Essays on Exemptions

The primary objective for the formation of the European Economic Community (ECC) was to create a common market to enhance the achievement of a trading advantage over other Atlantic states. The member states hoped that the move would spur growth by promoting marketing scale and capitalizing on specialization among the member states. However, the ECC faced many technicalities when creating a common market due to lack of strategic decision-making structures and protectionist attitude adopted by members. It was especially difficult to remove barriers and enforce common trade regulation. For a common market to have some effect, freedom of capital, ...

Crowdfunding programs such as Indiegogo, Fundable, and Kickstarter are currently responsible for the emergence of exceptional projects. The sites utilize the gains from pledges and popularity to create a competitive environment for the investors to acquire an interest in funding startup ideas and businesses (Toren, 2014). Entrepreneurs can definitely benefit from crowdfunding programs if their ideas are viable, lucrative, and interesting. This paper examines the ideology and importance of crowdfunding from Adam Uzialko’s perspective following the incorporation of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act) into the US constitution in 2012. According to Uzialko (2015), the enactment ...

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Executive Summary

Tesla Motors was developed in the year 2003 and has been the pioneer of producing the environment friendly vehicles ever since. The company has been widely known for its high performance sports cars that are equipped with the latest technology features and hinder the carbon emission, which eventually makes its vehicles environment friendly. The company is aimed towards reducing its inventory, production and distribution cost and provide high-end vehicles at low cost. The company is focused on enhancing the customer experience by means of providing them with the innovative features and design while keeping the cost low ...

Abstract

The criminal justice system in the United States provides Constitutional guarantees for all who are subject to the laws of the land. The three most controversial aspects of this system today are Search and Seizure, arrest, and interrogations. While these three aspects are the foundation of police action throughout the nation, there are several unresolved problems in how each of these processes is in use today. The presence of the law is not always the same as upholding it. The cases which made the case for the citizens are moving into obscurity with modern variations of the problems making ...

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act also known as the Obama Care was enacted on march 23, 2010 under the auspice of President Barack Obama (Smith,2014).The legislation was established so as to enhance the access to quality and affordable health care in the United States. The PPACA is anchored on the philosophy of the public private participation in the provision of the health care. The US government has put in place a number of initiatives like the expansion of the Medicaid mandate and the provision of medication to uninsured citizens (Smith, 2014).The strategy has seen ...

Pricing in the industry

The industrial manufacturing sector in Qatar is not a free market. The industry is critical to the economy of Qatar hence the government id directly involved in the market. The government plays a dominant role in the industry hence prices are not solely determined by the market forces of demand and supply. The government controls the pricing of products in the sector since it holds a significant stake in large companies in the industry. The government is a major shareholder in firms such as Qatar Steel Company, Qatar National Cement Company, and Qatar Fertilizer Company, among other companies. In ...

Abstract

Developed countries have long agreed that there is a necessity to assist developing countries if the world is to develop continuously without issues. These developing countries have the capacity to compete against developed countries if they are given enough support and education on how they can bolster their development. Today, two regions are currently succeeding in breaking the expectations of the international community and they are East Asia and Latin America. Since the end of the Second World War, countries for both regions launched extensive economic reforms that enabled prosperity to persist in the region. Considering this change within ...

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.

In 2010, Congress passed the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Under the ACA, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is authorized to promulgate regulations on the kinds of contraceptives and family planning services that should be covered under certain employer-based health plans. Previously, HHS exempted a broad class of religious institutions (e.g. churches, religious orders, and their integrated auxiliaries) and not-for-profit organizations. Eventually, HHS concluded that any contraceptive approved by the FDA should be covered. Under the contraceptive mandate, any company not in compliance is subject to a penalty of $100 per ...

The Streamline Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA) is an effort by the states in U.S to simplify and modernize state administration as well as the sales from the locals and use tax laws (Nicely). The SSUTA came about as a response to the decision of Supreme Court in the United States of making the collection of sales and use taxes from the unenforceable sellers of the states. Therefore, the Congress decided to simplify the nationality of the sales tax. Moreover, the agreement of the streamlined national sales and tax use have provided for some voluntary systems that can ...

Identify different users of accounting information and discuss the varying information needs of these users.

Users of accounting information are both - internal & external to the company in question. Internal users are the primary users of accounting information. They are company managers, employees and proprietors. Managers make use of the accounting information for analysis purpose regarding the company’s output and ranking so that suitable measures could be taken for bettering company performance. Next-in-line internal stakeholders are company employees. Their information needs are different from that of company managers. They use company information for measuring the earnings made by the company and deriving results thereof for relating with their future income and job safety; ...

