Essays on Fetal

In the article Streissguth introduced fetal alcohol syndrome and reviewed literature relevant to the problem in order to explore effects of pregnant mothers’ alcohol consumption on their children’s development. Then she gave supportive evidence of the effects by revealing animal models of research. Next, she focused on delay or impaired functioning and disclosed mental handicaps as the most detrimental effect. Furthermore, the researcher revealed remediation interventions to deal with fetal alcohol syndrome and also reflected on effects of social drinking. In this way Streissguth established the key findings explaining harmful effects of mothers’ alcohol intake on their fetuses. ...

Elizabeth M. Armstrong and Ernest L. Abel are the authors of the essay on “Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: The Origins of a Moral Panic,” which seems to be more of an opinion/editorial piece. Information about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is provided through presentation of various studies that confirm the authors’ position on FAS being less severe than the way it has been reported (Armstrong & Abel, 2000). Armstrong and Abel clearly acknowledge the FAS is a real diagnosis, but they do not think that it warrants as much panic as what has been created through western medicine and society (Armstrong & Abel, ...

Introduction

Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood ailment. Those suffering from Sickle Cell Disease have abnormal S/ sickle hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein in the blood that aids in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The ailment takes its appellation from the shape of the red blood cells of a person affected by Sickle Cell Disease, which have the shape of a sickle. They are stiff and adhesive rather than a disk like normal cells. The misshapen cells tend to get trapped in the small blood vessels hindering the movement of ...

Abstract

For a century, Planned Parenthood has been working to improve reproductive health in America. With thousands of health centers spread all over the country, Planned Parenthood has wide reach that ensures Americans have access to reproductive health. Their efforts have ensured millions of Americans get sex education and get reproductive healthcare for poor Americans who cannot afford standard healthcare. Their role in American society cannot be limited to just the forefront for reproductive rights and availability and access to healthcare, as they are the agency that runs several programs to educate and facilitate communication. While the House Republicans claim ...

Permanence and Uniqueness are two principles used in understanding the embryology and physiological development of friction ridge skin. The uniqueness and permanence of friction ridge skin have been applied as one of the fundamental factor used in fingerprint identification in forensic science. Fingerprint identification, analysis and comparison play a significant role in forensic science for solving criminal cases. It is imperative to note that friction ridge skin possesses unique attributes that persevere from before birth until decay after death (Edelmann & Denton, 2007). These two principles of unique attributes and their persistence from before birth until decomposition after death are ...

Introduction

Zika virus also termed as ZIKV is a known to have gained worldwide attention, especially in the USA, South East Asia, and Australia. The Zika belongs to the Flaviviridae family which comes under the genus Flavivirus (Wikan & Smith. 2016). The Zika virus is spread though day time mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes family. Some of the most common mosquitoes to contain and spread Zika include A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The name of Zika originated in 1947 where it was first isolated from the Zika forest in Uganda. Based on evidence, the Zika virus was associated with varying viral ...

Fetus development begins with a single cell which grows into a body of over one hundred trillion cells. The process of reproduction requires male sperm to fertilize the female egg. Millions of sperm race to achieve this task and each one of them has a unique genetic combination. Twenty-three chromosomes from the female and an equal number from the male combine to form an x shape. Later, two of the x shaped chromosomes join and different genes move between the partners. Later, gastrulation occurs in the lining of the uterus. The different types of genes in a cell lead ...

Nursing

Fetal Monitor Fetal monitor is equipment being used for fetal heart rate monitoring done during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. It serves the purpose of determining the baby’s heart rate and duration and strength of the uterus contraction (WebMD, N.D.). A stable heart rate is an indication that the baby is doing well and any instances of inconsistency with the heart could be a sign of some problems. It is different from the other equipment in terms of function considering that the monitoring can be done both externally and internally, but in most cases the monitoring is done internally ...

