Essays on Diagnoses

According to healthline’s website, 6.1% of American children a now being treated for ADHA (Holland & Riley, 2017). This is a 42% increase in children being diagnosed over the last 8 years (Holland & Riley, 2017). Of these numbers, the average age of diagnosis is 7 years, with males being three times more likely being considered as having ADHD (Holland & Riley, 2017). With statistics such as these, questions are raised about the numbers of children being diagnosed; these questions need to be addressed with more attention and a greater urgency. Dr. Dewar notes that the diagnosing of ADHD is intrinsically ...

The diagnostic reasoning for clinical diagnoses involves the collection of data and application of systematic approaches to formulating hypotheses and create lists of different diagnoses. However, sometimes the clinician can make errors that that have a direct impact on the way they handle a patient leading to incorrect diagnoses, treatments and overall management plan. Most medical errors are identified as systemic and are usually solved using various interventions as checklists. However, there are other errors that occur during diagnosis and treatment, and these are attributed to flawed diagnostic reasoning (Wellbery, 2011). Diagnostic reasoning errors are mostly caused by heuristics ...

Diabetes mellitus is the group of serious diseases that lead to fatal cases without the proper treatment. One of the suggested by the World Health Organization, the International Expert Committee, and the American Diabetes Association ways of diagnostics of diabetes is the measure of the glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c); HbA1c more than 6,5% (48 mmol/mol) diagnoses diabetes, and HbA1c between 5,7% and 6,4% diagnoses prediabetes (Incani et al., 2015, p. 44). However, this method needs to be improved and additional factors need to be studied, as the level of HbA1c shows poor agreement with fasting plasma ...

Introduction

A recent report of the International Longevity Center-UK (ILC-UK) indicated that dementia can no longer be viewed as an isolated disorder due to a high prevalence of medical comorbidities, often undiagnosed, associated with it (Scrutton & Brancati, 2016). Patients with dementia also had received a less coordinated comorbidity treatments, resulting to the faster decline of their daily functioning, a reduction in their quality of life (QOL), and earlier mortality events than patients with these comorbidities, but in the absence of dementia. The report also noted other important findings, which exacerbated the need for better therapeutic options in dealing with dementia, ...

Behavioral interventions can be grouped as either antecedent-based interventions (ABI) or consequence-based interventions (CBI). CBI is a group of practices in which the problem behaviors are addressed by manipulating the reinforcement or punishment stimuli following an observed behavior, whereas ABI refers to a group of behavioral interventions that are concerned with the modification of environmental factors that are believed to precede problem behaviors (Tullis, Cannella-Malone, & Payne, 2015). Therefore, ABI strategies are implemented before the problem behavior occurs, so their unique quality is the possibility of problem behavior prevention, which makes the behavioral change easier to maintain compared to results ...

Disease pathophysiology

Definition of breast cancer Breast cancer is a malignant growth of cells in the breast. This type of cancer arises in the milk-producing glands when cells begin to divide in an uncontrolled way, forming a tumor. The most common neoplasm in breast cancer is the adenocarcinoma of the cells covering the terminal lobular unit (American Cancer Society, 2016; Stephan, 2016).

Prevalence of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer to affect women in North America, with more than 200,000 new cases each year, and worldwide, counting up more than 1,200,000. It is the second cause of cancer ...

John Magill is a 75-year-old male with Parkinson’s disease, which he was diagnosed with five years ago. John was admitted to the hospital after falling at home. The physical examination revealed bruising on John’s hips and buttocks, as well as a tear on the right hip, but the X-ray did not reveal fractures in the lower extremities. The emergency department noted generalised tremor, decreased mobility, signs of confusion, agitation, and restlessness. The assessment of John’s vital signs showed that most measures are within expected ranges for an elderly person (temperature 37.2; respiratory rate 24; heart rate ...

Appropriate clinical reasoning ensures that the patient receives the right intervention at the right time and for the correct reasons (Rossiter, 2013). In addition, the use of evidence-based practice (EBP) guarantees that the chosen intervention is right in terms of effectiveness supported by research findings. The clinical reasoning cycle (Levett-Jones, 2012) is a useful framework to guide the clinical reasoning process. The purpose of this essay is to apply this framework in the planning of nursing care to address dyspnea in Mr. Thompson, a 70-year-old gentleman admitted to the coronary ward with congestive heart failure (CHF). This essay will ...

