Essays on Developmental Disorders

Previous studies reveal that mental health conditions affect a significant percentage of the population. For example, statistics of mental health in England in 2014 showed that approximately one in three men was suffering from mental health with women reporting higher incidences than men (Rise in Mental Healthcare, 2016). The figures are too large to ignore. Studies of populations at risk of mental health have taken different dimensions. While some studies have focused on the prevalence, other studies have attempted to investigate the risk factors associated mental health disorders. According to Bitsko et al. (2016), a combination of sociodemographic, community, ...

Behavioral interventions can be grouped as either antecedent-based interventions (ABI) or consequence-based interventions (CBI). CBI is a group of practices in which the problem behaviors are addressed by manipulating the reinforcement or punishment stimuli following an observed behavior, whereas ABI refers to a group of behavioral interventions that are concerned with the modification of environmental factors that are believed to precede problem behaviors (Tullis, Cannella-Malone, & Payne, 2015). Therefore, ABI strategies are implemented before the problem behavior occurs, so their unique quality is the possibility of problem behavior prevention, which makes the behavioral change easier to maintain compared to results ...

Associations are diverse between tasks. For instance, an individual can be impaired on one task as well as on the other tasks. This aids in the supposition that it is necessary for cognitive processes to carry out the two tasks. The most important type of association is the double association. In this type, the individual may create an association in the area where they are impaired on one task but functions normally on the other. On the other hand, another individual conducts one task normally yet has impaired function on the other task. Generally, therapists and neuroscientists have recognized ...

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Abstract

In 2013, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM-5) grouped all subcategories of autism-related disorders in one umbrella, and it is called autism spectrum disorder or ASD. Characterized by repetitive behaviors and communication and social skills deficits, many children from all around the world are afflicted with this disorder. Throughout the years since its discovery, researchers and mental health experts have been interested in completely understanding the nature, etiology, and possible treatments for ASD. Through continuous research efforts and studies, several perspectives have been established to explain the causes of ...

Childhood predicator of criminal behavior

Over the last couple of decades, numerous commentaries have been published noting the importance of developmental criminology contribution to both practical and theoretical understanding of the course of crime from childhood through to adulthood(Juon & Ensminger, 2006). Research by various institutions and psychologists have suggested that the understanding of the developmental constructs in the context of crime and criminal behavior adds better understanding and appreciation of interactions and the consequences of different events throughout childhood (Buikhuisen, 1988). Other researchers suggest the application of these developmental constructs and perspectives is important to the study of criminal behavior and helps advance ...

SOCIAL INTERVENTION.

Introduction. Social work is a discipline or a profession that is practiced by qualified sociologists. It involves seeking to facilitate the wellbeing of individuals, communities or even societies (Siporin, 1975). Social work enhances social change, cohesion, empowerment, and development. Social work is interconnected with social justice, Human rights, and respect for diversities. It involves the provision of social welfare in order to alleviate the economic and social problems that people face. Such difficulties include health care, education, and food security (Sach, 2003). A sociologist connects people and structures so as to tackle the challenges of life and promote the ...

Introduction

This paper will define and describe aggression behavior, types of aggression behavior and disabilities in which aggression behavior common. Additionally, the paper shall differentiate between the different types of aggression behaviors and efficient interventions to manage the behaviors. The paper will also outline constructive and destructive actions and motivations behind human aggression conduct. Knowledge of aggression behaviors is significant in understanding children with such behaviors and how to deal with them effectively (Kurtz et al. 2015). Awareness of these terms will, in turn, enhance relationships among children and people with such behaviors and disabilities in a learning environment. This ...

Introduction

Anxiety and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are two closely related disorder that affect children and youth between the ages of 1 and 14 years. The condition has been prevailing among many minority groups in the Australia and currently it affects the majority groups. The Australian Bureau of Statistics recorded an estimate of 115, 500 of Australians, which represents 0.5 percent of the total population, had autism in 2012. The number recorded a 79 percent increase from statistics collected in 2009. The age of the victim determines ASD prevalence with high cases affecting children between ages of 5 to 9 ...

Dante Cicchetti and Stephen Hinshaw scan how collaborative efforts in the “Prevention and Intervention Sciences” (2002) can do better than the present conditions. Naming diagnoses, specifying developmental processes, discussing psychopathology is not what the article is about. The authors’ interest is bringing our attention to what we know about published studies. Not the studies themselves but the tests. And the not tests themselves but the making of them: how they come together; whose coordinating them; at what costs.

