Essays on Doses

In the article Streissguth introduced fetal alcohol syndrome and reviewed literature relevant to the problem in order to explore effects of pregnant mothers’ alcohol consumption on their children’s development. Then she gave supportive evidence of the effects by revealing animal models of research. Next, she focused on delay or impaired functioning and disclosed mental handicaps as the most detrimental effect. Furthermore, the researcher revealed remediation interventions to deal with fetal alcohol syndrome and also reflected on effects of social drinking. In this way Streissguth established the key findings explaining harmful effects of mothers’ alcohol intake on their fetuses. ...

Homeopathic treatment for Insomnia (sleeplessness)

Homeopathy is considered as an alternative medicine practice compared to modern (allopathy) practice. The concept of homeopathy relates to pseudoscience wherein the treatment of an illness is not part of a scientific rationale but the normal recovery of the person. Homeopathy was first introduced by Samuel Hahnemann in 1796 and has been used since then as an alternative treatment for many acute and chronic illnesses. Some researchers suggest that homeopathic medications or agents act like placebo in terms of modern medicine, wherein the recovery or cure of the illness is not due to the medication itself but part of ...

Post 1

A medication wallet card is a card that indicates a patient's medication names, doses and it’s easily kept in a patient’s wallet for easy retrieval and referral. A wallet card is very beneficial to a patient particularly in regards to creating awareness of the current patient's ailments, which will help improve the patient’s quality of life considerably and also lead to revenue generation by the clinic. Depression is an infringement to the normal way of life of an individual and does disrupt it in a major way. An amount in excess of $210 Billion has been ...

In global societies, discussions concerning the use of animals in medical tests for research are uncomfortable and controversial. Modern technology often broadcasts horrific photos of procedures being conducted on helpless creatures accompanied by claims of untrustworthy results and skewed statistics. In the long run, animals will continue to be used for testing in laboratories until the value of the practice is diminished. “The benefits of animal research have been enormous and it would have severe consequences for public health and medical research if it were abandoned “ (Festing and Wilkinson, n.p.). This paper will present information regarding whether animal testing ...

Paper 2

Ontario’s HPV Vaccination Program In this paper, I present arguments that are supportive of the ethical inappropriateness of the Ontario government’s HPV vaccination initiative. I also aim at revealing the ineffectiveness of the program as a public health strategy constructed to combat cervical cancer. The program is ineffective in combating cervical cancer because the interventions arising from the screening program poses risks on women and especially the ones of childbearing age. In addition, I will use the utilitarian approach to support my views. In September 2007, the Ontario Liberal Government began a Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination ...

The study of drugs and their interaction in human bodies is called pharmacology, and comes from pharmakon, a Greek word meaning drug or medicine and logy meaning a study of. In other words, pharmacology can also be termed as a study of either drugs or medicine, and examines their origin, their nature, their reactions in the body as well as side effects (Turley, 2003). The discussion hereunder will focus on different types of drugs that are used to relieve pain, their mechanism as well as their side effects.

Types of drugs used to relieve pain ((Turley, 2003)

Over-the-counter (OTC): These are drugs used to relieve pain, and ...

Abstract:

The healthcare industry in these countries identify nurses as one of the groups with the largest number of healthcare professionals. This proves that their roles are one of the most important when executing euthanasia, as proven in many studies that identify nurses as directly involved in the processing of euthanasia. This however, raises questions about the nurses’ attitudes and opinions towards practicing euthanasia. There is a need to question their opinions and beliefs regarding euthanasia and their role in the administering of lethal drugs. If they are not confident with what they do, they may experience fear, which may ...

Abstract 3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Properties and Uses 4

Sources of CO Emission and Toxicokinetics 4

Exposure Limits for CO, Sampling and Analysis 6 Protocols for Industrial CO Sampling and Analysis 6 Carbon Monoxide in Substance Priority List (SPL) 7 CO Contaminated Superfund Site 8 Carbon Monoxide Explosion Case Study with Recommendations 8 References 10 Abstract Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas, which results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, and has several applications such as effective reducing agent and manufacture of various hydrocarbons. CO is a major indoor air pollutant, and is released when combustion is carried out in confined spaces such as mines ...

Ontario’s HPV Vaccination Program

In this paper, I present arguments that are supportive of the ethical inappropriateness of the Ontario government’s HPV vaccination initiative. I also aim at revealing the ineffectiveness of the program as a public health strategy constructed to combat cervical cancer. In addition, I will use the utilitarian approach to support my views.

