Essays on Genus

Question 1

Yes, the genus Phoxinus exists. The common species of the genus is the minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus). Minnow is a small freshwater fish with dark spots forming an attractive banded effect. The fish has a small mouth, small scales, and large eyes. During spawning seasons, male fish develop bright red colors which are spectacular to attract the female. Minnows feed on plant debris, molluscs, algae, insects and crustaceans (Farrell 567). The existence of this species in a river indicates the availability of oxygen content in the riverbeds and streams. The feeding behavior of the fish involves shoaling and schooling. The ...

Introduction

The Ebola virus has existed for centuries. Like all life forms and viruses, it has been changing and adapting since the beginning of time to survive. Despite this the disease did not make itself known until the twentieth century. However, once the virus revealed itself only three major outbreaks have occurred. There were two in 1976 and one which took started in 2014 (CDC, 2015). The latest outbreak has been the longest and worst, effecting numerous countries such as, Mali, Nigeria, Liberia and Senegal in West Africa (CDC, 2015). This paper will look at the scientific aspects of the ...

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

Background: Clinical Description

The disease causing agent, Coccioides spp., causes a wide range of illness, but these illness are mostly determined by the hosts' defenses, inoculum size and possibly specific organism virulence. Most of the clinical infections (about 60%) show few or no respiratory symptoms. However, the rest 40% may show symptoms of illness that may either be acute or sub-acute. The illness could range from progressive pneumonia to flu-like conditions. Misdiagnosis usually occurs in self-limited community-acquired pneumonia. According to Saubolle, McKeller & Sussland (2007), only 29% of 56 people who had community-acquired pneumonia were diagnosed of coccidioidomycosis. The exact ...

Introduction

Zika virus also termed as ZIKV is a known to have gained worldwide attention, especially in the USA, South East Asia, and Australia. The Zika belongs to the Flaviviridae family which comes under the genus Flavivirus (Wikan & Smith. 2016). The Zika virus is spread though day time mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes family. Some of the most common mosquitoes to contain and spread Zika include A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The name of Zika originated in 1947 where it was first isolated from the Zika forest in Uganda. Based on evidence, the Zika virus was associated with varying viral ...

Ebola virus disease, formerly described as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, refers to a severe illness that is usually deadly in humans. Wild animals transmit the virus to human populations where it spreads through direct contact with infected bodily fluids. Typically, the disease has a fatality rate of nearly 50% with past outbreak cases recording fatality rates ranging between 25% and 90% (World Health Organization (WHO), 2016). For example, an Ebola epidemic in West Africa reported in 2014 caused global panic because it was “the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered” (WHO, 2016). In ...

Introduction

Multiple researches suggest that dinosaurs are among the most successful groups of animals to have ever lived on earth. Their body physique and adaptability enhanced their survival thereby extending their life longevity. In the course of time, these species evolved into diverse shapes and sizes. As a result, the different types of evolved organisms embraced various modes of living. According to Xu (2006), nearly 150 years after the discovery of the first fossils of the dinosaur, this species was believed be a reptile. In fact, when Richard Owen found the first remains of this organism, the paleontologists used the ...

The gradual change in human structure, genetic composition, and anatomy over a period of time is called human evolution. The process of evolution dates back to six million years ago when the ancestors of modern human beings underwent simultaneous and gradual body changes. These changes were passed from one generation to another coupled with modifications. Modifications in genetic structure come by as a result of adaptations. Organisms usually undergo adaptations to help them reproduce or survive certain conditions in their habitat. Individuals inherit the most desirable characteristics from their ancestors that enable them survive and reproduce successfully. Those who ...

Dr. Victor Babes and discovery of Babesiosis

Babesiosis also known as piroplasmosis is a tick- borne disease, which is an emerging intra- erythrocytic parasitic infection in human. The parasite first known to affect only cattle but later was found in other mammals as well. The parasite was later found to affect humans as well. The severity of the disease caused by this parasite can range from mild- to moderate- to severe, i.e., causing death by organ failure. Till date approximately 100 species of the Babesia genus has been identified yet only a few has been suggested to be pathogenic in humans. The symptoms more or less ...

Abrigo do Lagar Velho is a rock-shelter in the Portuguese valley that is famous for the stratigraphic range of the Upper Paleolithic human occupations within that area.

Absolute dating technique (chronometric dating) refers to the process of revealing the age on a certain time scale.