Test subjects are “children, adolescents, and families”, human beings we know and love; they could even be us, who ...

Communication Issues for Children with Autism

Introduction Autism spectrum disorders are a collection of developmental disorders that have been increasing over the past decades. Autism affects every aspect of the child’s development, especially verbal and speech development (Parr, 2010). The communication challenges facing a child who has been diagnosed with autism is an important topic. Millions of parent with autistic children long to have normal communication with their children and the whole experience of having simple conversations with this child can be an overwhelming experience. Parents with the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report in their hand already are well aware of the differences they ...

Abstract

Human development is an area that has been one of the most discussed areas of study in the last one century. Cognitive development of a person from childhood days to adult years was studied extensively by a Swedish psychologist Jean Piaget. He is known as the father of cognitive development theories. His four stages of cognitive development, sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete, and formal, are still considered to be the foundation of the cognitive development process. Piaget’s theory does not touch upon why individuals develop at a different rate or why there are different developmental stages. Vygotsky, on the other hand, proposed a completely ...

Abstract

Autism is autism is an ancient disorder that was first described by The Swiss psychiatrist, Eugene Blueler. Initially, researchers thought that autism and schizophrenia were the same or related, but after various studies, the distinction between the two was made. The disorder mainly disrupts the process that information is taken through in the brain. This includes the formation and transmission. The difference is exhibited in the way the victims interact, behave, learn and communicate. Boys are at higher risk of developing this disorder than girls. In addition, when compared to other ethnicities, Hispanics have a low chance of developing the ...

Historical Overview on the Development of Learning Theories

There are several theories that describe how a person learns. These theories stem from the fact that the learning ability of one person is unique from the other. Learning is a relatively permanent modification in behavior to include the observed activity and the internal processes involved such as thinking, attitudes and emotions. Some studies also include motivation as part of the definition of the learning process. The manifestations of learning cannot be noticed immediately in the observable behavior of an individual. However, the manifestation takes place after the educational program is introduced to the person (Dunn, 2002). The origins of ...

Psychology

Introduction ASD or Autism Spectrum Disorder and Autism are two general terminologies that pertain to a group of people that have disorders when it comes to the development t of the human brain. Autism has various degrees in which they are characterized. The characterizations of this brain development disorder were being studied based on the person’s social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and both verbal and non-verbal form of communication. The autism disorder and autism itself have been merged into one diagnosis umbrella of ASD (autismspeaks.org). With all the behaviors being shown by persons that have these conditions, common aspects ...

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II:

Issues Related to Result Interpretation and Test Validity Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II: Issues Related to Result Interpretation and Test Validity The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II (Vineland-II; Sparrow, Cicchetti & Balla, 2004) is a psychometric test used to measure adaptive behavior. Adaptive behavior is defined as the ability to achieve a level of personal independence and social responsibility consistent with expected levels from individuals cultural and age group (Perry & Factor, 1989). The Vineland-II test is comprised of four domains of adaptive behavior: (1) Communication, (2) Daily Living, (3) Socialization, and (4) Motor Skills. The Maladaptive Behavior Index measures maladaptive behaviors, ...

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) refer to a group of several neurodevelopment syndromes that havedisorders having a poorly understood etiology. Mental The term ASD has been used by several mental health professionals use the term ASD to represent not only classic autism but also Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, CDD and PDD-NOS (NHS 2012)—disorders that refer to syndromes that share the same impairments (Romero-Munguia 2013).HYPERLINK "http://en.plagiarismdetect.com/plagiarism/index/8c2ae26f5e9428176d21bb1f0bea960009307af6/25242?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ablockabove.com%2Fwhy-fluency" \t "_blank"Romero-Munguia 2013). These are autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome (AS), and pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), also known as atypical autism (NHS 2012). ASD is characterized by developmental ...

Introduction

Autism is a neurobehavioral, developmental disability that involves significant impairment of individuals’ verbal and nonverbal language and social interaction. Other characteristics of autism include markedly short attention span, repetitive activities and rigid behaviors, and inability to treat others as people, resistance to tamper on their daily routines, among others . It covers a variety of communicative skills impairment depending on the levels of symptoms. Generally, it is evident in children prior to age three and hampers their educational performance. The disorder ranges from a handicap that produces a normal life to a devastating disability that calls for institutional attention . Considering that autism is attached to ...

