Essays on Doping

International Olympic Committee Ethical Issues

Background One of the most recent scandals occupying the headlines of the international print and social media is the doping scandal, surrounding the Russian Olympic and Paralympic Team and the participation of the athletes in the Olympic Games in Rio this August. The Games have started and it is evident that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) along with Independent Committee and Brazilian Authorities took the decision not to ban the team from participation, causing dual and controversial response from the international community. The organization in a focus of the scandal is the IOC, heavily criticized for the way it ...

Media Consumption and Materialism/Consumerism

Globally, consumption and materialism have become a fundamental component of the prevailing culture. Humans consume a myriad of products and resources that extend beyond their basic necessities to include technological innovations and luxuries aimed at improving efficiency and quality of life. Throughout history, consumption beyond basic needs has served as a method of boosting human happiness. Hence, excessive consumption does not necessarily pose harm to human life (Shah). Increasingly, however, important issues regarding media consumption and materialism have emerged in recent decades. As such, this study examines the neuroscience of human emotions, the use of recreational substances, and the ...

Abstract

Forensic Science has long found important application in a criminal investigation, and its correct usage will enhance its effectiveness in crime detection. The use of forensic science in intelligence has allowed the possibility of crime scene reconstruction, identification of a suspect and the elements therein. Law enforcement has gone a notch higher in crime investigation in the sense that scouring for limited evidence at crime scenes has been made possible long after the perfect crime has taken place. The sole purpose of finding the obscure evidence is to have the criminals responsible brought to book and as a result, ...

Contract Issues

This is a case of the Essendon Football Club, a professional football club which plays in the Australian Football League (AFL). This paper focuses on the legal battle that the EFC faces concerning their alleged use of prohibited supplemental drugs in what is currently referred to as the Essendon doping scandal. The parties involved in the said saga were the EFC (including all of its constituents), the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Agency (ASADA), and the Australian Football League. The main object in the case was the banned and prohibited peptide Thymosin Beta 4 . Focusing on ...

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATION IN PUBLIC SPHERE AND THE INFLUENCE OF WORK OF THE PUBLIC COMMUNICATION PROFESSIONALS IN PARTICULAR SECTORS

The role of Public Relations (PR) and Public Communications officers has transformed from supportive to the strategic function, building on sustainable and effective operations in all three sectors (Fawkens, 2012, pp.3-20). While some may think that the role of public communication is to handle emergencies, the strategic goals of this function are much wider (Lattimore et al., 2012, pp.354-358). Among others, some of the vital tasks of PC include the development and implementation of the public image strategy, ...

PHIL 434 Medical Ethics

Short answers 3 point seach What is medical tourism? Medical tourism is “where patients travel overseas for operations and various invasive therapies.” (Connell 2006, p. 1093).

What are 3 reasons people choose surgeries/procedures in other countries?

1. Economics – Even with health insurance, many procedures can be performed for a fraction of the cost overseas. 2. Quality of care – quality of care is increasing around the world to the near equivalent of Western countries. 3. More options- Even with health insurance, many patients find their health insurance companies limit the kinds of procedures they are able to receive.

What is the commoditization of care?

Turning health care into a commodity that is undifferentiated from other competing ...

Introduction

Performance enhancement in sports has been a controversial topic over the years. Specifically, sports organizations prefer the utilization of performance enhancement drugs to enhance their efficiency in the sporting activities while other humanitarian and government organizations raise concerns over the negative impacts of these drugs. As such, this paper discusses the negative impacts associated with performance enhancement drugs to the human body and the ethical concerns that emerge from this approach. In many instances, PEDs have been reported to enforce significant resiliency among the users and this is an advantage to sportsmen due to the enhancement of biological functions ...

Use of Fossil Fuels for Power Generation and the Need for Renewable Energy

According to Nelson (2011), more than 85% of the world’s energy consumption, which is estimated at 520 exajoules, is generated through the burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal (p.19). Electric power generation from non-renewable sources will, unequivocally, result in their exhaustion and creation of a major energy crisis. For this reason, it appears primordial to shift in a greater scale to alternate power generation, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, etc. Amongst these, Sorensen (2011) explains that though hydroelectric power does represent one of the major forms of power generation, its growth is stagnant ...

People use drugs for different purposes. Drug abuse is the continuous use of an illegal or addictive drug (Abadinsky, 2014). The use of the drugs is due to the psychological, social and personal issues. Most of the scenarios of drug abuse are attributed to the sociological and psychological issues.