The Ontario HPV Program Overview

In September 2007, the Ontario Liberal Government began a Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination intervention for female eighth-graders (Thompson, 2013; CIHR- IPPH, 2012). The federal government made an allocation of $ 300 million towards the intervention. Gardasil, the HPV vaccine, targets four subtypes of the virus. These ...

Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, Hall K, Stein C. Prescription of Long-Acting Opioids and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2415-2423. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7789.

Prescription of Long-Acting Opioids and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain Wayne A. Ray, PhD1; Cecilia P. Chung, MD, MPH2; Katherine T. Murray, MD2,3; Kathi Hall, BS1; C. Michael Stein, MB, ChB2,3 [+] Author Affiliations JAMA. 2016;315(22):2415-2423. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7789.

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Abstract ABSTRACT | INTRODUCTION | METHODS | RESULTS | DISCUSSION | CONCLUSIONS | ARTICLE INFORMATION | REFERENCES Importance  Long-acting opioids increase the risk of unintentional overdose deaths but also may increase ...

Introduction

Antibiotics are a class of drugs that are mostly used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Uncountable bacteria live in various parts the human body. These include the gut, skin, mouth and throats (Gelband et. al, 2015). Some of these bacteria are harmless. However, there are others that are pathogenic (disease causing) and can cause infections. These infections are known as bacterial infections and doctors prescribe antibiotics as mode of treatment. Antibiotics were introduced in 1940 and since then they have been significant to modern medicine. The core role of antibiotics was to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, ...

This research is about radiation exposure to pregnant females. Pregnant females are often exposed to radiation from medical equipment such as X-Ray machines, security scanners, hazards from nuclear facilities, and other equipment in the workplace. There has been raising concerns as to whether radiation has any impact on pregnant females. While some argue radiation is harmful, some people believe radiation has no impact. This paper will review evidence gathered from previous investigations. The paper will discuss radiation and its impacts on the pregnant females. The paper will conclude with a summary of the findings. Radiation can be classified as ...

Inhalation of Corticosteroids and Asthma Management

Abstract The use of inhaled corticosteroids has emerged to be the most effective measure in the preventive treatment of asthma. Studies have successfully shown than the practice is characterized with various substantial health benefits. Even though this is true, few studies done reveal that its use has both benefits and the risks. In essence, clear knowledge of the efficiency of this practice has not been established. Its benefits and effects are evaluated with regard to the growth in human beings. This asserts the need of engaging in comprehensive inquiry to develop knowledge about this potentially beneficial practice. The purpose ...

Abstract

This paper deals with notion of truth and how it should be presented. By analyzing short story By the Waters of Babylon composed by Stephen Vincent Benét one may see that truth should be given out in small portions in order to reduce undesirable aftermath that may bear distrustful character. It discusses benefits of this way of presenting new information. Everyone craves to live in truth and have healthy relations build on absence of lies and misconceptions. This desire is not limited by family or friends relations on the contrary it touches all human domains. Utter craving to ...

Abstract

The uses of radiation revolutionized medicine when experimentation on its potential applications begun. X-Ray technology, discovered by Wilhem Roentgen, is currently used as a common tool for diagnostics; Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie and Pierre Curie dedicated themselves to further investigations in the field, discovering additional radioactive materials (polonium and radium); radiation therapy is a popular treatment for cancer. This paper analyzes the historical background behind these two applications of radiation in the medical field. Moreover, the different types of radiotherapy are described (external-beam radiation therapy, internal radiation therapy). The concept of radiation homeostasis, which is the notion that low-dose ...

HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in the UK

Marlow, L., 2011. HPV vaccination among ethnic minorities in the UK: knowledge, acceptability and attitudes. British Journal of Cancer, 105:486-492. The research involves the study on the uptake of childhood vaccination from various ethnical minorities in the UK. The research method includes qualitative and quantitative peer-reviewed journals and articles published between January 2000 to March 2010 from scholarly resources. Purposive sampling was used in order to determine the ideal proportion of the ethnic participants in the study. Ethnicity related variables were included in the study with consideration of the geographical location, country of birth, language spoken and the years ...

Efficacy of HPV Immunization Amongst Adolescent Girls Within UK

Introduction: Human papilloma virus is the most common sexual transmitted virus in the U.K. More than 4 types of HPV variants, is found to infect both men and women. Genital areas, mouth and throat are commonly affected by the virus. The virus can be transmitted by intercourse between same sex and straight sex partners. Very rarely, the disease is transmitted from the pregnant mother to the baby. The virus has the potential to cause cancer and presently there is no cure for HPV infection. Among HPV types: HPV16 and 18 are highly oncogenic. FDA approved HPV vaccines are available ...