Discuss the indications for each type of monitoring device

Fetal Monitor The heart rhythm and heart rate are main indicators for the fetal monitor. The indicators help in understanding the fetal condition, which is a necessary factor to consider during labor and the delivery of a child. During the process of labor and delivery, the health care personnel is required to monitor the heart rate and rhythm of the fetus (Shore, Benson-Karhi, Malamud, & Bashiri, 2014). Monitoring of heart rate and rhythm helps in identifying any form of distress within the fetus that may have occurred during the labor and delivery process.

Internal Fetal Scalp Electrode

The Fetal scalp electrode is an internal ...

INTRODUCTION

Stem Cell research is one of the most heatedly debated topics in the United States. Stem cells may have capabilities that would seem like science fiction for many people. Most people have heard the term “stem cell,” but many are not exactly sure what they are. A stem cell is defined as relatively undifferentiated cells that will divide creating at least one daughter cell of the two retain the undifferentiated characteristics. This process of self renewal allows for to a number of cells that can be differentiated into whatever cells one may need; for example if a patient has ...

Introduction

The large production of bisphenol A (BPA) in the world has been documented because of the increased usage of the same in various industries. The most critical industries that have been using this BPA include those manufacturing containers for foods and beverages, cigarette filters, thermal receipts as well as paper currency. With such a huge provision, it is critical that the basis of such developments only emanates from making the right choices over its uses because its production to a total of 2.7 million tons could be disastrous to the body. The main reasoning here is that the chemical ...

Indications for Each Type of Device

Fetal monitor The main indicators for the fetal monitor include the heart rate and rhythm that establish the fetal condition during labor and delivery. The health care provider involved in the labor and delivery process has the mandate of ensuring that the fetal heart rate and rhythm remain constant to identify any forms of distress on the fetus.

Internal fetal scalp electrode

The internal fetal scalp electrode is used as an internal monitoring device that helps in providing health care providers with a clear understanding of the fetal heart pattern. Usage of this equipment is important when dealing with cases where the external ...

Abstract

This research involves a critique of empirical peer-reviewed analysis and reviews of the impact and implications of inadequate prenatal care. The study examines two professional journals that provide information about late prenatal care and risk management in prenatal care. The findings indicate that prenatal care that is given late in a pregnancy often comes with inherent issues including emotional stress, self-esteem problems and substance abuse risks. These situations include the presentation of intensive prenatal care to deal with cases involving late care. There is the need for gaps and issues to be dealt with in order to get the ...

In the 1940’s, scientists in Uganda discovered a breathtakingly beautiful forest on the edge of Lake Victoria, near Entebbe. The Zika Forest, originally spelled Ziika meaning “overgrown” in the local language, proved to be a valuable resource to virologists studying all varieties of disease (Kron, 2016). The Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) of Entebbe established a protection program for the forest in order to maintain a satellite location for extended research studies. Research here in 1947 revealed the first detection of its namesake, the Zika virus (Aggarwal et al, 2016). Initially isolated in a Rhesus monkey, the Zika ...

UniversityPrenatal Development and Mental Disorders

Environmental factors including socioeconomic status, trauma and parenting practices play a crucial role in early childhood development. Even though they are important, the prenatal environment has become regarded as one of most crucial periods that can be influenced by these environmental factors. This is because during the prenatal period, environmental factors can significantly affect the development of the child, which will later have a significant impact on behavioral development later in life, implying a significant link between prenatal environment and a child’s mental health, which can specifically be impacted by various teratogens, or “any environmental agent that causes ...

The stages of human development from a single cell to a whole being are very interesting. It has been widely studied and today the stages of human development are well documented. The development stages are divided into four. These are: germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period and full term or delivery (Kail and Cavanaugh 53). There is a wide variability in the features of the baby-to-be at the various stages of development.. The normal gestation period takes about 40 weeks (Charlesworth 169). After this a mature baby can be delivered. The germinal period, also known as the zygotic stage ...

