Essays on Drug Testing

When it comes to Human Resource Management, things tend to get a tad bit trickier considering how the HR department’s entire job is to maintain the upkeep of the people to ensure the upkeep of the facility. That being said, there are a few factors the HR department needs to consider before they can perfectly say that have done the best HR planning for the sports complex. For starters they need to make sure there are enough people doing the work and the maintenance of the facility is going as planned. Secondly, they need to make sure that ...

In the face of modern science, researchers are facing a problem of the level to which the humanity of their approaches must extend. When it comes to solving ethical dilemmas, the vast majority of them tends to be concentrated on value placed on lives of humans as opposed to the value placed on lives of animals. There is a distinct separation between those who believe that animal drug testing should be banned, those who believe that it is often the main way of estimating the safety of drugs used, and those who choose to fall in-between and prefer finding ...

International Olympic Committee Ethical Issues

Background One of the most recent scandals occupying the headlines of the international print and social media is the doping scandal, surrounding the Russian Olympic and Paralympic Team and the participation of the athletes in the Olympic Games in Rio this August. The Games have started and it is evident that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) along with Independent Committee and Brazilian Authorities took the decision not to ban the team from participation, causing dual and controversial response from the international community. The organization in a focus of the scandal is the IOC, heavily criticized for the way it ...

CHANGE IN THE COMMUNITY

Nowadays democratic society has developed various institutions and programs in order to provide equal conditions for personal and societal growth of everyone. In particular, people, who are less well-off, have chances to get needed help from state. Apart from common material goods, so-called welfare recipients are able to get particular medical aid, job offers, whereas children are given education opportunities (grants, loans etc.). No wonder, similar campaigns are rather costly, hence, a considerable part of taxpayers’ money is used for such goals. There occurs a reasonable question: is it fair if money of those, who work fair come into ...

The article presents the application of nuclear technologies in agriculture, medicine and industry. The numerical characteristics of the nuclear technologies in the US economy are presented. The general concepts of sterilizing medical equipment with radiation, the principles of drug testing using radioisotopes, as well as the diagnostic techniques are discussed. The therapeutic application of radiation for cancer treatment and arteria-venous malformation are described. In agriculture, radiation is applied for higher crop production, to improve animal health, and eradicate the pests. The industrial application of radiation are process control, plant diagnostics, material development and testing (Waltar, 2003). The article opens ...

The question of whether middle school students should be drug tested is getting hotter. Some people say that middle school students should not be tested, while others are for the test. I support that middle school students should be drug tested. I will support my stance through giving some pros of drug testing middle school students and then refuting the counterargument. Frequent drug testing of middle school students will help reduce the chances of drug abuse among the students. A survey that was conducted in New Jersey indicated that frequent drug testing makes students less likely to use drugs ...

Business Ethic Discussion

Q1: Explain and distinguish the two definitions of privacy. Response Privacy can either be defined as the right to ‘being alone’ and as the right to control information about oneself (Hartman, 2001). In a workplace experience, it is not easy to provide the first definition of privacy, being alone. Hence, there was the need to redefine the term. Having privacy will mean that an employee has the right to own personal information without interference from the second party. Therefore, it is never that easy for one to be alone to ensure privacy but they can have the privacy of ...

Jakubowicz v. Dittemore, 2006 U.S. Dist. [W.D. Mo.]

Prior to the trial date, the parties informed the Court that they wished to present their evidence in writing. Part of the evidence included the depositions of the Director of Facility Operations for DMH, Felix T. Vincenz, and that of the Deputy Director of DMH, Linda Roebuck. They also wanted to present in writing, various terms that the parties had adopted. The Plaintiffs also presented a memo that was dated April 6, 2005, which was marked exhibit A. Schuffman who had addressed the Memo to all DMH employees had sought to ...

There is a growing concern over the use of animal testing the medical research field. Different views have been fronted by proponents and opponents of the practice on how ethical the practice is. It is true that animals have contributed to some successful medical research in the world; however, the number of animals used in wasteful and non-beneficial research works raises concern. According to Dolgin 1348, it is, therefore, essential to consider the benefits and demerits of using animals in research before the experiments are done to avoid tests that are wasteful. The proponents of animal testing support their ...