Introduction

When a child is unable to express himself, his emotions, what he thinks, feels or wants and reacts differently from other children, perhaps he is suffering from a neurodevelopment disorder that is commonly known as autism. This paper intends to discuss autism, its causes, symptoms, and about its treatment along with discussing several other related aspects of the subject.

Background

Autism is a bunch of complex brain disorders that are jointly known as Autism Spectrum Disorder. This Spectrum refers to broad range of issues associated with ASD including difficulties related to communication, normal brain functioning, social mutilation, restricted, dull and stereotyped conduct of a ...

- Aspects of Long-Term Care As a result of the rising concern on the state of long-term facilities, a complex state and federal regulatory system has been established. Agencies charged with the responsibility of ensuring that these regulations are followed to the letter can be either private or government owned. The regulations have been set up with the aim of putting to an end irresponsible behavior by the management of the long-term care centers. In the past, there has been several cases reported of patient’s negligence and poor quality of the healthcare services. For example, individuals who desire to ...

Introduction

Teratogen is broadly defined as an environmental agent capable of causing abnormal prenatal variation in form or function. In other words, it can be any environmental factor that can produce a permanent abnormality in structure or function of an embryo or fetus or restriction of growth of an infant (Gilbert-Barness, 2010). In prenatal life, exposure to teratogens may even lead to death of the embryo or fetus. It is estimated that approximately 15% of all congenital structural abnormalities observed in a child are due to exposure to some kind of teratogens during the prenatal life (Brent, 2001). A larger number of ...

1.0 Pivotal response therapy (PRT) Pivotal response therapy/treatment/training is one of the early behavioral intervention techniques developed for management of autism. This techniques is built on the premise that autism interferes with “pivotal behaviors” that ultimately underlie other behaviors are deficient in autistic children. The pivotal behaviors/areas are initiating activities, motivation, self-management, feelings and responding to multiple/complicated cues (signals). PRT therefore aims at increasing pivotal behaviors, particularly motivation, which would in turn enhance generalization. The autistic child chooses the activity and is rewarded (positive reinforcement) for every correct responses or attempt. As such, PRT trains the child to ...

Introduction

As a child grows, he/she goes through complex processes which develop the social and emotional abilities. This developmental process comprises of the child’s experience, expression and control of emotions. It also has focus on his or her ability to create and maintain healthy relationships with other people. The processes involved are both internal and external. Research processes have been carried out in an attempt to understand and manage the developmental process. Researchers have attempted to discover ways of enhancing and making this process more beneficial to the child. They have however experienced a series of challenges in their attempts to ...

Introduction/Definition

Autism is one of the pervasive developmental disorders characterized by difficulty with social interactions, impairment in communication, both verbal and nonverbal and a pattern of repetitive with a restricted pattern of movement. (Chiu 2011). Also, together with these aforementioned characteristics, autistic patients, they also have difficulties using language, relating with other individuals and also, properly interpreting and responding to the external world around them. Although the disorder begins in childhood, a diagnosis of autism is not made until the child is aged 3 years. However, the child would have been showing some symptoms of autism between the ages of 12-18 months. (Dryden-Edwards & ...

Introduction

Cilia are ancient and evolutionarily conserved organelles which are found on cell surface. This organelle project from those cell surfaces to provide multifunctional biological roles in the organism. An important role that cilia has been known to perform for cells are the locomotion, sensation and reproduction. The implication of the defect in the cilia is that the cell that tend to depend on the organelles for proper performance will be limited in it role. There are many diseases that have been found to be associated with cilia defects. Since cilia occurred as important organelles of many cells, majority of ...

Autism is a behavioral disorder that affects social and communication skills of a child severely and also affects his behavior to a large extent. Experts of the area under discussion recognize autism as a condition of neural development disorder in which the system of information processing in a child’s brain is affected and he faces several behavioral disorders. Spectrum disorder is another name, used for Autism and this name has is used because symptoms of this disorder are found in a large numbers.

Studies Focus on Backward and Forward Chaining Process:

Wolery and Gast conducted a study to understand the effective process to transfer stimulus control. Authors studied about teaching autistic children and ...

Introduction

Autism is a childhood developmental disorder that affects the brain’s normal development of communication and social skills. It is a physical condition that appears in the first three years of life and is linked with abnormal biochemistry in the brain. The causes of autism are not ascertained but autism is largely attributed to genetic predisposition and the environment. A plethora of research studies have also suspected other causative factors like mercury poisoning, diet and vaccine sensitivity among others but these factors are yet to be proven (Pubmed, 2010). Autism has a variety of symptoms depending on the level of infection ...