main contributors to the classical school of criminal thought were Cesare Beccaria (an Italian) and Jeremy Bentham (an Englishman). The neoclassical school of thought on the other hand is a continuation of the classical school of thought. It subscribes to modern theories of criminology such as social control theory, drift theory as well as the classical school theory of rational choice. This paper will compare and contrast the two schools of thoughts ...

Let’s assume that al-Qaeda managed to hack into every major power grid in the United States and shut them down. The nation’s economy would be devastated. Such an act of cyber-terrorism would be catastrophic (Bernadette & Clemens, 2006, p.78-79, 122) for the United States. Although this is just an assumption, hackers constantly look for ways to hack into the U.S. government computer systems throughout the day (Mount, 2009). The fact of the matter is that the critical U.S. infrastructure is extremely vulnerable due to being accessible via the Internet. Perhaps the same can be said about other nations ...

DNA Testing

The idea of holding a national DNA database is not a new phenomenon since it has been debated within the last two decades in criminal justice circles. Research affirms that the first national DNA database commonly abbreviated as NDNAD was established in 1995 in the United States (Gerstenfeld, 2006). Since then, many countries across the globe have taken the initiative of establishing their national DNA database. In 1997, the French government decided to establish a national DNA database known as FNAEG: the second in the world. There are various reasons that compel governments to establish national DNA databases. For example, the government ...

Introduction

In the modern academic institutions, there are diverse cultures of people with different nationalities. This trend has enabled institution to come up with infrastructure and guidelines to suit the diversity academic institutions are exposed to. The increase of international students in institutions across the globe has come with is fair share of disadvantages. One of the most significant short coming is the increase in the cases of academic misconduct. This has been on the rise in the modern generation as students tend to cheat to success. The inclusion of international students in schools across the globe has also been a ...

Death penalty law provides for a legal Process for the killing of a person by a state, as a punishment for the crime committed. Death sentence refers to the judicial ruling against a person receiving this kind of punishment. Death penalty is a subject matter that creates a great controversy worldwide with varying opinions from one country to another (Muhlhausen, “Death Penalty Deters Crime, and Saves Lives”)

In the European Union member states, there is the prohibition of the use of Capital punishment. The UN General Assembly made an adoption of a non-binding resolution with a call for global suspension on executions. The aim of this declaration is ...

Introduction

Capital punishment is the legal taking away of an individual’s life as a punishment for some mistake or crime that a person committed. Capital punishment is lawful based on the laws of the country. It dates back to centuries ago, and it is used to punish people who commit a variety of offences. In the Bible, capital punishment is prescribed for offences such as murder, witchcraft, kidnapping and other severe crimes. Today, capital punishment is a contentious issue. Human rights activists are against it because it is a legal way of committing a murder. Many countries in the world today still practice capital punishment. ...

Significant developments have taken place in the recent past with regard to the application of the death penalty that point at a global trend in a bid to have it abolished. Death penalty is a form of capital punishment, and it refers to the legal process in which an individual is condemned to death by his or her state as a form of punishment for having committed a capital crime. It is perceived by many to be inhuman as it results in the loss of life thus ultimately denying one his or her human rights. This heinous act is allowed to happen in the ...

Death penalty is an unusual mode of punishment and based on its nature, it is specifically used to punish certain crimes including robbery with violence, treason, and murder. The law provides guidelines for the manner in which death penalty should be executed. This however varies with the regions and states. Different countries have different modes of execution. The most common modes known include: hanging, shooting, beheading, stoning, electrocution and poisoning. Death penalty serves a purpose of removing the convict from the community so that he or she does not pose any further danger to the community. It also serves the ...