Nonprofit organizations are the organizations whose aim is not to generate profit but to provide services in different forms. Also known as non-stock corporations, such organizations do not distribute profits in any form. They take the form of a nonprofit and are required to follow the same since the time of its incorporation. Examples of nonprofit organizations are temples, churches, public schools, public charities, clinics and hospitals, research institutes, museums and government agencies. Each state defines a nonprofit in a different manner. Different exemptions are given to organizations. Some are exempted from state tax, some states give immunity to the organizations from ...

According to International Monetary Fund (IMF), China recorded $6,747 nominal GDP per capita and $9,844 GDP per capita (PPP) in the year 2013. China's population approximation is at 1,392,472,656 people; its fertility rate is 1.58 births per woman, and life expectancy is approximately 73.49 years. Population growth rate of republic of china is at 0.46% per annum. China engages in international trade with countries all over the world, therefore, it experiences open economy (Cypher, 2014, p.237).

China has overtaken Latin America countries in competitiveness in international markets. Its well structured economy and strategic ...

Methods used to exempt classified, terrorism-related information from disclosure In Criminal prosecutions

Owing to the sensitive nature of terror related information the disclosure thereof is highly restricted. In determining which information to disclose or the extent of such disclosure, a balance is struck between the constitutional right to access to information and the need to restrict the access to information that may compromise national security. This is especially so with terror related information the disclosure of which might have far reaching consequences to the state. The government thus relies on several mechanisms to avoid disclosing such information.

One approach has been the trial of terror suspects through a specialized system. This system comprises ...

The U.S tax system can be classified as progressive where tax rates increase with increases with taxable base or the gross income (Amico 2003, pp 14). The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) under the Federal Government defines gross income as any income from whatever source except for the items excluded by the state. Sources of income in this case include compensations such as service, income from insurance (except death benefits), interests, pensions, and annuities, gross profits from businesses, income from corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates, amongst others (Lymer 2004, pp 144). The state excludes death benefits accruing from life insurances, ...

The Freedom of Information Act maintains nine particular exemptions towards the general presumption of a mandatory disclosure. From the begin, the exemptions as intended by the Congress were to guard against disclosing information that would significantly injure the sectors of national defence, foreign policy, efficient operations of the functions of the government, the propriety of business interests and also various individual interests. An agency possesses the power of construing the exemptions for purposes of discretionary and not as a mandatory rule when no harm would be accrued from the disclosure of the intended information. When a document contains required information, the FOIS ...

- Can schools be managed and operated like business? Management of schools should take a form similar to any other organization that is geared towards achieving certain results. Management, in a general sense, involves several functions that lead to the coordination of peoples’ efforts in a manner that would make them achieve some desired goals and objectives. These goals and objectives are set by the management of these organizations that undertake the coordination of the said efforts. For the coordination to take place, there must be the deployment of certain resources that must also be used in an effective and efficient ...

Law

Introduction Criticism of present-day medical ethics is seen as fallout of the relationship between stakeholders in theory and practice. While efforts continue to re-establish the relationship, the conflicting interest of the two stakeholders continues to create a perception of increased risk of bias or poor judgment. Again, when it comes to researchers in the healthcare sector, they should have a professional and ethical interest in what they do, but sometimes, these interests are compromised by the lure of financial gains. It is such a case that PharmaCARE has been guilty of. The aim of the law and the common good ...

Federal v. State Law Marijuana Legalization

Can states legalize marijuana while it remains illegal under federal law? Is medical marijuana a loophole to get around the federal law? Marijuana is a hemp plant called Cannabis Sativa. It is available in the forms of dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds. The resinous concentrate obtained from the plant is known as Hash Oil. Marijuana is an annual crop plant. It grows from seeds in open areas exposed to sunlight. It germinates within a week and attains its full growth in 4 to 8 months. Marijuana contains medicinally active compounds that act on the brain. The main active compound is ...

Introduction

Every company’s initial goal is to produce goods and services that will satisfy the taste and preference of its existent and potential customers. The interaction is build upon the quality and affordability of goods and services. Such a concern by an enterprise to safeguard the sacred nature of its brand to the customers is regarded as public relations. The notion of the practice is very delicate and susceptible to an enterprise daily operation activity. The objective of the objective is to buy and retain stakeholders’ positive attitude towards the company.

Organization overview

Angels Food Ministries is a non-profit Christian organization whose responsibility ...

Study Aim

Vaccination is a vital program that necessitates priority for the success of the future generation. Consequently, the compulsory vaccination study conducted aimed at ascertaining the sociodemographic factors, vaccine beliefs, behaviors that hindered children vaccination. Additionally, the mentioned study intended to establish whether a philosophical exemption was a contributing factor.Population/patient Apparently, the sample population included parents with children below 18 years. The specified parent sample was 1,540. Nonetheless, consequently to the missing data, 13 parents were not classified as either supportive or opposed to compulsory vaccination. Thereby, making the ultimate weighted subsample; 1,527. Prevalently, concerning classification, 12% of the highlighted ...

