Essays on First-Line

ADHD is a behavioral disorder that exhibits a severe long-term effect on victims. The condition poses, even more, grave consequences on the health of females than males. Therefore, given that it can progress unnoticed during childhood, there is the need to conduct a thorough assessment to enable accurate diagnosis. Diagnosis is usually made using the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria. An in-depth exploration of all the possible treatment recommendations begins after the diagnosis. In the treatment of DHD detected in the patient in the case study, various approaches can be considered. Usually, the treatment of ...

Introduction

Migraine is a common type of headache disorder which is characterized by moderate to severe recurrent headache. Migraine headaches are generally severe and could last up to 3 days, wherein the pain affects half of the head but the pain is pulsating in nature. People with acute migraine headache may have suffer from sensitivity to light, vomiting, nausea, and sensitivity to smell and sound. In some cases, the pain may become severe and worsen after physical activity. In 1/3rd of patients with migraine, a short period of visual disturbance or aura occurs which is an indication that the pain ...

Introduction

A recent report of the International Longevity Center-UK (ILC-UK) indicated that dementia can no longer be viewed as an isolated disorder due to a high prevalence of medical comorbidities, often undiagnosed, associated with it (Scrutton & Brancati, 2016). Patients with dementia also had received a less coordinated comorbidity treatments, resulting to the faster decline of their daily functioning, a reduction in their quality of life (QOL), and earlier mortality events than patients with these comorbidities, but in the absence of dementia. The report also noted other important findings, which exacerbated the need for better therapeutic options in dealing with dementia, ...

Literature Review

Abstract Nowadays attracting and retaining professional and skilled staff has become a challenge for many companies. Many organizations experience significant turnover that adds complications to their business activity. Providing employees with the rewards of different kinds helps companies to deal with this problem, assists with retaining talent, and reduces expenses for hiring. The rewards offered by the organizations can be of different kinds and serve various goals. Rewards can be financial and non-financial, extrinsic and intrinsic. Management of these rewards differs from company to company and is usually designed to serve the certain goals of the organizations. One more ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most widespread problem, especially among women. It is observed the second most common incidence in primary and secondary care that requires antibiotic treatment (Shah & Goundrey-Smith, 2013). The UTI incidences are high among women and around 50% women face it once in their lifetime. The statistics suggest that women are more prone to UTIs in comparison to men and data shows that 7-8% women between the age of 60-80 and around 20% women above the age of 80 years are more susceptible ( ...

Abstract

Cancer of the lungs is among the leading causes of cancer in the world. It has two forms; small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC constitutes about 85% of cases of lung cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its mutations are found to have an important role in this cancer. Therefore, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can work effectively against NSCLC. Gefitinib, which is a first generation TKI, and afatinib, which is a second-generation TKI, are effective as a first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC. Erlotinib is effective as a second-line therapy for advanced NSCLC. ...

Introduction

Pulmonary edema (PE) is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the parenchyma and air spaces of the lungs. Most often PE is associated with respiratory failure and impaired gas exchange. Globally, PE is known to be characterized by two major factors, the first is associated with the injury of the lung parenchyma which is termed as non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The second is associated with the failure of the left ventricle of the heart to release blood from the pulmonary circulation within the system and is termed as cardiogenic pulmonary edema (Glaus, Schellenberg , and Lang. 2010). The major cause ...

1. What is the underlying mechanism of M.A.'s asthma? What are the three airway responses that occur during an asthma episode?

An autoimmune response to allergens from cats and plants is the underlying mechanism for the patient’s condition. These allergens, though nonpathogenic, trigger an inflammatory cascade wherein lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells exert their effects on the respiratory tract (Linzer 87). As an example, B lymphocytes synthesize immunoglobulin E which helps signal the release of histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin and cytokines which are proteins that promote vasodilation and hyperactivity in mucus-producing goblet cells (Murdoch & Lloyd 27). Prostaglandin causes the smooth muscles in the airway to constrict. Along with vasodilation and increased mucus production, bronchial constriction ...