Introduction

Alternative sentencing makes way for committers of minor crimes and those with no criminal records to transform and comply with varied ethical standards as laid out by the state. With enhanced supervision as an alternative to incarceration, court administrators are involved in monitoring activities such as substance abuse treatment, random drug testing and community services performed by the offenders. The probation officers have to work closely with the Office of Community Corrections to ensure that the benchmarks set by the judges are met and that the offenders are able to contribute to long term growth and stability of the ...

In our day to day life, it is easy to see individuals who have found ways to cheat the system, and claim social welfare sources that are above and beyond that which they are entitled to, or who find ways to misappropriate the funds that they are given, and we are incensed by the waste of public dollars. However, in contrast we rarely get to see the results of corporate welfare, provided through government subsidies, or how the use of those funds are abused. In reality, though public disgust of corporate subsidies is far less prominent, they cost tax ...

Drug testing in the workplace is a mandate of the government which aims to ensure that employees are not influenced by drugs which could hamper their performance in the job, and not endanger the clients and the people that the company caters to. Drug has been one of the serious problems in the society which was found to have affected not only the vulnerable young ones, but almost everyone regardless of age. People resort to drugs for several different reasons, and most often than not, one’s venture to the use of this substance results to a longer dependency ...

Newspaper article with link:

Flight attendant accused of trying to smuggle much cocaine http://www.wsj.com/articles/AP5e9c70b3601949aa807000fa5a811381

FLIGHT ATTENDANT ACCUSED OF TRYING TO SMUGGLE 68 POUNDS OF COCAINE AT LAX ARRESTED

http://abc13.com/news/flight-attendant-arrested-for-carrying-68-pounds-of-cocaine/1260246/

Summary of the article:

Sky Worker Accused in Smuggling Drugs There is an article in the ABC News of March 24th, where a story of a flight attendant`s disclosure is described. The matter took place in Los Angeles International Airport, where Marsha Reynolds tried to smuggle nearly 70 pounds of cocaine. The woman was caught during the luggage check. When she realized there was no way out, she dropped the carry-on bags and tried to escape from the officers, but later surrendered to agents at Kennedy`s International Airport in New ...

Introduction

The population of the world is increasing rapidly and so is the influence of the technology on the population is increasing. Technology is changing every facet of the human life. It has evolved rapidly in the past few decades and has left an influence on every field of the walk. The population is also increasing at a very fast pace. This year more than 150 million newborn will witness the changing trends of this earth. They all will be under the influence of the technology as well. Even it is not possible to record their births without using sophisticated electronic ...

Employee drug use is an expensive problem that American companies face. To compound the situation there are public opinions that support and dispute the ethical dilemma of employer drug testing. Employee drug use costs employers tens of millions of dollars every year. The Department of Labor(2004) states "70% of illegal drug users are employed." Drug use causes businesses to suffer losses due to theft, health care costs, work-related accidents, and absenteeism. Around half of American employers require employee drug testing. Employee drug use costs American businesses $75 - $100 billion dollars every year (2004).

The most common ...

Drug courts play a vital role in the criminal justice system. The war against drug, which had started some decades back, is one of the causes of the ballooning of prison population in the US. Today, the US has the most populated prison system in the world (Hale et al 2013, p. 517). Drug courts can whittle down prison population and cut down recidivism rates. They add a facet to the criminal justice system – one that does not only judge and incarcerate, but help in restoring a person as a good member of society. The help that drug courts offer, thus, includes ...

The juvenile justice system is a foundation in the society which is granted responsibilities and power; it mirrors the adult system of criminal justice in that it also has three basic components like the adult system of justice. Its components are courts, police and corrections. The juvenile justice system brings the juvenile delinquent in contact with the court system if found guilty and the local police. A police officer is the first contact that a juvenile offender has with the juvenile system. He/she is considered the gate keeper of the juvenile system. Police officers are the most visible officials in the ...

Vividly, it is the right of the employer to make sure that employers are at work without drug in their systems. The fact that there should be privacy pertaining drug use isn’t a guarantee for workers or employee to report to work with drugs in there systems. The employer definitely has power over the employee when it comes to the work place. If their is an ethical area in the work place in which the employees can differ with the employer, it’s the area of drug consumption. Many are the workers who report to work with alcohol ...