Should the 1st amendment grant Hobby Lobby a religious exemption in its lawsuit at SCOTUS?

Hobby Lobby lawsuit is an exceptional case because it has corporatized the religious liberty. The 1st amendment should not grant Hobby Lobby a religious exemption in its lawsuit at SCOUTS. This is because of the fact that such liberty extends to the privileges, for-profit businesses and the rights, which have been associated since long with the religious non-profits and churches. But, as a matter of fact this change is the consequence of the deeper and persistent upsetting of the religious liberty law in America. The granting of the religious exemption means that the congressional intent is ignored, and the court has ...

Bankruptcy is the process by which a debtor who is unable to pay his creditors, can discharge his debts and get a “fresh financial start”. The most common types of bankruptcy are known as Chapter 7, Chapter 13 for individuals or small businesses and Chapter 11 for larger businesses. Chapter 7 is a liquidation of all the debtor’s assets where the proceeds are used to pay off your creditors. Once all the proceeds are spent, the debtor will be “discharged” from bankruptcy and will no longer be personally liable for most of the debts owed to creditors. Chapter 13 gives the ...

Philosophy

1. According to Kant what is the difference between hypothetical and categorical imperatives? Why must moral imperatives always be categorical? How would Kant use this distinction to criticize ethical egoism and utilitarianism. According to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the difference between hypothetical imperative and categorical imperative is that the former refers to precepts and actions that only have conditional worth required to attain a desired objective; whereas, the latter refers to a universal moral principle of human conduct that is not limited by any condition in the determination of one’s duty. For Kant, the only one categorical imperative is: “Act ...

WORLD AFFAIRS

Economic sanctions in the form of trade restrictions hurt Chinese exports considerably. Anti-dumping legislation forced the Chinese government to adhere to international trade practices; else, face economic sanctions, which could hurt Chinese businesses in a big way. How does anti-dumping legislation arise? China, recipient of huge Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), was able to create job opportunities for their citizens by encouraging foreign investors to bring money into the country, and start their production units there. In return, the Chinese government provided cheap land, subsidiaries, tax exemptions, cheap electricity and so on, which were highly attractive to investors. Industries grew, ...

- Introduction Employment laws meant to cushion the employees against any form of oppression they may face at their workplaces (Cabrelli 2010). In UK, these employment laws differed in that workers and employees enjoyed different protection, the employees enjoys greater rights than workers. Despite the difference, every person working for an employer is entitled to national minimum wage, protection from discrimination and right not to work for more than 48 hours per week. The employment laws apply universally whether the employees and workers are permanent or working on a temporary basis (Langley 2011). Employment regulations reviewed each year particularly ...

Naif Alsultan

Introduction The vaccine-autism controversy came into limelight in 1998 after a UK-based gastroenterologist Dr. Andrew Wakefield published a paper linking the MMR vaccine to autism using inappropriate and false research techniques (Gerber & Offit, 2009). The theory was later disproved. Yet, some parents still felt that the reason for their child having autism was vaccine. This is primarily because the human mind is inclined towards reasoning, questioning and pattern perception. As Chabris and Simons point out in their book, this very drive for stamping on reasons for every occurrence and coincidence leads to the Illusion of cause theory (2010). According to ...

Introduction

What is the “Truth in Negotiations Act” (TINA)? TINA was introduced into the federal government’s process for purchasing in 1961. The TINA was crafted to establish fair pricing between the government, who is procuring a particular good or service, and a contractor who is vying to supply the said good or service by establishing a contractor’s costs. The establishment of that cost happens as the contract for the supply is being negotiated. According to the TINA, the government will be given access to all relevant data that the contractor has that is relevant to the product or good’s ...

Question 1

Facts relevant to the case The petitioner Hosanna Tabor evangelical Lutheran church and school, runs a small school offering Christian education. It has two categories of teachers in its ranks namely “called” teachers and “lay” teachers. Called teachers are considered called to the vocation by God. The respondent Cheryl Perich is a called teacher. She teaches secular subjects but takes the students in a religious class in addition to leading them in prayers; devotional exercises attended a weekly chapel service and led the service twice a year. Perich fell ill with narcolepsy in June 2004 and, as a result began the 2004–2005 ...

Roads Network Protection Agency

The organic statute The Roads Network Protection Agency Act of 2013 is a federal law in the United States that has been designed to control the road network in the United States. The Act aims at ensuring that all roads in the United States are well maintained and all facilities have been put in place. This is to ensure that rates of accidents in the country as a result of poor roads are reduced to the lowest level possible. The agency is in charge of ensuring that it follows on accidents that occur as a result of poor status of a road. ...