Event 1

The first event of drug addiction is the instance of doping by sports personalities. Doping has taken center stage in the sports arena with people using performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) (Berkow, 2008). Currently, Russia is banned by the IAAF because of the instance of doping among the players. The players also ...

Solving Social Problems: Solar Energy in Rural India

The developing world grapples with the lack of access to electricity. Third world countries have poor electrical infrastructure which is still in the nascent stages of development. As a result, majority of people, especially those living in rural areas, have no access to electricity. The reach of the electrical grid in countries is limited to towns, and the poor who have access to electrical power supply suffer frequent and prolonged power blackouts. As a result, people in such countries result to unclean and unhealthy means of lighting, such as kerosene and diesel generators. The kerosene lamps cause respiratory problems ...

Introduction

Athletes dedicate their precious time in practicing and training in the hope of ultimate reward for their flawless performance. The competitive environment and passion for winning add extra motivation to their will to succeed. For a perfect athletic performance, a healthy and strong body is a primary necessity. To achieve new limits in their career athletes take good diet and a proper training and exercise regime. Literature suggests that the use of vitamins and nutritional supplements also contribute to enhancing the performance. Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED) are newly discovered options that can be presented as the next step in ...

Introduction

In the contemporary times, the use of drugs by athletes has emerged as a rather acute problem in professional sports. The immediate solution to this problem entails the resolution of a chain of related issues: how to improve the system of drugs controls, which drugs are to be prohibited, what measures shall be made against those athletes who violated anti-drug rules. Whereas many regard the use of drugs in sports as beneficial and helpful for the athlete, others believe the drug usage by sportsmen as extremely detrimental and destructive. As far as my opinion is concerned, performance-enhancing drugs must ...

Negative Impact on Brand when using Athletes as Brand Ambassadors

The utilization of athletes by a brand to connect with the target market is with regards to the combination of the athlete’s skills in the sports, personality and the power to connect from an emotional standpoint. When done right it gives the brand great leverage to operate on a profitable level in terms of sales and brand equity, however, if a controversy erupts, it affects the brands reputation, given that most brand ambassador campaigns are based around the character of the athlete. Lance Armstrong is a classic example of an athlete’s negative activities impacting the brands reputation, ...

Albidda Tower

Albidda Tower is a 215 tall, 43 storey modern building in Doha. This building is perhaps the most modernist work of architecture in the conservative Arab country. It combines various aspects of contemporary architectural design including the twisted face, which makes it unique among all modern buildings in the Gulf. Another modernist aspect of this building is the triangular shaped floor plan, which has been conceptualized in such a way that the floor area at the top is larger than the base, making it elegant. However, intricate design elements have been incorporated to ensure stability of the entire building ...

Business Impact of Crisis Management in Sports Industry

Business Impact of Crisis Management in Sports Industry Many organizations are not crisis ready. Even though crisis management planning has been around for over 20 years and despite alarming increases in the crisis occurrence rate, half of all Fortune 500 companies do not have a crisis management plan (Aboudzadeh, Hajipoor & Hashemnia, 2014). For example, the potential effects of an organization’s crisis are lack of social responsibility, loss of profits and market share, tarnish of brand image, and increased regulatory scrutiny and control, stockholder discontent, decreased employee morale, and bankruptcy. A report in sports magazine predicts that global sports ...

The cycling sport was born in the XIX century. In the XX century, it gained extreme popularity. Now its popularity is not inferior to football and hockey. As a separate direction of this discipline originated in the 19th century, and the first competition took place in the suburbs of Paris. The cycling sport was introduced in the program of the Olympic Games. Today many people enjoy cycling as a hobby. There is the International Cycling Union, which is located in Switzerland. This sports organization was founded by the following countries: England, Belgium, Italy and France. The organization is engaged ...

Performance enhancement drugs like anabolic steroids have long existed in the sports world (Brower, 2008). However, rising concern about the increased use of performance enhancement drugs has caught the eye of many legal organizations. The testing of athletes for traces of performance enhancement drugs such as anabolic steroids, cannabinoids and growth factors, goes against the fourth amendment. According to the Fourth Amendment of the American constitution, people have absolute rights to security from all dynamics of life; whether from the houses, properties, and must be cushioned against unwarranted searches and seizures of their assets. Indeed, the fourth amendment thus ...