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Corresponding Address and email)

Research Outline Introduction of ADHD Diagnostic criteria for ADHD Causes of the development of ADHD Changes in brain structure in ADHD Therapeutic strategies used in ADHD Stimulant medications for the treatment of ADHD Non-stimulant medications for the treatment of ADHD Side effects of the medications Efficacy and safety of medications in the treatment of ADHD Stopping the medications Long-term efficacy and safety of Medications in the treatment of ADHD Concluding Remarks Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood psychiatric problem that is characterized by behavioural and learning disorders (Riva & Njiokiktjien, 2010). It has a strong ...

There are about 26 million animals used every year to test theories for science and products (Animal-testing.procon.org). Researchers use live animals to see how they react to chemicals in their systems (Toxicology.org, 2016). This helps determine safe doses for drugs and treatments for overdoses and assists in evaluating toxicity in organs such as the liver, respiratory system, and the immune system (Kacew and Lu, 2013). There are other ways to perform tests for immunocompetence including test tube methods, computer programs, databases on patients, genetic testing, imaging, and giving humans small doses (Neavs.org, 2016). However, these methods are not as ...

Introduction: Smoking is a learned habit that has existed in the society for long. This allows us to understand how the habit affects health and wellbeing both in the short term and in the long term. This injurious habit of smoking has taken a commonplace in our culture. Tobacco, the key ingredient in cigarettes, is the leading cause of avoidable illness in the world. A person who smokes 2 packs of cigarette per day, spends ~ 3-4 hours per day on smoking and inhales 1000mg of tar each day. The health care cost is several times higher for smokers when ...

Natural or nutritional supplements are comprised of herbal concoctions, other elemental mixtures or essential vitamins and minerals. They are typically available in the form of a pill, chew, gum, tea, shake, meal bar, and powder, and are offered with the promise of some medical, physical, or mental benefit. Hundreds of millions of dollars are spent on natural or nutritional supplements in the United States. Some people swear by the supplements they take, and use their own health as proof of the supplement working. At the same time, there are also harsh critics of these supplements. These people state that ...

Alcohol is a substance which has been consumed by people for centuries, and its importance lies in social, religious and cultural settings. However, the consumption of alcohol is taken in a restricted manner because it has certain repercussion for the user when they take the drug in large amounts (NCBI, 2016). According to the Drug Enforcement Association (DEA), alcohol is not exactly listed under any of the schedules as other drugs partly because it falls in the range of spirits and liquefied drinks which are not equated with other drugs that are of a different capacity (DEA, 2016). Alcohol ...

The legalization of marijuana was only brought to effect after the drug had been tested to prove it had positive effects on a user’s health. There has been much debate about the drug’s effects on the brain, psychological health of a person and the benefits of marijuana in treating illnesses. Many people use marijuana mainly for recreational purposes. However at times, they are in pain or are suffering from an illness because of which they take the drug in order to alleviate some pain. But if the drug helps them then it is beneficial for their health, ...

It is estimated that one out of every five deaths in America is thought to be associated with the use of tobacco and smoking is believed to be the leading cause of premature death in this country (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Aside from the emotional trauma, the monetary cost for the years between 2009 and 2012 are believed to be between $289 billion and $332.5 billion which include figures for lost productivity of workers in addition to expenses for medical care. Smoking, drinking alcohol, and the inappropriate use of legal and illegal drugs impacts society ...

In most cases when we think of pollution very rarely do we spare a moment or two to think of ecological footprints of the shoes on our feet, the cap on our heads nor the shirts on our backs (Claudio). Instead, all we think of is the raw sewage piped into our watercourses; we envision the emissions from the textile and coal industries, our bare-stripped forested landscapes, and the municipal wastes piling on our streets and landfills (Sweeney). The bitter and unfortunate truth, however, is that the overall impact of the apparel industry on our plant is quite grim ( ...

Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia

It is becoming progressively regular for people to support the decision for terminally ill patients to be let to die, mainly to put them out of their misery. This can take place in two ways, that is, physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and euthanasia. Euthanasia is an act in which the physician causes the death of terminally ill patients by administering lethal doses. During PAS, the physician prescribes lethal doses to patients but does not administer the drugs. The term euthanasia comes from a Greek word which interpreted as “good death”. In other words, it is “merciful killing”; ending an individual ...

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Corresponding Address and email)

Osteosarcoma, also known as osteogenic sarcoma, is a bone tumor commonly found in the childhood and adolescence. It has been commonly reported in patients in the age range of 15 to 19 years. Incidence of the disease is almost similar for both males and females. This disease develops in bone-generating mesenchymal cells (Huether & McCance, 2013).