Drawing from the seminar presentation, I have gathered that the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signals various pathway functions and regulates critical functions in the placenta such as mitochondrial respiration and nutrient transport. Placental amino acid transporter activities are significantly decreased in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) with recent experimental research evidence suggesting that the changes directly contribute to restricted fetal growth (Jansson, 2016). In this case, placental nutrient sensing is seen to have a pivotal role in the modulation on resource allocation between the mother and fetus thus affecting overall fetal growth, preventing overgrowth of the fetus and ensuring ...

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a sudden death of apparently healthy child aged up to 1 year as a result of cessation of breathing and heart failure, the cause of which cannot be established at the mortem expertise. Sometimes the syndrome is called as “death at the crib” or death for no reason. However, there are causes or risk factors for the development of this poorly studied phenomenon, and the parents, eliminating them from their life, can save the life and health of the child. SIDS is not a disease; it is a posthumous diagnosis that is exhibited ...

Human development patterns allow us in making generalizations concerning various stages as the infancy phase, childhood phase, adolescence, and finally the adulthood stage. For the first year following the birth, a baby is referred to as an infant. The childhood stage begins in the second year after birth and stretches until adolescence. Childhood stage is often divided into early childhood and middle childhood. Early childhood includes the pre-school years whereas middle childhood stage includes elementary school years, through the fifth or sixth grade. The adolescence stage is the second last stage of human development before adulthood. This stage is ...

The questions of birth control have always troubled mankind. The search for methods of contraception and abortion by doctors doing started in the ancient world. Throughout the history of mankind abortion is one of the oldest problems of medical ethics, philosophy, law and theology. The mention of abortion is found in ancient Chinese writing more than 4,600 years ago. There is evidence that the ancient inhabitants of Australia tore the membranes to cause miscarriage. Moreover, the women of East Africa caused an abortion with special wooden sticks. This paper is dedicated to clarification of the methods of birth ...

Executive Summary

The results of the recent studies among U.S. pregnant women prove that fish consumption during pregnancy benefits the cognition of the offspring in infancy but at the same time, high levels of mercury that fish contain have adverse effects on the cognition of little children. So, it is recommended to pregnant women to look for the fish species with a low level of mercury. The issue whether pregnant women harm their babies or on the contrary benefit the child’s brain development while consuming fish is ambiguous. There has been a great quantity of researchers who have been studying ...

Wing SzeWence, Jampolsky and Alsbury shade light on the lifelong disability that arises from prenatal alcohol exposure in their article titled, Experiences in the Canadian Criminal Justice System for Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Double Jeopardy? According to prior research, FASD is viewed as one of the most vital growth disabilities in Canada considering that it consumes up to five billion dollars of the nation’s budget as each individual suffering from the condition is allocated around twenty-one thousand dollars. Therefore, the researchers undertook to carry out a research on the experience of people in the criminal justice ...

Vanishing Twin Syndrome

Vanishing Twin Syndrome In 1945, Walter Stoeckel proposed that the general population of conceptions were higher for multiple fetuses that supposed, suggesting that a twin or multiple fetuses may die in utero and subsequently be reabsorbed without clinical evidence by the surviving fetus/es, mother, or placenta (Stoeckel, 1945, cited in Levi, 1976). Named the “vanishing twin syndrome”, the cause is generally not known. If abnormalities are determined, they appear related to early development and are chromosomal; improper implantation of the cord may also play a role. This paper presents a brief overview of the etiology, demographics, consequences, and tests ...

Pregnancy presents a unique condition and it is of utmost importance by the care provider to conduct all the necessary assessments not only for the purposes of securing the health of the mother but also that of the unborn (London et al., 2015). The first weeks of pregnancy present a unique phase of pregnancy since most birth defects occur during these initial weeks. Examples of the defects include; neural-tube and congenital defects. This makes it necessary to conduct thorough and comprehensive assessment of the unborn and the mother so as to prevent the occurrence of these conditions. As such, ...