Intellectual Property Rights and Their Practical Use

Intellectual property rights are a combination of civil law governing relations connected with creative activity. At the same time, the civil law does not directly regulate creative activities, because the creative process is beyond the limits of its rules (HG, n.d.). The functions of civil law are the recognition of the authorship of already created results of creative activity, establishing their legal status, moral and material incentives and protection of the rights of authors and other persons, who have copyrights (Cimoli et al., 2014). Copyright, inventive and the like rights are usually called exclusive rights, i.e., absolute legal rights, ...

Mindy McCready, a Singer Long Troubled, Dies at 37

Current Events Article on Trust:

Armstrong’s Critics Largely Unmoved by Interview

In the article Armstrong’s Critics Largely Unmoved by Interview, which was published on January 18, 2013 in The New York Times, the author Ian Austen (2013) described the reactions of Lance Armstrong’s critics – particularly those from the antidoping and cycling communities – to his interview with Oprah Winfrey. More specifically, Austen (2013) reported that Armstrong’s critics did not lend much credibility to Armstrong’s statements with Winfrey. They claimed that they would consider Armstrong’s statements valid only if he stated them in a ...

Cloning is done by removing the nucleus of an egg and substituted it with the nucleus from an embryonic stem cell animal .A tadpole was produced from an adult cell of a frog by Dr. Gurdon in 1962, but it was welcomed with great distrust since the adult cells cannot assume new ones. He removed the cell nucleus from a developed intestinal cell and injected it into a frog egg. This was to test if the genome could change. The egg was reprogrammed introducing nucleus and the genes were switched to a developing egg rather than duties of an intestinal cell. From the ...

Founded in 1997 by the seven time Tour De France winner, Lance Armstrong, the Livestrong Foundation is a non-profit organization based in the United States that is dedicated to providing support for cancer victims. The organization was formerly known as the Lance Armstrong Foundation; however, the name was changed in 2012 as the Livestrong Foundation was launched. Lance Armstrong launched the cancer support foundation after he, himself, survived a tough battle with the deadly disease.

The Livestrong Foundation is dedicated to providing support and empower cancer survivors and their relatives. The Foundation lays a huge amount of emphasis on helping empower and ...

1. Raisins and raisin bran

The raisins in raisin bran do not settle at the bottom of a box or other container for two reasons. First, they are of smaller sizes than the raisins. If the raisins are placed in a container followed by the bran, the bran would slip though the spaces and go to the bottom. However, if the bran are placed first in the container and the raisins last, the raisins cannot slip through the bran no matter how one shakes the container. The second reason is that while individual pieces of bran are much lighter than the raisins, their total weight is ...

Effect of ZnSe nanoparticles in the PEDOT: PSS photodiodes

Abstract In this article we report the photovoltaic properties of devices made using a highly conducting polymer electrode, from poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) incorporated with ZnSe nanoparticles on ITO substrate as an anode and a Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) mixed with Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) in the ratio of 1:1 as the active layer. The device performance was compared with that of devices made with PEDOT-PSS without ZnSe nanoparticles on ITO substrates. The IV characteristics were studied and the surfaces of PEDOT:PSS with ZnSe were imaged using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It shows that the functions ...

In the past sports were taken as form of entertainment or an activity to maintain a healthy body or manage body weight. This made various societies around the globe to encourage its members especially children to engage in sports in order to stay healthy and avoid boredom which might force them to engage in bad behavior such as crime or substance abuse to escape the boredom feeling. However, in the past two decades, sports have become money making machines, i.e. athletes especially track races athletes are in positions to make millions in seconds (Nationwide Children's Hospital, 2015). Some of the ...

Introduction

Resistivity is a parameter which defines the resistance of a metal to the flow of electric current per unit volume of the metal (Jones, n.d.). The resistivity exhibited by a metal is dependent on three physical properties; the cross-sectional area, length, and the nature of the material (A´ ngel & Tirado-Miranda, 2009). The value of resistivity dictates the conductivity of a metal, high resistivity is associated with low electrical conductivity while low resistivity means that the metal is a good conductor (The Physics Hypertext Book, n.d.). Therefore, it can be concluded that low resistivity allows for increased movements of electrons within the metal while high ...