Causes of Osteosarcoma

Rapid local growth can result in osteosarcoma and can increase the chances of mutation. Ionizing radiation, even in low doses, can become the cause of rapid local growth. It has been reported that even therapeutic radiations for other forms of cancer ...

Immunizations in Children

According to World Health Organization (WHO), “Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine” (World Health Organization). This definition of WHO can be further elaborated by saying that the concept of immunization works by stimulation of the immune system. The immune system performs the function of protecting the body against disease causing agents. In its healthy condition, the body’s immune system has the ability to recognize any invading microbe. The leucocytes identify the microbes and produce antibodies against them. These antibodies are capable ...

Childhood Immunizations

Spring - 2016 Vaccination is a medical manipulation during which certain antigen of the infectious agent is being administered into the organism to induce the primary immune response. The first contact with the antigen is being accompanied by activation of the immune system and the emergence of a subpopulation of lymphocytes, which are able to specifically recognize the antigen. As a result, during the contact with the infectious agent, the immune system is able to react faster. While the purpose of vaccination is the prevention of disease, it can still occur, but in less severe form and with minimal ...

Energy drinks contain high levels of sugar and little nutritional value just like soft drinks. For instance, every 250 ml can of Red Bull drink comprises of approximately five teaspoons of sugar. The most significant difference that exists between energy drinks and soft drinks is the substantial amount of doses of caffeine contained in energy drinks. Every 500 ml of every energy drink has approximatively 160-300mg of caffeine. This is too high because a cup of tea contains 20-60mg of caffeine while a cup of coffee contains 40-80mg of caffeine. A tablet of No-Dose contains 100mg of caffeine and ...

The Nature of things programmed to be Fat is a movie that discusses the aspect of chemicals that cause obesity. Professor Legler is a scientist whose unexpected findings made him continue the research work with a Scot doctor on the reasons why she was not losing weight. The Scot doctor had discovered that her condition was caused by some chemicals. She had suggested several chemicals that caused her not to reduce weight. The chemicals she suggested causing obesity are called Obesogens. Obesogens are endocrine-disrupting substances such as tribuline, nicotine, pesticide DDT(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), BPA(Bisphenol A), polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins ...

Abstract

Measles starts with fever, runny nose, and watery eyes, and a rash may develop after a few days. The illness is not serious but can get serious if the infection spread to other parts of the body and spread to the community. The patient can develop a lung infection, ear infection and may even die. There is no medicine as of yet that can kill the measles. What adds to the gravity is that it is a highly communicable disease that can easily spread. The essay discusses the epidemiological determinants of the outbreak of measles and the risk factors ...

Introduction

At an old age, multiple medical medicals are almost unavoidable. The wellness of the body reduces and several elements may contribute to the ill condition of the individual. The elderly need special care with proper medical interventions. Geriatrics is a specialty aiming at resolving medical issues for old people. It is significant in promoting prevention as well as treatment of diseases in older adults. The medical wellness for the elderly is affected by some factors. One of the most sensitive factors influencing the participation of older individuals in medication regimen is the irresponsiveness of the body to the drugs. ...

PHYSICAL EXAM:

You will be expected to write up your response as follows: List of Differential Diagnoses [rank ordered] A. Congestive Heart Failure B. Angina C. Hypercholesterolemia D. Myocardial Infarction

E. Diabetes Mellitus

F. with Grade II diastolic heart failure.

G. Hypertriglyceridemia

H. GERD I.

J. Hypertension

Leading hypothesis : Congestive Heart Failure Active Alternative hypotheses Must not miss diagnoses [critical rule outs] Congestive Heart Failure Angina Hypertriglyceridemia Hypercholesterolemia Most common diagnoses [reasonable alternatives] GERD Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Presumptive Diagnosis [assumption] Congestive Heart Failure

Treatment Plan

Non-pharmacologic / lifestyle interventions (provide rationale) • Modify Diet. - Advance to a low-sodium, low-cholesterol, low-fat, solid diet as tolerated R: to minimize metabolic demands ...

Introduction

Quality is the characteristic of a service or a good to be fit for use by the customer or the consumer. The pharmaceutical quality means the production of a product that is free of contamination that gives the therapeutic benefit that is labeled in the container to the customer. This quality is either evaluated in vitro or vivo by the tests performed. In quality design, the vitro product is ensured to have good performance and the same provide a similar quality in the vivo performance test. In this case, the product performance is related to the product performance.

Quality by Design (QbD)

This ...