For over the years, there is a relative increase in cases of children with birth defects. Recent statistics with regards to the American babies suffering from birth defects reveals that for every 4 and a half minutes, there is a new case of baby born with a birth defect, which can also be summarized as 120,000 incidents of child birth defects every year, and it is expected that the number of child victims will rise for the succeeding years (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Birth defects on newborn babies may affect almost any part of their body ...

Illness/Condition

Introduction This is a summary of an article on excess weight in pregnancy authored by Rooney Brenda and Charles Schauberger in 2002. The authors explore how nutrition and physical activity and how these parameters complement one another to influence the overall outcome of both the mother and the growing fetus. The article does not only focus on how this topic underpins broader social health determinants in among but also offers and critiques how larger influences of environmental public health achieve equity or inequalities in the domains of life science issues within this population.

According to this article, obesity connotes ...

As technology advances and researchers develop new applications for technological discoveries, they may open Pandora’s Box by giving consumers too much freedom to try, and very difficult choices to make. In her article, “The Made-To-Order Savior”, Lisa Belkin shows how the modern technology involved in human reproduction can be used in order to save a child’s life. The author compares the story of two children, of whom one had the chance of being able to use this technology, and this saved her life. However, for this to happen, her parents needed to have a perfectly matching sibling ...

Answer to discussion about anorexia and bulimia:

As the author pointed out, the reasons for both of these conditions are solely psychological and the physiology is just a symptom. So I believe that the therapy should be mainly directed on getting the patient to understand that their condition is not terminal and can be easily treated. The core of the therapy should be based on patient’s own desire to change; their close people should provide strong moral support and convince him that there is nothing to be ashamed of. Everyone has numerous flaws and no one is perfect. The road to internal peace is to ...

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition whereby a child is born with a range of physical and mental deformities as a result of alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. Such deformities are permanent, and the affected children will have to live with them for the rest of their lives. Over the last few decades, the number of infants born with this disease has been steadily rising. Of late this situation has captured the attention of medical practitioners worldwide as the rates are now alarming. For this reason, the medical community is more aware of the conditions and is ...

1.0 Introduction Serological blood grouping has been used successfully for decades to ensure safety in blood transfusion. However blood incompatibility continues to be a significant challenge in transfusion medicine reflecting the inherent limitations of the hemagglutination based serological blood typing. Some of the limitations of serological blood grouping include weak reactivity of some antibodies that are clinically significant; weak expression of some red cell antigens; the subjective nature of the available tests and lack of universal methods of detecting and identifying antibodies. In addition there are several issues related to the reagents used which include the wide variability of ...

Utilitarianism is the notion that the moral worth of a given action is a determined by its general usefulness in ensuring that utility is maximized. Therefore, this theory asserts that a given action is right if in a given situation, it leads to a greater satisfaction of desires, taking into account all the affected individuals and the available alternatives. Application and relation of this theory with the widely discussed subject of abortion is possible. The subject of abortion has been widely discussed over the past years in various countries all over the world. It is a subject that continues to be controversial and brings about ...

1.0 Background of Immune Tolerance

The immune system is the natural defense that combats disease causing agents in the body[ CITATION Gre02 \l 1033 ] through an intricate and coordinated interactions of many classes of proteins and cells[ CITATION Len00 \l 1033 ].The immune system has a potential to destroy the body cells but in all vertebrates the system is capable of distinguishing “self” from “non-self” molecules. That way the immune system eliminates pathogens and molecules that are a threat to the integrity of the organism without “self-destructing”[ CITATION Len00 \l 1033 ]. The human body has several mechanisms of either suppressing or eliminating autoreactive immune cells. Some ...

The origin of the term abortion is from the Latin abortio, meaning to abort, miscarry or deliver prematurely. An abortion can occur due to a problematic pregnancy, health issues or conditions of the mother or several other situational circumstances, but normally the word applies to simply medically terminating the pregnancy. There two types of abortions: therapeutic, to spare the health of the mother and elective which applies to the procedure when it is performed for any other reason.

Although Roe v. Ward legally affirmed the right for women to terminate their pregnancies in 1973, this medical procedure has been hotly ...