Acclimatization is the response of an organism to a gradual change in environmental conditions by adjusting and sustaining within these changes. Acheulian (Acheulean) is a tool made of stone that had round cutting edges and was used during the Lower Palaeolithic era.

Adolescent growth spurt refers to the sharp growth in height and weight rates t during adolescence.

Aegyptopithecus refers to the extinct primate of the Oligocene Period, resembling a modern-day lemur, whose fossils were found in Egypt. Afar Triangle is the region that is part of the ...

Part #1

“Guidelines for Treatment of Candidiasis” “Mucosal biofilms of Candida albicans” “Thrush and breastfeeding” Distinction among Candida species The five species from Candida genera that possess specific medical significance include Candida albicans, C tropicalis, C. galbrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis. Candida albicans is widely present in human host as a commensal agent that may be exogenous or endogenous and mostly lives on the skin and the human mucosae of mouth, intestinal tract, and female genital tract. Other environmental places such as surfaces of plants, soil, and water are also its habitat. The prevalence of C. krusei in candidiasis is ...

Describe which general fossil primate groups appear and radiate during the following geological epochs: Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene. For each of the geological epochs, identify the general primate group that first appears and radiates during that epoch. In addition, give the time range in millions of years for each epoch and provide at least one example of a specific primate genus and/ or species that is representative of each general primate group. 2. List and briefly describe at least five elements of the post-cranial anatomy found in humans, but not in apes, that facilitate efficient bipedal locomotion. Provide specific ...

Analysis of Diseases

Overview Chikungunya (CHIK) refers to a re-emerging arboviral disease transmitted by the mosquitos Aedes aegypty and Aedes albopictus (Pialoux 318). The virus belongs to the genus Alphavirus and family Togaviridae. The word chikungunya derives from Makonde language (spoken in Tanzania and northern Mozambique), where it means “to walk bent over” (Halstead 557). This name refers to the main feature of both chronic and acute phase of the disease a change in posture causes by the arthritis and arthralgia (Charrel, Lamballerie and Raoult 769).

History

The disease gained its name after the outbreak in Tanganyika, the modern Tanzania in 1952. However, ...

Primatology

The Rise of the Planet of Apes is a scientific fiction film. Analytically the film depicts the development of the apes planet based on the subjection that man intervened. The appearance of Caesar in the film depicts his leadership and influence among other apes. Notably, the way Caesar became the alpha ape since he inherited intelligence from his mother. His mother was injected with ALZ-112. This increased his intelligence. Further, he was raised by Will for about eight years. This gave him time to develop and realize his origin. He received support from Buck called Buck then claimed the ...

Identification of the Unknown Microorganisms

Unknown #1 Unknown #2 1. The identification of bacterial strains is a common practice in clinical and medical fields. The ubiquitously present microorganisms can be both, beneficial or harmful to the host they attack or inhabit. Since times, several biochemical characteristics have been identified for many bacteria that commonly are related to humans. These characteristics and morphology have been arranged in a systematic way to identify the targeted unknown microorganism along with ruling out the ones giving negative results for the characteristic tests. This way the search was narrowed down for each of the two unknown microorganisms. The Gram ...

Over the years, behavioral scientists have repeatedly attempted to understand, define and explain tool usage by different animal species. However, given the complexities involved in data collection, it has remained an elusive and somewhat difficult to quantify task. Initially people believe that developing tools for different activities such as transportation, food gathering or for defense was what inherently differentiated ‘humans’ from animals . This is because crafting tools for improved productivity and to make daily tasks easier and simpler to perform, required a certain level of intelligence and maturity of thought that scientists believed animals did not possess. The goal ...

Introduction

Even though the concept of evolution is a typical narrative, it remains one of the most highly contentious of the topics. Major disagreements persist in the field, particularly when the evolutionary origin and physical modification of primates are the subject matter of discussion. Because of these differences, lots of significant finds in the field have attracted considerable amounts of opposition from experts depending on the species, or the side angle of evolution one recognizes (Ravosa and Dagosto). Disputes often center around locomotion and posture – whether a particular species was fully upright or could walk bipedally, brain size (intelligence), sexuality ...

1. Introduction This paper discusses the marriage and kinship patterns among the Ait Khebbbach tribe of south Eastern Morocco. Although the Ait Khebbach tribe is Berber, similar to all Berber-speaking tribes in Morocco, they have adopted Arab kinship patterns (Gélard 566). The Ait Kehbbach tribe was nomadic until recently and were famous for controlling the lucrative transsaharan route from Morocco to Mali (Gélard 566). The specific family discussed in this paper, the Al Hammad family, is not that of the author, but of a friend. The names have been changed to protect confidentiality. The family was chosen ...