It would be wise to compare the workability of the process in the United States in comparison to the performance of the process in other countries. The performance of the activity in other countries will be an outstanding image of how the element may thrive in the United States. If there are challenges in other countries, there are extremely high chances that there will also be problems with the United States’ system of military conscription. In most cases, traits for all conscription systems are alike but at some points they are influenced by the kind of governance that will ...

Summary

- It’s centrally located making it easy for shipping of goods. - Low fuel costs hence low costs of production involved. - Amendment of Law No. 13 of 2000 to Law No. 1 of 2010; ownership of 100% stake in companies for non-Qatar persons. - Low tax policies and tax incentives. - Adequate labor. - Numerous exemptions and incentives for exchanges, imports and exports. - Free trade region at Doha port.

Introduction

Qatar is an Arab state that is located in Western Asia. It lies between the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia. It ...

Question 1: Competence, Skills, and Abilities

The employment-at-will doctrine permits employers to terminate their employees` contract regardless of whether there is a reason or not. That notwithstanding, the employee- employer relationship is not so cut and dry such that the employer can automatically terminate Jennifer`s employment contract. Jennifer is unable to pick up the basic job functions. As a result, on the basis of competence, ability, and skills, the manager`s action to terminate her as the first course of action would be easily understood. The employment-at-will Doctrine permits that Jennifer should be terminated without considering any preventive or disciplinary measures. Nevertheless, various exemptions to the ...

There have been deliberate steps in Central and Eastern European countries such as Poland to attract foreign direct investment. As a member of the EU, the political and legislative climate has been favorable to multinational investors. Countries in emerging markets in Asia have also been receiving a lot of attention due to the low labor costs in the region. However, the governments have not taken certain steps to create a welcoming climate when it comes to taxation and corporate governance.

Introduction

The location of the country that a multinational company chooses to invest in is critical. There are certain risks in foreign markets such ...

Opium wars were fought between United Kingdom and china in the mid of nineteenth century when Chinese authorities tried to put a curvature on the incursion of foreign opium and its trade in Chinese territory. The first opium war was fought from 1839 to 1842 while second opium war was fought from 1856 to 1860. This paper discusses the opium wars and several other related aspects of the subject matter. Opium had been used in the china since a long time to alleviate various ailments and for other medicinal purposes but when the influx of opium was increased and it ...

Texas constitution is one of the longest constitutions in the country. The constitution had modified seven times and presently 1876 constitution is effectively adopted by state. The documents only provide information related to explicit power permitted to Texas hence it work like a limited document.

Texas constitution contains total 17 articles. Small brief about all the articles are as follow:

Article 1: Bill of Rights – the article is having total 29 sections and talk about power of Texas government and some un-avoidable rights provided to citizens. Article 2: Power of Government – As per article two, all the governments have separate powers and one government can not rule other government. This article talks about equal ...

1. Demand and Supply

Pepitone reported that coffee futures had dropped due to favorable coffee-growing weather conditions (n.p.). Coffee lovers now enjoy 1.6%-6.0% cut prices on several popular brands including Maxwell House, Smucker, Folgers and Millstone. Interestingly, the prices for coffee products had increased for 10-20% several months ago. Smucker had increased prices for its coffee products for 10% in February and then an increase of 10% followed in May. Starbucks had upped the price for 17% for the package of coffee in the U.S. retail stores. In accordance with Wall Street Journal, key coffee producers were having the largest harvest of ...

1. Recommended Tax Filing Status Tax filing status refers to the way in which a taxpayer is to file his/her returns with the tax authority. Tax returns can be filed in various ways which include: filing singly i.e. for an unmarried person, married couples filing jointly, or married couples filing their returns separately. For a couple, it is always advantageous to file their returns jointly as this will reduce the amount of tax they are to pay. However, there may arise situations when they may be required to file their returns separately e.g. when their sources of income are total ...

RE: Interfamilial wiretapping

Question Presented Whether the wife of the man who recorded calls between his wife and their son, who is at boarding school, and between his wife and the school headmaster has sufficient claim against the husband

Brief Answer

No, the woman do not have sufficient claim against the husband as Title III has some exemptions that can be used to clear a man involved in intercepting calls designated to his wife or any member of his family. Even though Article III is not clear about the exceptions related to familial affiliations, most courts have been able to demonstrate that such exceptions ...

Introduction

A seatbelt or safety belt is a designed safety harness purposely to secure person who occupies a motor vehicle against results of harmful movements of the vehicle which may sometimes result to due to a collision or an emergency stop. As part of a safety system in automobile they intended to reduce both deaths and injuries by protecting the user from hitting or knocking hard the interior parts of the vehicle or by avoiding the second impact which occurs between the passengers. Seatbelts are well designed to stretch or stop stretching whenever there is any sudden deceleration since they create a less differential in ...