In today’s society, athletes have been using different types of drugs to enhance their performance. But, the excessive use of drugs has a negative impact on the health and wellness of these athletes. For many athletes, to need to excel often outweighs the need to practice sound judgment in their fields. As such these athletes resort to the use of drugs as there is the strong belief that performance enhancing drugs have complete positive reactions on individual users. In recent years, the mass media has played a negative and a positive role in the way athletes perceive the use of drugs. The ...

Influence of Coffee on Exercise

Caffeine is a pharmacologically active substance that is consumed extensively around the world today. Various dietary sources of caffeine include coffee, tea, chocolate, carbonated drinks and energy beverages (Goldstein et al., “International society” 2010). Among these dietary sources, coffee is the most significant and widely consumed source of caffeine around the world in the present times. Statistics from North America and Europe show that around 90% of the adults consider themselves as regular coffee drinkers and their average caffeine intake adds up to approximately 200mg per day (Pesta et al., 2013). Chemically, caffeine is 1, 3, 7,-trimethylxanthine i.e. ...

The use of performance enhancing drugs in various sports has been a recurrent theme in the news. Great stars that mentor many young athletes are stripped of their medals and any shred of dignity and respect that they fetched during their heydays. Athletes and professional sportspersons result to the use of performance enhancing drugs due to the stiff competition that is constantly arising. Furthermore, the effect of training on performance becomes redundant at some point and many may opt for the easier way out. Performance enhancing drugs are common among short distance athletes (Robinson and Epshteyn, 364). The drugs used ...

The Woodstock arts and music festivals took place in the summer of 1969. This festival was overwhelmingly attended in that the organizers of this event had to take down the fences in order to allow for the huge number of people who were willing to attend. The main themes of the Woodstock festivals included unconventional sexual practices, freedom, music, different religions and alternative living arrangements. The sexual revolution played a big role in the Woodstock festivals. This concert played a significant role, in the American counterculture in the 60s. This music festival promoted the idea of using the pill and also ...

Introduction

Despite efforts of the federal government, schools, and parents in preventing the youth from engaging in vices, the youth still gravitates toward abusing substances such as alcohol, cigarette, and drugs due to the $25 billion worth of advertisements that are shown during the airing of movies and television programs. It seems that advertisers discovered that the media depiction of substance use would be more effective than traditional advertising. This is because in general, media contents are seen as positive; otherwise, they would not be released for public viewing. Moreover, media depictions would not induce criticisms as much as advertising ...

Introduction 3

Background on Report 3 Current Technologies Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Technology 5 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 8 Solar Heating and Cooling (SCH) Technology 10 Analysis and Recommendation 11 Conclusion 12 Figures and Tables Figure 1: Diagram of a P-N junction in a Photovoltaic Cell 6 Figure 2: A Typical Parabolic Through CSP System 9 Figure 3: Wakiki Shore Apartments in Honolulu, Hawaii 11

Used in Contemporary Society

Introduction The use of fossil fuels results in combustion gases which contribute to global warming. Furthermore, these combustion gases result in air pollution which is detrimental to the ...

Introduction

Motivation is the drive that an individual has towards a certain goal. Motivation contributes by influencing the effort and interest that an athlete puts to a task. Hager (124) in his study describes motivation as a personal matter because what motivates an individual at a certain time may not motivate another individual at the same time. To improve and maintain an athlete’s performance motivation is essential. Athletes who lack motivation are likely to skip regular session of training and hence may not get to fully train with the required intensity. Miller (87) in his study states that lack of motivation leads athletes ...

Introduction

Engineering has been hand in hand with sports, however, this relationship has been overlooked by many individuals including the engineers as well as athletes themselves, however; the last two decades have shown that people are beginning to recognize the critical role played by engineering in the enhancement of the performance of sportsmen and women (Czyzewski, 2011). Athletic possess a very technical side which has a strong relationship with engineering that is analyzed can reveal a lot of aspects that can be enhanced through engineering. Engineering has made it possible to analyze athletes using computers in order to determine their skills and athleticism using ...

Long chains of molecules are called polymers. Many small molecular units (called monomers) form polymers, which depending on their arrangement are so useful in everyday life; making materials like silk, wool, or plastic bags. Most of the polymers are organic compounds; it means that they are carbon chains connected to hydrogen, Oxygen or nitrogen atoms. The electrons of these atoms are shared between two atoms that are located in the low energy bonding orbitals. This stops the polymers from making electricity and the electrons play the role of a non-conductor. In 1997, a set of highly conductive polymers were discovered. ...