The global pharmaceutical market is worth over three hundred billion dollars a year, making it ripe for corruption and exploitation by companies and individuals looking to illegally benefit from the healthcare industry (“Borison- Diamond: Systemic Failure”). There are rules and regulations governing the industry which prohibits conflicts of interest. However, these are often ignored or not enforced for the pursuit of quick FDA approval and economic profit. A conflict of interest is not only a situation where the goals of two parties are different, or someone can benefit financially from their position. Drug testing should be conducted by neutral and unbiased ...

(Insert Institute) As extensive drug use elevates, countless employers have growing concerns over the performance and quality of their employees. Some of the consequences of drug use in the workplace include injuries, loss of morale and productivity, theft, absenteeism, and fatalities (Frone, 2012). Drug testing in the workplace was born out of society’s apprehension over an apparent rise in drug use and the interrelationship between drugs and injury. This relation led to risks involving the worker, his or her colleagues, and the public. In a bid to reduce the risks of drug use, employers found it necessary to ...

Does An Employer Have The Right To Test Its Employees For Drug Use?

OUTLINE

Introduction

An employer should have the rights to test its employees for drug use. This is informed by the fact that the market is a free enterprise which entails a willing employee-willing employee concept, otherwise, called the laissez faire.

Body

It is instructive to appreciate the two ethical theories that inform the argument in this paper. These are the Deontological and the Virtue Ethics theories. According to the theories, employers have the right to demand certain conditions of their employees. Conclusion A conducive environment for working remains a prerequisite for competitive performance. Drug use remains a hindrance to ...

- What are the justifications for workplace drug testing? For a long time, drug use has been a common problem at the work place in the United States of America. This was not until 1982 when the first random drug test was carried out at the work place. This set the ball rolling for the institutionalization of workplace drug testing. The justifications for workplace drug testing were informed by the accidents at the workplace that were attributable to drug use and abuse. For instance, the first random test for drugs at the work place was in the United States Navy. ...

OUTLINE

Introduction

An employer should have the rights to test its employees for drug use. This is informed by the fact that the market is a free enterprise which entails a willing employee-willing employee concept, otherwise, called the laissez faire.

Body

It is instructive to appreciate the two ethical theories that inform the argument in this paper. These are the Deontological and the Virtue Ethics theories. According to the theories, employers have the right to demand certain conditions of their employees. Conclusion A conducive environment for working remains a prerequisite for competitive performance. Drug use remains a hindrance to ...

- Globalization and burgeoning technology/innovation that shrink product-life-cycles, coupled with global competitor’s quality and price, brings goods to the USA adding to 80-90% mega-competition for most consumer goods sold in USA, compared to <25% in 1950’s. Equally, global companies compete severely and challenge US firms abroad. - The U.S. and Eurozone economies play major roles in the world economy and are crucially important for each other’s prosperity. The two sides combined account for around 40% of world GDP, over 25% of world trade, 60% of world foreign direct investment flows, and 60%-70% of ...

[Professor]

Welfare recipients in the United States of America are increasing every year. In 2013, an article in the Illinois Watchdog mentioned that there are around 46.7 million American citizens who have registered for the food stamp program. One recipient receives $133 every month and a maximum of $275 per family (Illinois Website website). Dissents however are growing regarding this welfare program. Critics say that it is a dole out and disempowering program. Instead of food stamps, Dabrowksi who was cited in the same online article mentioned above said that the country needs to provide jobs to the poor instead of ...

Abstract

Some employers do not have an active working policy or procedures in place to help those with addictions. In today’s economy, most employees are under tremendous pressure to maintain employment and support their family while being burden with financial stress. In the case, there are policies and procedures in place, however; it appears throughout the area some places have not exercised them. Maintaining and sustaining a highly competitive business in the global marketplace is a challenging venture for the Branch’s management because of the alcohol issue. Ensuring that the workforce drug free, highly achieving, motivated and supplied with tools ...

Millions of animals undergo distressing scientific procedures, and some of these can be very painful. Does the Legislation of animal experimentation under modern societies make the issue ethically acceptable? The “3Rs” concept focuses on the efforts to replace, reduce and refine the animal testing and experiments. There is a continuing debate going on ethical issues of the use of animal in scientific experiments (Kolar111-22). Animal testing is nothing new in the society, and it has been done since centuries. The animals have been used in different researchers working in the areas of health and food. Earlier, the animals have been ...