Delirium Case Study

Acute confusional states also known as delirium are medical emergencies associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden (Bassetti, 2007). The core characteristics of delirium are acute cognitive dysfunction and inattention. Delirium can result in permanent sequelea or become chronic (Fong, Tulebaev, and Inouye, 2009). This paper will examine the case of a 64-year old lady who presents with acute confusion, disorientation, and agitation. It will identify the key information provided and other essential information that needs to be identified. It will also examine the differential diagnoses and the most probably diagnosis for the patient. It will explore the ...

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...

North American Nursing Diagnosis Association –International (NANDA-I) and Nursing Interventions Classifications (NIC) are medical classifications, of which NANDA-I refers to enumerative system for nursing diagnosis and NIC refers to nursing terminology used generally in medicine. Hence, NANDA-I and NIC are recognized by all the nursing, medical and vocational systems in the entire North America as the acceptable terms for diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes (Butcher, et al., 2013). They are fundamental in the determination of adequate nursing care and cover standardized classifications of diagnoses, interventions, and results. Both systems referred to above are crucial for the maintenance and, promotion of ...

Abdominal Pain

Acute abdominal pain is a common presenting complaint. It can be due to a range of conditions some of which are benign and self-limiting and others life-threatening medical/surgical emergencies (Cartwright and Knudson, 2008). This paper will address the issue of abdominal pain from a paramedicine perspective in reference to a 29 year old male patient who presents with this complaint. It will interrogate the provided information and identify other essential information that is needed, three differential diagnoses for the patient, and the pathophysiology of the most probable diagnosis. Lastly, the implications of the case on paramedicine practice will be ...

Discuss the workup of the cervical lymphadenopathy.

The initial step is to direct a complete and deliberate physical examination to decide its exact location, consistency, size, obsession, and delicacy joined by a complete presentation history and an audit of the patient's indications. This would help determine the type of treatment and whether there is a need for further tests (Gow & Minkes, 2016).

What tests would you do first and why?

Further, tests would be carried out to determine the exact nature and extent of the lymphadenopathy. If it were malignant, the tests would be to determine the extent to which it has spread in order to determine the course of treatment. If otherwise, the ...

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder that results from thyroid hormonal deficiency. In the U.S. and other regions that have sufficient iodine consumption, autoimmune thyroid or the Hashimoto disease, normally causes hypothyroidism, while worldwide, iodine deficiency is the leading cause.

Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism can be caused by malfunctioning of the hypothalamus, thyroid, or pituitary gland, as all of these result from the same “negative feedback mechanism” (McCann, 2011, p. 496). Despite belonging to the same mechanism the hypothalamus malfunction rarely causes hypothyroidism, and when it does, it is called ‘secondary hypothyroidism’. While the malfunction of the gland is referred to as ‘primary ...

1. There are several components to the physical examination. Initially, the patients will have their vitals accesses (heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) This will give the physician an overall picture of the status of the patient. Next, the doctor will consider the general appearance of the patient, noting any abnormalities. After the general appearance, the physician will assess each organ system (cardiovascular, pulmonary, GI, integument, etc.) individually. To evaluate each system, the physician will first inspect the system for any abnormalities. After the inspection is auscultation where, if applicable, the physician will use a ...

Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, Hall K, Stein C. Prescription of Long-Acting Opioids and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2415-2423. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7789.

Prescription of Long-Acting Opioids and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain Wayne A. Ray, PhD1; Cecilia P. Chung, MD, MPH2; Katherine T. Murray, MD2,3; Kathi Hall, BS1; C. Michael Stein, MB, ChB2,3 [+] Author Affiliations JAMA. 2016;315(22):2415-2423. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7789.

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Abstract ABSTRACT | INTRODUCTION | METHODS | RESULTS | DISCUSSION | CONCLUSIONS | ARTICLE INFORMATION | REFERENCES Importance  Long-acting opioids increase the risk of unintentional overdose deaths but also may increase ...

Age: 75 years

Medical Record No: 66543N History and physical examination conducted: June 21, 2016 Source: The patients presents his own medical history and is a reliable source Chief Complain presented: Abdominal pain The History of the Present Illness Past medical history The patient presents with diabetes diagnosed 10 years ago, that is well controlled with Metoprolol medication. He also presents with depression and the patient uses Prozac medication for depression management. Mr. X had been previously hospitalized in 2010 due to MI and cardiac catheterization was done therefore, the patient present with a positive history of surgery.

Social history

Family history The patient ...

Healthcare Decision Support System (HDSS) is known to be an interactive DSS application/software that assists healthcare providers and professionals during their decision making to establish the diagnosis based on the data of the heath-seeker (In Moon & In Galea, 2016). HDSS products relate known information network with health observations for controlling alternative causes of actions by health providers such as Clinicians and Doctors so as to enhance the management of medical practices. Healthcare Decision Support is critical in making judgments based on the patient database for generating out an effective consultation/therapy on case specifics. A functional knowledge HDSS application helps ...

