Essays on Espionage

One of the most interesting laws created by Congress was the Cyber Security Act of 2015. It was created as part of the Omnibus Appropriations Act signed by President Barack Obama that year. The Act limited government use of collected online information and how information could be shared between different nongovernment organizations and different levels of government. The bill may also have increased government oversight as well, considering the fact that the Department of Homeland Security now has increased access to networks to protect against terrorism and espionage. The Act has a “provider exception” (Kerr, 2015), which allows individual ...

INTRODUCTION

With the collapse of the USSR towards the stretch of the last decade of the last century, the Cold War – that delicate seesaw balance of power between the United States and the Union Soviet Socialist Republic – ended resulting significant changes, especially in the areas of intelligence and espionage. Russia’s standing in the international community as a superpower has diminished and presumably, its capabilities in intelligence gathering. Prior to the end of th4e Cold War, Russia closely competed with the US in terms of intelligence gathering and collection. Russia’s chief intelligence arm is the notorious KGB known for ...

Currently people are living in the era of globalization. More information is becoming available for users of the World Wide Web in the whole world. It is important to be alert about the possible ways of leakage of information. Businesses become victims of scams and information leakage which has a negative effect on the overall success and prosperity of the enterprise. Industrial espionage is a term which is not often mentioned or being acknowledged by the big businesses. Oftentimes the heads of big companies do not want to accept the fact that they were victims of the espionage. Most ...

How did the Cold War affect the growth of technology in the United States?

The Cold War that was ignited between the United States and the USSR after the Second World War has a considerable impact on the dramatic progress of science and technology. The end of WWII marked the rise of these two superpowers, that became threatened and suspicious of the motive of each other. That is, the USSR feared that the United States was leading a move towards imperialist expansion, while the latter was threatened of the possible expansion of communism by its former WWII ally. Not wanting to be upstaged by the other, it was under this climate of suspicion ...

Mitigation of cyber attacks

Introduction The development of internet technology has both advantages and limitations on global development. The major drawback associated with advancement in internet technology is the cyber crime, which is globally on a rise (Weimann, 2006). Cyber terrorism poses serious threats to the security of both private companies and government institutions. Cyber attacks involve unauthorized access to critical information as well as the infrastructure of business organizations and public institutions (Weimann, 2006). The resultant effects of cyber attacks are numerous, and they make both private and public entities more vulnerable to collapse (Osipenko, 2004, p 46). Thus, these institutions adopt ...

Policing may occur by both private and public investigators. Policing is the maintenance of peace in a community. Security is the goal. Private police originally emerged because the public police could not fulfill all the needs and securities of individuals. Corporations and private landowners were the first to hire private investigators, but today, they are being hired by railroads, airports and even the government. There are very few similarities and many differences between these two types of investigators. The most obvious difference between private and public investigators is the involvement of government: One works for the government and the ...

In February 1942, three years after the commencement of the Second World War and a mere two months after Japan forces attacked Pearl Harbor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was President of the United States at the time, issued “Executive order 9066” (Foner 692). As per the directives of the document, the President authorized Henry Stimson, the United States Secretary of War at the time, to move West Coast individuals of Japanese descent to relocation camps. Accordingly, the military relocated an estimated eleven thousand Japanese Americans into internment camps in which they were to remain until 1946 (Foner 692). Throughout ...

Introduction

The Japanese attacked the Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, prompted the United States to immediately declare war against Japan. The Pearl Harbor assault and the eventual participation of the US in the Second World War have a widespread impact, and this includes a detrimental effect on the lives of the Japanese Americans in the United States. A few weeks after both countries declared war against each other, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, with the directive to designate some parts of the West Coast under military jurisdiction. The Executive Order did not specifically mention the internment of the ...

Implementing Cyber-Security: Best Practices at Work

Executive Summary 3

Proposed Solutions 6 Annotated Bibliography 8 Memorandum 11

References 14

Executive Summary The internet brings forth a world of social connectivity, growth and endless innovation opportunities. These have been hastened by the advent of mobile applications and computing. The sudden surge in technology has changed the way we communicate to the way we travel. While some see the beneficial side of technology, others see an opportunity to do harm. These individuals, states or groups present a cyber-threat to anyone who uses the internet. Nothing they are involved in is new; espionage is not new and so is activism ...

Technology

Introduction Anonymous hacker group gained popularity when it hacked the Church of Scientology website in 2008. The group is a structure-less organization that was created to be used by people of all genders, races, ages, nationalities, and religion, to popularize their cause. Since there is no formal membership, the group members communicate via chat rooms on the web or through previous connections2. The group’s symbol is the Guy-Fawkes mask that its supporters worldwide wear at rallies to hide their identities. The group does not have any particular goals, and its only guideline is anti-oppression and is seen to ...

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What Cyber Espionage Groups Steal from the United States

Anything that could give United States rivals a competitive edge against the country can be stolen by cyber espionage groups. Among the things that are stolen are intellectual property, blueprints for technology concepts, and research and development advancements (Rogers, 2012). These are used to produce copies, or versions of products or develop ideas without the consent of the rightful owner of the products or the ideas. Furthermore, the people who own the rights do not receive any compensation for the use of their products or ideas. Another thing stolen by the cyber espionage groups include merger ...

Theft of trade secrets has emerged as one of the easier crimes for disgruntled, unethical, or unscrupulous and opportunistic employees to commit. These employees may which to harm their employer or wish to achieve some personal gain by selling or trading the trade secrets that they can obtain through the course of their trusted access to company systems. These thefts are most often committed by individuals who are looking for alternative employment for those who are looking to start their companies, all on the backs of the good work of their current and soon-to-be-former employer. These thefts can be ...

1.0 Introduction Cyber wars or cyber-attacks have been deemed to be the kinds of wars that will happen between nations in the future (Ophardt, 2010). In a cyber-war, the targets of attacks include the computer networks and other similar infrastructure of war enemies. According to Theoharry and Rollins (2015), cyber-attack is a new term to refer to a range of activities that are conducted through the use of information and communications technology (ICT). A number of nations have recognized this reality in the new warfare and have taken decisive steps to strategically position for the eventuality, but more importantly ...

Introduction

The advancement in computing technologies has been accompanied by increased exposure of the users to ethical violations including software threats, immorality, legal issues, confidentiality, and trust. The use of computers affects people’s decisions as well as how they make them. Computers persuade, facilitate, and enable various human cognitive processes, attitudes or processes while inhibiting and discouraging others. For example, while performing an internet search, internet search engines usually prioritize and provide information in a given order. As such, they influence what internet users see. These technological artifacts become “active mediators” because they shape people’s actions and perceptions, ...