Does the welfare provided by the government give an individual the privilege to misuse it as one wants to? Should the fund actually intended for the benefits of the entire family be misused for buying drugs for a single person? No of course not! It absolutely is a non-acceptable and a non-tolerable practice to waste the money provided by government, on buying drugs for an individual rather than buying food for the entire family. People receiving welfare is actually a programme to help the poor people or the underprivileged who even suffer to serve the basic daily necessities to their family. This ...

INTELLIGENCE TEST

Maya Angelou Maya Angelou is an intelligent person. Due to the nature of the works that she has done over the years such as award winning poem collections like “I know why the caged birds sing” she portrays that she has the intelligence. The psychometric approach to someone's intelligence is the rank that someone gets on an aptitude test. An aptitude test shows someone's ability to acquire knowledge or skills in the near future. This is not to be confused with achievement test that test skills and knowledge that someone already possesses. On consideration of Maya Angelou achievements, ...

Impact of Technology on Animal Testing Issues

Introduction The use of animals in drug and medical testing has always been a controversial issue. Animal activists have faulted medical researchers for using animals as test subjects for new drugs. Animal testing is currently a multi- billion dollar industry that encompasses chemical and pharmaceutical industries, government bodies as well as university research centers. Millions of animals are subjected to intensive pains and stress in the course of experimental procedures and are exposed to very harsh environments for medical and drug research purposes (Kolar 112). The most common animals used animal testing include rats, mice, primates, rabbits, dogs and cats ...

The problem of prosecution and punishment of those women who abuse drugs during pregnancy causes a variety of controversies relating to the legality of such measures, as well to the question of its effectiveness. Advocates who support the idea that those pregnant women who abuse drugs must be prosecuted and punished state that this is the only effective way to fight the problem and deter other women from the use of illegal drugs during pregnancy. Opponents, on the other hand, express the opinion that the retribution measures have the sole purpose of punishment rather than fighting the problem. They support ...

Introduction

For any company to be successful there is the need for the human resource department to take measures to reduce the impact of drug use in the workplace. One of these strategies is conducting random and regular drug checks for the workers in the company. According to the data provided by the department of labour in United States of America, employers suffer about 100 billion dollars in losses from problems associated with drug use at the workplace. The losses are incurred by low productivity of the workers, non-attendance, violence at the workplace, defiance and laziness at the workplace. The ...

In some states, it has been discussed that all recipients of public funds be drug tested before money can be received. In some instances, this act of drug testing would be for individuals receiving food stamps, cash welfare benefits, and unemployment compensation. In other states, it is only people receiving benefits under Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) that would be affected. There are people who support both sides of these issues. There have been correlations found between drug use and welfare dependency . For some, drug testing should be done since people are receiving funds from tax dollars. These ...

For many years the working class has implored the government to make welfare recipients subject to drug tests. Often thought as abusers of the system, welfare recipients have resisted this idea, insisted that they are not criminals. They are simply people who are down on their luck. However, with the Census Bureau reporting that more people were on welfare than were working full time in the fourth quarter of 2011, it was time for something to be done . States began to pass legislation enforcing that all welfare recipients would be subject to random drug screenings, as well as an ...

Introduction

Baseball used to be a very favourite pastime for the Americans, and although it has lost most part of its older prestige, it still remains a passion that crosses the borders of the US and spans generations. For that reason, one can still see talent scouts eagerly seeking for young boys that have a star, when playing baseball. At any sign of athletic promise, high-school boys are on their way to becoming stellar players with fat cheques and payoffs for their great athletic performance. To many, baseball is the benchmark of a purer world. But, wherever there is money and multi-million-dollar profit, there ...

Psychology

Did you notice those big guys with very big muscles in wrestling, on the beach and at the gym? Have you ever wondered why that is a common physical characteristic of people that are involved in such sporting activities? Or have you thought such physical feature may either be from the normal hard working activities people get involved in at the gym? These are some of the few questions that usually come to our mind if we take a time out to explore how such physical features are being achieved by most sportsmen. The era of performance enhancement drugs (PED) has ...

The ethics of drug testing has of late become a major concern for many organizations and companies. Mandatory drug testing should be required for individuals seeking assistance from the public. Almost in all jobs, organizations and companies drug tests is required before hiring one as an employee. Drug testing is a good idea in a number of ways, one, it helps drug users get all the assistance they need while providing safety for their families. It therefore greatly helps in ending the cycle of poverty. Secondly, it ensures that all persons using taxpayer’s money are utilizing the money in the right ...