A Previously unknown species of hominins, Homo Naledi was discovered as recently as 2013, in the Dinaledi Chamber of the Rising Star cave system. Researchers found an extensive collection of fossils, belonging to 15 individuals of the same species. When examined, researchers found that the individuals belonged to a previously unknown species, because their morphology was different than that of other known species of primates. In their description, Berger et al. found that the hominin has unique cranial morphology, although closely related to other species of hominins, human-like adaptations of the hand and wrist, and humanlike foot and limb ...

The field of microbiology was very limited until the discovery of the microscope, though it did exist in a very practical sense. Though scientists were ultimately wrong about what actually carried and transmitted the plague, for example, they were correct in hypothesizing that it came from an outside source. Between then and now, the microscope was developed, and has been improved upon more and more. Now we have a great classification scheme for prokaryotes (assuming bacteria). It follows the standard domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The standard for most eukaryotes is also the same for ...

- COMEDIES OF FORGIVENESS - humanum genus: The 'oppressor,' one who requires forgiveness by the end of the play - inherent evil of humanity/possibility for good a constant presence in these plays - Originates from medieval dramas, pre-Shakespearean plays and desire for forgiveness in drama - Christians seek forgiveness from God; Shakespeare extends that to receiving forgiveness from family/loved ones/humanity - Shakespeare's comedies of forgiveness underline the inherent evil of humanity as well as their need for forgiveness; as man will always sin, they will always need to be forgiven

- SIX COMEDIES ...

Questions

The Lunar Society of Birmingham was an informal society of industrialists and philosophers that met on full moon nights because the moonlight made traveling easier. Members included Matthew Boulton, Erasmus Darwin, Joseph Priestley, James Watt, and Josiah Wedgwood. Erasmus Darwin was Charles Darwin’s father and the Lunar Society often met at his home. This exposed young Charles Darwin early on in life to creative scientific thinkers that surely influenced his studies in later years. .

What purpose did Linnaeus system of binomial nomenclature (also known as his binary system) serve? Carl Linnaeus has been called “the Father ...

Aquinas provides five arguments to prove the existence of god. He gives his first argument with motion. He says that the senses of the human beings testify that many of the things are in motion. Objects move when their potential motion transforms into real motion. An actual motion can only convert the mentioned potential motion. A thing cannot be both at the same time. Thus, a thing cannot move on its own. Then, it is sure that something else is moving things. It is impossible for the sequence of motion to go on ad infinitum. Thus, the mover who is ...

Genetics has progressed over the recent years. Very sophisticated methods of studying genes and researching how species have evolved from one cell into complex animals. The purpose of the research by Lee, Lai, Malik, Saldarriaga, Kelling, and Slamovits at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University was to observe and gather more information about The Oxyrrhis marina (O. marina). The species is very good for studying about the development of two taxonomic groups of “protists, dinoflagellates and apicomplexans” (1). The molecular structure is simple, so it is at the ...

Introduction

Elodea canadensis is a perennial hydrophyte, which is native to the majority of North America and was first recorded in about 1836 from the British Isles (Hackney, 1992). Young plants at first begin with a seedling stem and roots grow in mud at the underneath of water. More adventitious roots arise at intervals along the stem. The leaves are translucent, bright green, oblong, 1-4 mm broad and 6-17 mm long, borne in whorls of three round the stem (Rose, 2006). It lives completely submerged.

Blepharisma is a unicellular ciliate protists genus found in salt and fresh water (Miyake, Harumoto, Salvi, & Rivola, ...

For a long time, Australopithecus afarensis was considered as the earliest known bipedal hominid. This made this species, which was dated to have existed around 3.5 million years ago, the oldest member of the human clan. However, the discovery of the species, Australopithecus anamensis pushed the age of the bipedal hominids further back by around 600000 years (Tomasik, 2002).

History of the Discovery of Australopithecus anamensis

In 1965, the first fossilized specimen of A. anamensis was discovered by a research team from the Harvard University in the Kanapoi region that lies on the west of Lake Turkana in Kenya. Although at that time the fossil, which was a humerus ...