UniversityPrenatal Development and Mental Disorders

Environmental factors including socioeconomic status, trauma and parenting practices play a crucial role in early childhood development. Even though they are important, the prenatal environment has become regarded as one of most crucial periods that can be influenced by these environmental factors. This is because during the prenatal period, environmental factors can significantly affect the development of the child, which will later have a significant impact on behavioral development later in life, implying a significant link between prenatal environment and a child’s mental health, which can specifically be impacted by various teratogens, or “any environmental agent that causes ...

Prenatal Testing and Screening

Prenatal testing and screening have raised the number of ethical issues related to diagnostic testing in relation to special circumstances of pregnancy. The concerns related to the diagnostic testing involve greater ethical concerns for the parents with disabilities that need to be effectively addressed. It is debated that the prenatal diagnosis in contemporary society has enhanced the testing process to make right decisions about the pregnancy. However, there are number of concerns that evolve within our society concerning the cultural, religious and other social pressures. In the case of people with disabilities it is argued that the people often ...

Consequences of Utilizing Many Forms of Technology on the Patient-Doctor Relationship

Technology is no doubt the in-thing and advancements in this field are mind-boggling. It has encompassed and now spans across virtually all fields. The health care field has been on the frontline of benefitting from advancements in technology. The application of advanced technology in the field of health care has yielded results which have been nothing short of miraculous (Greenes, 2007). As the advancement in technology has resulted in changes in the methods of treatments, it has also changed the relationship between the patients and the physicians. These changes have been as varied in their effects as in their ...

Patient Initials: CJ

Clinical Site: Identifying Information: CHIEF COMPLIANT/HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: Mother (What is the patient saying? Quote the patient if possible)

Behavior: Disruptive and impulsive

Depressive symptoms: Detected Anxiety symptoms: Detected Psychotic symptoms: Absent Vegetative symptoms: Absent as patient is motile Suicidal ideation: Absent Homicidal ideation: Absent Compliance: Intermittent Cognitive symptoms: Not consistent with incidences of forgetfulness History of any mania in the past: None Sleeping patterns: Short sleeping hours less than 5 hours a day Appetite: Highly selective (Including any significant weight loss or weight gain)

PREVIOUS PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY

(Including any previous psychiatric hospital admissions): None

Any past suicide attempts: None

Failed medications: None tried before PREVIOUS PSYCHIATRIC FAMILY HISTORY: ( ...

Article Abstracts

Boysen, G.A. & VanBergen, A.

Abstract

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) has long been surrounded by controversy due to disagreement about its etiology and the validity of its associated phenomena. Researchers have conducted studies comparing people diagnosed with DID and people simulating DID in order to better understand the disorder. The current research presents a systematic review of this DID simulation research. The literature consists of 20 studies and contains several replicated findings. Replicated differences between the groups include symptom presentation, identity presentation, and cognitive processing deficits. Replicated similarities between the groups include interidentity transfer of information as shown by measures of ...

An Electronic Medical Record is a digital record of a patient’s chart and it contains their medical history. The computerised system implementation has been unsuccessful in some health care facilities. In most cases, user resistance has been the main factor why the systems have failed. The advantages of the systems are numerous ranging from improved quality care, increased patient satisfaction, financial savings, and decreased time spent on paper records. The following paper will evaluate the benefits of EMR in matters of cost, quality, and patient satisfaction. Electronic medical records have a number of benefits like prevention of medical ...

Introduction

Human nature is a debate that has gone on for centuries. Recently, and more specifically, the nature of a child has become a heated topic. More and more children are being diagnosed with attention deficit disorder, ADD, and attention deficit hyperactive disorder, ADHD. Does this mean that as a whole, each generation of children has become increasingly difficult to keep focused on tasks at hand? As a result of this concept, as well as the increase in these diagnoses, more children are being prescribed medications to help “control” their focus. However, with the medications being prescribed affecting the child’ ...

OUTLINE THESIS: Lately, it was possible to find a lot of facts which indicate that medicine does harm to healthy people due to overdiagnosis and widening conception of many illnesses. Overdiagnosis is not an innocuous phenomenon and covers various complications of physical and mental health. I. INTRODUCTION. A. Defining overdiagnosis. B. How overdiagnosis may be harming people. C. Causes of overdiagnosis. II. OVERDIAGNOSIS OF MENTAL ILLNESSES. A. Overdiagnosis of depression. III. CONCLUSION.

Introduction.