It’s no secret that there are probably more people on the welfare system now than in previous years. Welfare is basically cash money that a recipient can use for anything. It isn’t regulated, like food stamp purchases, and that means that the government cannot stop recipients from using it for illegal drugs, instead of buying nonfood items, like toilet paper or paying for prescriptions. Because of this, many states created welfare reforms that focused on drug testing to weed out the individuals who may not be using their welfare for legal practices. There are many states that have ...

There are several issues facing the pharmaceutical industry, and as always, there are several controversies. Various companies have begun seeking areas to conduct experiments involving drugs, particularly in third world countries. The fact that these tests are conducted on unsuspecting and in most cases desperate and vulnerable people is extremely wrong and should be illegal. Sharing in the knowledge that people in third world countries experience poor medical care, and high levels of drug deficiencies, upcoming pharmaceutical companies prey on this need and desperation to supply untested drugs, and observe the effects at a distance. This process could go two ...

Pre-employment drug testing is a social phenomenon that has become commonplace in modern day America. The main reason why employers resort to such measures is not particularly because they want to discriminate against drug users, but because they would like to boost efficiency in the work place. Essentially, the human resources are the life and blood of the organization. Efficiency and consistency in the human resources department ensures that there is a smooth flow of activities in the organization. A smooth flow of activities can only flow if there are not disturbances in the nature of the human resource body. Disturbances ...

The phrase “drug testing” indicates the examination of biological products to locate drugs along with their metabolites within the human body. Tests for urine are very common along with hair, saliva and sweat. Breath tests are common in case of alcohol . The impact of the degeneration of society can be felt in recent times in various aspects of the lives of individuals, including the workplace. The use and abuse of drugs has become increasingly common in the workplace in order to cope with anxiety and stress. As a result, employers resort their staff to frequent urinalysis tests to counter the ...

Introduction

Welfare program is aimed at helping that sector of the society that earns nothing or less than the minimum limit specified by the state government. For the last decade there is a heated debate raging among all the states if these welfare recipients must be drug tested before they start getting the benefit from the states. It is not easy to come to a conclusion. Drug testing will definitely ensure that tax payer’s money is not getting into the wrong hands but on the flip side execution of drug testing for all the people who apply for welfare benefits will ...

The debate on drug testing for people on welfare has threatened to split the nation down the middle. In a number of states, the Republicans have often advanced the position that drug testing for people on welfare is essential and ought to be legislated on. On the other hand, the Democrats have opposed this move on grounds that drug testing does not really help and that just because the welfare people depend of federal and state aid does not grant the discriminative treatment. However, this debate has not been limited to parties, on the contrary, it assumed a bipartisan approach with ...

1. Please describe in DETAIL the Community- Based Nonresidential and Economic Intermediate Sanctions Community corrections form a critical part of the criminal justice system. Community corrections are in the form of sanctions that are intended to ensure that offenders serve all or a part of their entire sentence in the community. There are a number of community-based sanctions which include residential programs, economic sanctions and nonresidential sanctions. Economic sanctions hold offenders accountable for their actions and they include fines, fees, forfeiture and restitution. Intermediate sanctions are sentencing options that fall between probation and incarceration. Nonresidential sanctions increase supervision levels while allowing ...

Cocaine is an illicit drug that is made from the leaves of the coca plant. Cocaine can be manufactured in several. A common method involves copping the coca leaves and mixing this with ammonia and lime. Following this, the mixture is placed into barrels with diesel gasoline. The active component of cocaine dissolves into the gasoline and the gasoline is filtered out from the rest of the mixture that is discarded. Sulfuric acid is then mixed with the diesel mixture. This allows for the formation of cocaine sulfate. The cocaine sulfate is then mixed with more lime to neutralize ...

Drug testing in the workplace is a widely contested concern that continues to gain importance among various groups including employers, professional bodies, worker associations and government. There are multiple ethical and legal issues surrounding this practice. Existing literature on this issue presents mixed results as regards its desirability (Carpenter, 2006). The prevalence of drug abuse among workers in the U.S alone is alarming. The National Survey on drug Use and Health observed that in 2004 for instance, 75% of drug abusers in the country are workers (Cholakis & Roger, 2007). The implications of such findings are likely to be of significance ...

