Essays on Ganglia

Introduction

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inheritable and neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by progressive psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms. It is significant to familiarize with the phenotypes since patients can present with one or more symptoms of the disease. Loss of balance and chorea are the first symptoms recognized by the patients. However, the families always notice personality or cognitive changes before first symptoms. The disease is most common in races from northern Europe. This paper is set to discuss the etiology and risk factors, pathophysiological processes, clinical manifestations, complications, as well as diagnosis of Huntington’s disease.

Etiology and Risk Factors

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Introduction

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a very complicated neurodegenerative condition including the motor and non-motor manifestations that lead to neuronal loss. Currently, only symptomatic therapies are available but nothing is known yet to prevent this degenerative process. This is a multi-factorial condition with multiple risk factors that includes increasing age, genetic vulnerability, and environmental determinants. All these factors mutually play a role in the pathogenic process of PD. Medical sciences have achieved major advances in understanding the process working behind PD development that are Nigral Dopaminergic Apoptosis, Protein ...

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a syndrome, the causes of which rarely lie on the surface. It is characterized by obsessive thoughts (obsessions), for which a person responds with certain actions (compulsions). Obsession is a thought or desire that constantly emerges in the mind. It is difficult to control this thought or get rid of it, and it causes a lot of stress. In this paper I would like to tell what is obsessive-compulsive disorder, by what factors it may be caused, reasons of its appearance, what factors contribute to the development of this disease and how it is treated.

Briefly about OCD

Common ...

CHAPTER I

THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM Introduction As far as human walking is concerned, it has been best described as the progression of the body’s center of mass along a pathway by moving the two legs alternatively. It is generally acknowledged that the development of walking skill in human beings is completed by the age of five (Sutherland, 1980). Locomotion is influenced by interactions between neuromuscular activity as well as musculoskeletal alignment (Perry & Burnfield, 2010). In addition, there are several other factors that can affect the coordination pattern of walking. These include sensory information from somatosensory, visual ...

The brain regulates the choice of a person to be physically active. Stimuli from the environment and from the tissues excite receptors and nerves which in turn excite the muscles. The central nervous system has three general areas that are associated with the complexity of the movement and the familiarity of the various stimuli. The areas include the spinal cord which handles simple reflex actions, the lower brain which organizes more complex responses while the cerebral cortex controls the most complicated responses and stores general motor programs. The spinal cord consists of two-way tracks of nerve fibers which carries both ...