Summary of “Cheating and CHEATING”

Joe Posnanski is a fan of baseball. And in his essay “Cheating and CHEATING” he wants baseball fans to be clear, at any point in the history of baseball, there was a lot of cheating an money grabbing happening at all levels of baseball. From people taking amphetamines, to stealing signs, to fixing games, baseball has its heroes, but it demonize for cheating, since it was a baseball proverb of the time that “If you’re not cheating, you’re not trying” (Posnanski, 556). Joe Posnanski believes that he and Pete Hamill believe in baseball, but they have different versions of how ...

INTRODUCTION

In recent times, there has been an intense exploration of the Tunneling field effects transistors. This is because it has been discovered to have the potential to offer a way out of many concerns, especially the power concerns, in nanoelectronics. “Graphene nanoribbon was recently discovered and has been deemed ideal for tunneling FETs,” [1]. For graphene nanoribbons tunneling transistors, the subthreshold swing has been investigated to be a nonlinear function of temperature. The graphene nanoribbon has been declared as the best candidate for tunneling field effect transistor owing to its compatibility with planar processing, direct and narrow band gap, and low ...

Ethics and social responsibility in a leadership context specifically focusing on Australian anti doping authority investigation into drug use in the national rugby league and Australian football league

It was easier to gather information about ethics and social responsibility in sports because it falls in my area of specialization. In the research on ethics and social responsibilities in leadership context, various instruments of research were used to collect the relevant data. Because the research involved gathering of information from a large group of participants, secondary information was gathered from books, journals, newspapers and Australian Anti Doping Agency investigation (ASADA) publications. The ...

Abstract

In recent times, solar power has gained immense popularity due to its various advantages over conventional fossil fuels. It is clean, noise free and environment friendly. In the light of these advantages, it is important to study the various technologies used for harnessing the solar energy. This paper explores the various advantages and limitations of these methods in order to apply these for solar power generation. - Introduction As the global demand for energy is growing and environmental issues such as global warming assuming importance, the role of renewable energy sources in energy production is gaining popularity ...

Biology for Nursing Practice

(Location of the University)

INTRODUCTION

The earliest recorded use of performance-enhancing substances dates back to the era of the Olympians in Greece, specifically 776 BC (Bowers 1998). ‘Doping’—an overused term in the field of sports—originates from the Dutch word “doop”, a viscous opium juice which was once a favorite of the ancient Greeks. Nonetheless, it is a common knowledge of today that the use of performance-enhancing drugs is banned because of the unfair advantage it gives to sportsmen. Cunning as it may seem, athletes in the 1990s have found ways to improve their performance sans the use of mainstream drugs ...

Impact of Management

Impact of Management

Introduction

The management of sports takes place through the establishment of sports departments. The sports departments represent either the region, specific sport or the entire nation. The departments manage sports like other business entities. The management of sports does not only entail the physical part involved in sports but also involves ensuring that the organizations and departments raise enough money to facilitate the running of sports events. It also entails ensuring that the sports facilities undergo good maintenance programs, which enables the games in sports to take place. Sports organizations and departments also have a task in ensuring ...

Abstract

Cheating is malum in se, a proper understanding of precision with a strong moral pejorative linguistically as cheating bring about. Cheating involves rule breaking; however, not all rule breaking is cheating. Green provided four formal elements existed to ensure not to judge whether cheating happened. First, the rule is fair and enforced. Second, rule breaking takes place in rule-governed activity. Third, the rule breaker intends to break rules. Fourth, the rule breaker intends to gain advantages. Some exceptions have its own policy in the rules; the classification does not mean that it is a rule breaker. The moral weight of breaking the ...

The International Olympic Commission and other professional leagues believe that by banning doping their sport will become cleaner and level playing field will be developed. EPO is used by cyclists to produce red blood cells in their body that has haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the athletes’ muscles. More oxygen helps in increasing the energy and better stamina. There are drug companies that sell artificial EPO but it is banned for athletes. This is achieved through ‘altitude chambers’ that requires athletes to sleep at altitude of 14,000 ft and above and train at sea level, this increases the ...

