Essays on Functional Group

The aim of the experiment was to identify the functional group of the two unknown organic compounds.

Method

Step 1: Test for acidity and basicity of the unknown by a universal indicator Step 2: Test for the capacity of the unknown to be oxidized by KMnO4 Step 3: Test for the capacity of the unknown to be reduced by a Tollen reagent Step 4: Test for the presence of a carbonyl group in the unknown using 2, 4-DNP Step 5: Test for the presence of an alcohol group in ...

Abstract

This experiment involved alkene preparation by alcohol dehydration (water elimination) in the presence of an acid catalyst. Elimination, combination, rearrangement and substitution are the basic types of chemical reactions known in organic chemistry. Alcohol dehydration is an important transformation that leads to the yield of alkene and it is an example of an elimination reaction. Dehydration is a process that involves the elimination reaction of an alcohol. There is a loss of H from one carbon and OH from adjacent carbon, hence, resulting in a water molecule removal that results in the formation of alkyne or alkene. When an alcohol loses its ...

Cost management is a major concern for many companies. There are different techniques that companies implement. However, some companies believe that the techniques of reducing cost can only occur at the design phase. According to Cooper and Slagmulder (2004), cost management techniques can be applied during different stages of a product’s lifecycle. The study was based on Olympus Optical Co. Ltd. Research on Olympus showed that the company reduced most of the product’s cost during the manufacturing phase. An assumption is held that 80 to 95 percent of a product’s cost is determined in the design phase. Research ...

Introduction

Aspirin is a commonly used drug. One of the properties of aspirin is that it is an analgesic, meaning that it relieves of pain. Aspirin is also an antipyretic drug meaning that it relieves on of fever. It also has anti-inflammatory properties meaning that if readily relieves swelling from tissues (Ahluwalia, Sunita & Adarsh 231). Salicylic acid has two functional groups. One of the functional groups is the phenolic group while the other functional group is carboxylic acid group. The presence of these two functional groups means that salicylic acid can undergo esterification in two different reactions. In one reaction, ...

Identification of Codeine by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Group Members: Aim The present practical exercise aims at examining a commercial Panadeine tablet for the presence of codeine and paracetamol using GC-MS. Introduction Methyl morphine, codeine, occurs in opium at low concentrations. Codeine is a pro-drug because it undergoes metabolism or demethylation, in vivo, to form the active analgesic morphine. The experiment 3 involves a pH dependent extraction technique. The process separates the active constituents of Panadeine. Before extracting Panadeine, however, Eosin B undergoes extraction in order to demonstrate the effect of pH on the solubility of the compound. The GC-MC allows for the separation of a mixture ...

Part ABriefly discuss the signalling process which occurs when salmeterol binds to its targetReceptor

The receptor to which salmeterol binds The drug salmeterol binds to the active sites of beta-2-adrenergic receptor . This is a category of G protein-coupled receptors. Beta-2-adrenergic receptors have specific actions in the body. They are responsible for the relaxation of smooth muscles relaxation of a non-pregnant uterus, dilation of arteries in the skeletal muscles, contraction of the sphincter muscles and anabolic processes in the skeletal muscle. The receptor has a three dimensional crystallographic structure. The receptors work by ensuring rapid and specific signaling. The receptors couple with Gs G protein, the result being the activation of adenylyl cyclase. The receptors have ...

a) CH3CH2-O-CH2CH2CH2CH3 The acceptable name for the above structure is 1-Ethoxybutane or butyl ethyl ether. The functional group in the compound is the esther group that joins the ethyl part with the butyl part. Some of the general properties that are essential for a fire, environmental, health or safety personnel to know are as follows. The compound is colorless and can easily be confused for water. The compound is stable but may form peroxides while in store if it is exposed to air. It is highly flammable and not compatible with the oxidizing agents. The compound causes irritation to ...

Abstract

Knowledge on phase equilibrium behavior plays a central role in the prediction of the solubility of the components found in biodiesel. This aids in the separation process of the individual components. These components are normally referred to as volatile organic compounds. It is crucial to use models in the determination of these equilibriums since actual measurements are costly and lingering. There are several types of biodiesels: methyl oleate, ethyl stearate, and methyl linolenate. UNIFAV procedure can be used in the determination of of an estimate of the infinite dilution activity of several volatile organic compounds in biodiesels. A mole ...

Introduction

The information provided by pharmacokinetics is important in the discovery of new drugs and in screening drug candidates. It helps in drug research and can determine the concentration of a drug present in the body. The discovery of new medicines not only depends on pharmacological activity but on pharmacokinetic parameters as well. Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and execration (ADME). Absorption is the absorbing of a drug in the blood stream. There are two types of absorption, passive and active. The physico-chemical properties are responsible for passive transportation while the active transportation determines the binding of a molecule to the target site. ...

a) CH3CH2 - O - CH2CH2CH2CH3 The name of the compound is 2 hexanone. It is an ketone having the functional group C=O 2 Hexanone is a clear liquid with a boiling point of 151-152 degrees centigrade. It is slightly soluble in water .it is soluble in ether, propylene glycol and alcohol. It is stable under normal conditions but it is highly flammable with a flashpoint of 47 degrees centigrade. This makes it a dangerous chemical. It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents and strong bases (Hornback, 2005). b) CH3CH2 CH (CH3) CH2CH2OH The name of the compound is 3 METHYL ...

1: Data to decipher challenges between the cross functional groups

Cross functional groups means a group of people who have diverse functional expertise and aim at achieving a common objective. The cross functional group may be made of people from various departments like operations, finance, human resource and marketing. Essentially all employees of an organization are included in this set up. In some situations members may come from outside an organization particularly from major customers, suppliers, and consultants. Most cross functional groups are self directed- that is they simultaneously respond to a particular issue which may not be specific. The degree of freedom of decision making depends on the level of ...

Chemistry

Trizivir: Ingredients: 3 synthetic nucleoside analogues with inhibitory activity against HIV-1. “A recently approved antiretroviral looks like a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), but it acts like a protease inhibitor” (Portyansky 1999).

Active Ingredients:

1. abacavir sulfate, 300 mg (aka Ziagen™) 2. lamivudine, 150 mg (aka EIVIR™ or 3TC™) 3. zidovudine, 300 mg (aka RETROVIR™ or azidothymidine, ZDV or AZT because of Azide functional group).

Additives:

1. titanium dioxide 2. hypromellose 3. yellow iron oxide

Coating on Tablets

Is FD&C Blue No. 2, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide and yellow iron oxide

Inactive Ingredients: 1. sodium starch glycolate ...