The Case Scenario

Recent clinical evidence-based guidelines suggest that a “watch and see” approach may be best in the management of pediatric acute otitis media. In this case scenario, a team of nurses in the outpatient clinic are considering whether they should use this approach to manage AOM in the children they see. They plan to evaluate clinical studies before making their final decision. The nurses are also aware of the possibility of parental concerns concerning a change in treatment protocols. The studies are analyzed in this paper.

Cautionary use of Antibiotics in Acute Otitis Media

Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common pediatric bacterial infection in the U.S. and ...

Asthma is a chronic airway disease that is difficult to manage because of numerous risk factors and complicated by poor self-management. This is a case study of acute severe asthma triggered by viral respiratory infection and exercise in an Aboriginal female with chronic asthma. The discussion will include the diagnostic tests, patient assessment, care and interventions, medications, and nursing care performed or should have been performed. The expected outcomes will also be described.

An arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis was performed showing respiratory acidosis and mild hypoxaemia. Above normal PaCO2 and below normal pH meant the lungs could not eliminate carbon ...

Psychology

OUTLINE - Introduction - An overview of the main points involving Bipolar Disorder will be discussed - Description of Bipolar Disorder - Etiology or cause of the disorder - DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5 symptom criteria of Bipolar Disorder - Disorder Statistics - Prevalence or the number of people who display Bipolar Disorder in the total population at any given time - The number of cases or incidence of Bipolar Disorder appearing during a specific period - Other relevant facts pertaining to Bipolar Disorder - Treatments for Bipolar Disorder - The ...

Introduction

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be described in the generality as the development of persistent and characteristics symptoms which leads to difficulties in normal functioning. This is usually due to an exposure to a life-threatening event or experience or an event that can be perceived by the individual as a life-threatening or causing serious injury (Alexander, 2012). These cases are widespread, and the range of events that exposes an individual to this disorder cannot be streamlined to any particular aspect of life. The behavioral responses to the events and the perceptions of the individual about the event have a significant impact on ...

Abstract

Aims: To evaluate the outcomes of NIV versus invasive mechanical ventilation in COPD patients. Data Source: Relevant articles were identified from the following journals CHEST, Respiratory Care, European Respiratory Journal, Annals of Internal Medicine, and AHC Media. Study selection: The articles identified consisted reports of two randomized controlled trials and three review articles which investigated the outcomes of NIV versus mechanical ventilation in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD, weaning of COPD patients on mechanical ventilation, and nocturnal management of COPD. Data extraction: The study reviewed meta-analytic reviews, prospective randomized control trials, and retrospective observational studies. ...

1. Which of the following is an antidote for benzodiazepine overdose or toxicity?a. Buspirone (BuSpar)b. Hydroxyzine (Visteril)c. Flumazenil (Romazicon)d. Naloxone (Narcan)There is one other drug overdose antidote in the above list. Name the drug and its mechanism of action. Flumazenil (Romazicon®) is another drug given to reverse the depressant effects of benzodiazepine and thus useful for overdose treatment. It acts as a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepines, having high affinity to GABAA receptors, which is the BZD binding site. This allows it to specifically target benzodiazepine and drugs with similar MOA such as zolpidem, but not other ...

Introduction

What Postpartum Depression Is Postpartum depression is different for everyone and although it has some of the characteristics of other types of disorders – such as anxiety, posttraumatic stress, bipolar, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, it often appears different from these disorders (Rosenberg & Windell, 2009). It is characterized by women feeling like they’re enveloped in darkness for months after childbirth or even during pregnancy. Women who suffer from this disorder lose their sense of self as a new mother and a woman. They have terrible thoughts about their baby and are afraid to talk about these. Moreover, they think that having a baby ...

In Wright et al.'s "Systematic Review of Antihypertensive therapies: Does the evidence assist in choosing a first-line drug?" the researchers review 38 different trials in order to determine if a first-line drug is identified in the realm of antihypertension drugs. According to the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) appraisal tool, the researchers provide a valid study that can provide clear policy and practice change in the field of hypertension research and treatment.

The researchers, in their review, ask a clearly focused question - they wish to compare the effectiveness and efficacy from reputable trials in order to find first-line drugs for antihypertension therapies, ...