Introduction

Amphetamine is a stimulant of the Central Nervous System (CNS) commonly used in the treatment of Attention Deficiency Disorder (ADD) (Rasmussen, 2008). The drug, which also goes by the names “Uppers” or “Speed” is also, used to suppress appetite and fatigue, increase feelings of alertness, self-confidence, and energy (Healey, 2007). These effects endear amphetamines for use as an ergogenic drugs. Ergogenic drugs are those substances that athletes use to boost sporting performance. Though amphetamine can enhance sporting performance, its side effects can cause serious health effects and as such, the drug should not be used as an ergogenic aid. ...

Doping is the illicit use of performance enhancing drugs that have been banned by authorities. Such drugs are banned because they pose health risks to participants, to enhance equal opportunities amongst all athletes and because drug-free sports have an exemplary effect. Nonetheless, unscrupulous athletes still cheat during athletic events by using such banned substances. This paper will delve into the matters of doping in athletics. The topic is very important because it delineates the unethical use of performance enhancing drugs in order to gain an unfair advantage over other competitors. This goes against the spirit of competition.

Effect of Doping on Athletics

Many athletics ...

Introduction

Baseball used to be a very favourite pastime for the Americans, and although it has lost most part of its older prestige, it still remains a passion that crosses the borders of the US and spans generations. For that reason, one can still see talent scouts eagerly seeking for young boys that have a star, when playing baseball. At any sign of athletic promise, high-school boys are on their way to becoming stellar players with fat cheques and payoffs for their great athletic performance. To many, baseball is the benchmark of a purer world. But, wherever there is money and multi-million-dollar profit, there ...

Psychology

Did you notice those big guys with very big muscles in wrestling, on the beach and at the gym? Have you ever wondered why that is a common physical characteristic of people that are involved in such sporting activities? Or have you thought such physical feature may either be from the normal hard working activities people get involved in at the gym? These are some of the few questions that usually come to our mind if we take a time out to explore how such physical features are being achieved by most sportsmen. The era of performance enhancement drugs (PED) has ...

The ubiquitous climate change and the attendant consequences in the forms of flash floods, earthquakes, tsunamis etc has further intensified efforts at seeking alternative sources of energy to the currently used fossil fuels that contribute so much to the deterioration of the environment and the menace of climate change. The alternative forms of energy, termed green energy are renewable sources of energy e.g. solar energy. Theses green sources of energy do not contribute to the deterioration of the environment. The industrial production of hydrogen gas H2 is dependent on heavy use of fossil fuel-generated electricity to power the process ...

Article Review: Introduction to Contracts

The article by Goldman Eric titled “Did Monster Energy Make a ‘Dope’ Contract with DJ Z-Trip Nope” was published in Forbes magazine on 5th November 2013 as a review of a case between Monster Energy and DJ Z-Trip and Beastie Boys. In the cases, Energy misinterpreted the meaning of the word “Dope” from DJ Z-Trip to mean that they could go ahead and publish Beastie Boys’ copyrighted material. In that respect, Energy relied on the misinterpreted word and assumed permission to use DJ Z-Trip’s “Megamix” remix in making a promotional YouTube video which then came as a surprise to the Beastie Boys whose ...

The academia community around the world consists mostly of people who are young and frankly looking good and performing well physically is very important to them. With the rising case in the use of performance, enhancing drugs by athletes all over the world members of the academia community find themselves under constant temptation to partake in the performance enhancing drugs. Athletes who take performance-enhancing drugs perform extremely better than their counterparts who do not. This has a pull factor on the academia community whose majority studies have shown are sports enthusiasts. With the hope of performing as well or even ...

Purpose of the article

The article seeks to find out the average energy that is required for every scintillation photon as well as the energy resolutions present in crystals of sodium iodide that is activated with thallium and cesium iodide that is doped with thallium for gamma rays. Through this information, that author can comprehend the pathways that radiation energy to luminescence takes in scintillators. This information is important if one is to draw a comparison between scintillation yields from various scintillators. As such, this article adduces that the use of quantities that are related to scintillation efficiency is appropriate in understanding these pathways. ...

Introduction

The ethical issue in sports gains in importance over time, as there are more and more attractive rewards for the athletes, both financial and non-financial, such as fame and pride. As the prize becomes bigger, the competition gets more intense, and the incentive to cheat strengthens. There are different ways to cheat in sports. Some of them are tactical and are aimed to get advantage in particular situation – good example of such behavior is so-called simulation in association football, when a player goes down easily pretending that he has been fouled to win a free kick, penalty kick or to ...