Overdiagnosis of illnesses is often more harmful than helpful for human health. Nowadays there are a lot of situations when doctors exaggerate possible outcomes and risks after ...

In the contemporary times, the spread of the Asian flu, the Aids virus and the SARS epidemic have been instrumental in disease outbreaks and pandemics into mainstream consciousness. The pandemics of the modern day may seem unique, but they all have a connotation in history. A staggering twenty-five million people lost their lives to the flu as it spread all over the world. The outbreak began in August of 1918, and it was finally contained in March 1919. To the American nation, over a half-million people lost their lives to the terrible flu. In the contemporary America, the pandemic ...

Centers for Disease Control, FDA & Medicaid/Medicare Services

Introduction The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to impact millions of lives in the United States. Over sixty fiver percent of HIV diagnoses are African American individuals ages 13-24(Zanoni and Mayer, 2014). Additionally, 15-24-year-olds comprise 50% of recent HIV infection rates, which are 7-20 times higher among youth of color (CDC, 2013). The mortality rate among these groups is also higher(Fedeli et al., 2015). Currently, there is no medical treatment to cure HIV/AIDS, nor a vaccine for HIV contagion (Kurth, Celum, Baeten, Vermund, & Wasserheit, 2011). Thus making it very challenging for both community and public health leaders ...

Anti-social personality disorder is a chronic mental condition that affects the way the patient thinks, perceive situations, and relate with other people around. People ailing from this disorder have no feelings with regards to what is considered right and wrong. They often disregard the rights, feelings, and expectations of the people they interact with. It makes the patients malicious in that they tend to treat other people harshly without caring about the outcome of such unfair treatment. They are in conflicts with others since they try to manipulate and treat people with arrogance. The current paper seeks to describe ...

Upper respiratory disease is a term that encompasses acute infections ranging from the benign common cold to life-threatening conditions (e.g., epiglottitis). Cases of upper respiratory disease are easy to recognize because the patients will complain about the following symptoms (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016):

Runny nose (always)

Sore throat (always) Coughing (common, usually in cases of viral etiology) Sneezing (common, usually in cases of viral etiology) Other symptoms depend on the patient’s age, medical history, and the pathogen causing the infection, so it is important to conduct a thorough assessment which consists of the following steps:

Interview the patient.

Perform ...

Analysis of the Book "The Medicalization of Society" By Peter Conrad

The Main Author's Arguments Peter Conrad, the author of the book "The Medicalization of Society," conducts a study of the most common problems of the modern society, which essence and nature have changed and obtained a medical character over the past 10-20 years. In other words, the author examines the social problems that have become the diagnoses at the beginning of the 21st century, though they were not related to medicine even a decade ago. At the very beginning of the book, Conrad emphasizes the investigated phenomenon, claiming that his analysis is connected only with the social connotations of ...

Introduction

The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is one of the most essential diagnostic as well as classification tools used in clinical practice especially in psychiatry, research and other related fields. The tool serves as an authoritative guide in regard to the diagnosis that can used to determine the appropriate the treatment for various mental disorders (Jacob & Patel, 2014). In the light of this, the tool contains various descriptions, symptoms as well as other criteria that is used in the diagnosis of various mental disorders encountered in clinical practice. On the one hand, the tool provides a ...

Introduction

Approximately 2.5 million individuals in the United States contract pneumonia annually, and 55,000 of those individuals die as a result. In fact, pneumonia was the eighth prominent cause of morbidity and is the number one communicable disease in the United States. Pneumonia is the leading deadly hospital-contracted disease and contributes to a sizable amount of deaths in unindustrialized countries as well. It is a grave illness that can impact individuals in all age groups, but it is especially serious in adolescents, the elderly population, and in people with fundamental medical issues such as ischemia, low blood sugar, and ...

PHYSICAL EXAM:

You will be expected to write up your response as follows: List of Differential Diagnoses [rank ordered] A. Congestive Heart Failure B. Angina C. Hypercholesterolemia D. Myocardial Infarction

E. Diabetes Mellitus

F. with Grade II diastolic heart failure.

G. Hypertriglyceridemia

H. GERD I.

J. Hypertension

Leading hypothesis : Congestive Heart Failure Active Alternative hypotheses Must not miss diagnoses [critical rule outs] Congestive Heart Failure Angina Hypertriglyceridemia Hypercholesterolemia Most common diagnoses [reasonable alternatives] GERD Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Presumptive Diagnosis [assumption] Congestive Heart Failure

Treatment Plan

Non-pharmacologic / lifestyle interventions (provide rationale) • Modify Diet. - Advance to a low-sodium, low-cholesterol, low-fat, solid diet as tolerated R: to minimize metabolic demands ...