Security among public schools has been in the limelight for the past years and triggered growing concern of the safety of students at school. This was a result following numerous violent incidents in school in which some of them resulted to the death of students and school officials. This had resulted to growing concern of parents with school-aged children. Likewise, this has also brought increased alarm in the society. Public schools in particular have taken the first steps in accessing and improving security measures in their respective school are implementing. However, even if the schools reason for applying these measures ...

Introduction

The classification of cases in the criminal justice and law enforcement industry is more complicated than what most people usually think. Cases, for example, may be based on the extent of the crime committed (e.g. felony), on the type of offense committed as in a criminal or civil charges, and on the age of the violator as in Juvenile and Adult cases, just to give a few. Despite the fact that there are a lot of ways how we could classify a case or an offense, this paper will focus on Juvenile cases, particularly on the aspect of Juvenile Sex Offenses. This paper ...

The allocation of tax dollars is an ever-present debate among Americans, both in and out of legislative positions; one priority in particular is the issue of welfare. In the modern political narrative, there is a perception that 'welfare queens,' those who have the ability or capacity to work but simply accept welfare instead, are a drain on the system. In order to curb this abuse of welfare, the proposition has been made in various state and federal legislatures to implement drug testing policies for welfare recipients. The argument is that this screening would weed out drug users who might theoretically ...

The allocation of tax dollars is an ever-present debate among Americans, both in and out of legislative positions; one priority in particular is the issue of welfare. In the modern political narrative, there is a perception that 'welfare queens,' those who have the ability or capacity to work but simply accept welfare instead, are a drain on the system. In order to curb this abuse of welfare, the proposition has been made in various state and federal legislatures to implement drug testing policies for welfare recipients. The argument is that this screening would weed out drug users who might theoretically ...

The issues surrounding welfare have created several positions surrounding it. Recently ideas about drug testing and jobs have been in the forefront of social conciseness (Morrison). Some argue that we need more lax guidelines to qualify for welfare. Much of America remains below the poverty level and are in need of assistance. Those in favor of more lax rules fear that by making it harder to receive welfare that many will be discriminated against and proper aid will not be allowed to those who depend on welfare for financial survival (Gilens 89). Many recipients of welfare are minorities, mothers, ...

In modern times we are bombarded with so many news stories in our everyday existence it can often be difficult to distinguish the true relevance of this information within our own lives. Rhetoric refers to the writer’s intent to persuade, motivate, and intrigue us about a topic. My understanding what motivates readers; writers can employee different techniques to make their message apparent. With the recent attention focused on the 2012 presidential elections, one key issue that was the focus of many newspaper articles was welfare reform. This is a very complex topic that can confuse or bore the casual ...

According to the proposed law, all those people that test positive for drug addiction do not qualify for financial aid from the government. This paper seeks to explain why the drug testing for welfare program is important and the role it plays in society. In assessing this topic the main challenge was the task of bringing together the views of various scholars. Another challenge was the accessibility of relevant data. The paper will indicate how the pros of the idea outweigh the cons of the same. It is however worth mentioning that no difficulties were encountered in acquiring information ...

In the recent years, very many athletes in the different fields of sport have been found to be using drugs to enhance their performance. Well known athletes have tested positive for drugs that are used to enhance performance and other many instances have gone under without being reported. It is so disappointing in such cases where an athlete is seen to be doing very well in their sport and later on speculations on the use of performance-enhancing drugs or steroids arise. The most bothersome thing about the use of these drugs is that the users put their lives at ...

Introduction

Drug testing is a practice used by employers to ensure that the individuals they want to hire or the existing employees are healthy individuals who don’t abuse drugs. Employers can ask for drug tests at different times or situations. However, drug test requests can be unjustified in some cases since they infringe on employee privacy. Polygraph tests are used are used to tell employees who tell give false information.

Drug testing

Drug testing has limitations in that it has a negative impact on the employee’s mental and emotional condition. In cases where the employee is mistaken to be using drugs, the ...

Toward a Happy Medium: Maintaining Balance Between America’s Right to Liberty and Need for Security Through the Fourth Amendment

Abstract

The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution is near the heart of the American model of civil liberty. In no other amendment do the notions of liberty and security rest at such delicate legal counterpoints. Maintaining balance between the two is a constant challenge. Decisions in landmark cases in the last half of the 20th century helped to affirm important Fourth Amendment principles and protections concerning search and seizure, drug testing and probable cause. But in the post-9/11 world, Americans’ right to ...