The history of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED) dates back to time immemorial. As most things evolve over time, so does PEDs, which tends to become more effective and relatively dangerous in equal measures. Performance enhancing drugs can be termed to being any type of substance that is taken to enable an individual to perform better athletically. The major reason why performance enhancing drugs have gained popularity over time is because the world of professional sports has become very competitive thus compelling some sportspersons to indulge in some activities that would make them have an unfair advantage over their competitors. ...

Sports play a significant role in the society and culture at large. It influences the values of many people who are either participants or spectators who love it. Sports instill a positive attitude and impact on youths as shown by performances in schools. Research shows that students engaged in sporting activities performs better than those who are dormant. The research also indicates that the students have lower dropout cases and more disciplined than others. Many students who have the opportunity to join culture get to earn their degrees. Sports teach students and other interested parties valuable lessons involving teamwork and appreciating ...

Polyvinylidene fluoride polymer first exhibited the piezoelectric effect in the year 1969 followed by the pyroelectric effect some years later, leading to the development of numerous applications of pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity. PVDF possesses many attractive features as a tactile or touch sensor. Tactile sensors can be used to monitor skin conditions. They find use in minimally invasive surgery. Tanaka et al. developed an active palpitation sensor to detect hypertrophy and prostate cancer. Pyroelectric and piezoelectric polymers help in energy conversion. The Energy Harvesting Eel device created by Taylor et al. used piezoelectric polymers for the conversion of mechanical flow energy ...

History

Ergogenic aids are dated back to around 100 years ago. Warriors and athletes during the early period used food items like the lion’s heart and the deer liver to effect their speed, strength and bravery during games, battles and even hunting. Over the years Ergogenic aids have been widely used especially by amateur and professional athletes. Gaining a competitive advantage over one’s competitors is a known phenomenon in the sports world. Most athletes have been dropped out of important races due to ergogenic aids use in order to enhance their performance. Ergogenic aids are substances or treatments that ...

The case presented is complex and needs thorough analysis before a decision is arrived at as to whether I take the case or not. There are several issues that require reviewing. Benefits which may accrue after the athlete is exonerated are quite enticing, a fat pay check and an elevated status are two things any professional wouldn’t mind having and considering this is an area of my expertise. The information provided highly influences my decision in the sense that, it is the basis on which the client seeks my help. The client’s willingness to tell the truth makes it ...

Introduction

Prospect theory is defined as human thriftiness behavior that explains how the human opt the most risky casuistry alternatives knowing the level of consequences they will have to face afterwards. This theory describes that usually people assess the probabilistic alternatives keeping in mind their possible gains and losses using common sense techniques rather than keeping focus on the final consequences. This model focuses on real-life facts rather than talking about idealistic approach. Professor Daniel Kaheman, in assistance of Amos Tversky, developed this theory in 1979 at Psychology Department of Princeton University as a more realistic and psychologically quite optimum explanation ...

Sheryl Bergmann Drewe’s essay, Fair Play, describes the ethical considerations and effects of athletes using performance-enhancing drugs in sports. Drewe argues that there are many reasons why athletes should not use these drugs, including harm to self, others, and to the integrity of sports in general. The arguments that she makes are very convincing, concise, and straight to the point, so it is easy to read and understand the points being made. Drewe’s essay was interesting and made good points, but what it lacked were specific examples of ways in which performance-enhancing drugs have adversely affected ...

NITROGEN AND COPPER DOPED SOLAR LIGHT ACTIVE TIO2 PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER DECONTAMINATION

Abstract: A new category of photocatalytic coating that can degrade chemical as well as bacterial contaminants under visible sunlight wavelengths was generated by the deposition of a stable photocatalytic TiO2 film over the internal lumen of glass bottles by means of a sol–gel technique. Such a coating was produced either in doped or undoped form. This coating used copper and/ or nitrogen for producing visible light-active TiO2 films that were normalized or annealed at 600 ◦C and were characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation of methylene blue was seen to accelerate with doped and undoped TiO2 films ...

Environmental Studies

Travis Tygart, the head of the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) was interviewed by CBS News reporter Scott Pelley on the subject of Lance Armstrong and doping. Tygart was very satisfied with the outcome of the lawsuit against Armstrong for illegal use of performance enhancing drugs for many years. He became famous winning many awards as a cyclist but life has changed for Armstrong. His Tour de France titles were taken away and he is banned from sports for his lifetime. Tygart said that if the government had lost the case and the decision had been in favor of Armstrong – ...