1. Introduction Smallpox is a viral disease that causes pus-filled boils on the dermis. It looks similar to chickenpox, but has certain characteristic differences. Unlike chickenpox, smallpox is lethal in 30% of the cases and leaves the victim with disfiguring scars and/or blindness. Smallpox has now been eradicated through aggressive vaccination. The last case was reported in Somalia in the late 1970’s. After 2 years of worldwide surveillance, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that the disease had been eradicated. 2. Causative agent Smallpox is caused by the Variola virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. ...

Identification of each individual from the massive inventory of living organisms requires appropriate classification system. This system allows not only identification of all specimens that are already collected, but also allows identification of the newly discovered organisms in the future. The classification system is robustly based on science and logic, so this system is universally applicable. The classification system starts by grouping the specimens into two major categories namely animals and plants. In general, animals are grouped by the presence of appendages that implies the ability to move on their own while plants are grouped together based on ...

With reference to Biological studies, homology is the presence of shared pedigree between living organisms in terms of evolution. The homology might be in terms of genetical constitution, or physical constitution, to name a few. Here, I have described the evolutionary homology between various phyla supporting the description with a phylogenetic tree.

Genetic code is the combination of DNA and RNA sequences that constitute the amino acid sequences used in the synthesis of an organism's proteins. It is the biochemical basis of heredity and generally, protein coding amino acids is very similar in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The principle differences occur ...

OBSERVATIONS

Since I entered into a formal institution, and we happen to study the evolution, I have always been left amazed and wondered on how living beings came to be. Because it was in my primary level, I always thought of it as just a mere story. I could hear that people were once using their four limbs for movement like the monkeys. I could also read that we evolved from the primate family which consists the likes of the chimpanzees, monkeys, baboons, and we later came to become what we are today. My grandparents could tell me stories of how the ...

In the studying how the human species evolved, a lot of astonishing discoveries, great public interest as well as a great level of controversy have always been involved. Since the early twentieth century the discovery of new hominid fossils has altered the widespread perceptions held concerning how our species evolved. Piltdown Man and Ramapithecus are examples of these new discoveries (Szpak, 2014). The objective of this discussion is to address Australopithecus with regard to migration and subsistence habits. With its first appearance being in Africa about 4.2 million years ago and later diversifying into various forms, australopithecines is a broad group ...

Introduction

Anthrax is an infectious disease that is primarily caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis (spore-forming bacterium). The spores of B. antracis is often associated with gastrointestinal anthrax and inhalation cutaneous. The spores are highly ineffective in most environmental conditions. Inhalation anthrax is considered as a great threat since it is caused by inhalation of anthrax spores and is associated with high fatality rate. However, the rate of person-to-person rate is rarely observed. (Sternbach G. 2003) In the wild, anthrax is commonly observed (naturally found). The disease is also observed unvaccinated domestic animals. The disease is common among U.S workers ...

Very often people ask themselves why we think, how we think, what is the proper way and concepts of right thinking. These and many other important questions about human ability of thinking discussed philosophers from the moment of appearance of philosophy in VII century B.C. It is fascinating for all the creatures how humans can think, moreover how human mind can reach and find such unbelievable and logical ideas. Nevertheless, to have ability to analyze properly everything that is happening around us people must use laws of thinking. In other words, to eliminate all the ambiguous ideas that appear ...

Abstract

Theory of evolution as proposed by Darwin has for long hinged on the fossil records to prove the process of evolution. However, the prevalent gaps in the fossils led way to the development of the punctuated equilibrium theory that was proposed by Eldredge and Gould as an alternative to Darwin’s phyletic gradualism theory. The punctuated equilibrium postulated that speciation occurs in an isolated peripheral subsect of population as a rapid change after a period of stasis. Unlike the anagenetic speciation of phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium promotes the concept of cladogenetic speciation. However, punctuated equilibrium does consider rapid anagenetic speciation as a ...

(Author)

Introduction

Cannabis belongs to the genus of the flowering plants. Cannabis is one of the most studied plants in the history of biology that is why I selected this plant and studied various features of this plant. There are three known species of cannabis (Ritsner, 2011); Cannabis sativa, Cannabis ruderalis, and Cannabis indica. Cannabis sativa is considered as the most studied species. These species are mostly found in the Central and South Asia. They are also known as marijuana, hemp, hashish, dagga, bhang, grass, and loco weed. Cannabis plant is of different heights, i.e. it can be 1-20 ...

Introduction

African trypanosomiasis or simply sleeping sickness is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is also abbreviated as HAT, which stands for Human African trypanosomiasis. Sleeping sickness has two forms, depending on the type of the parasite that caused the infection (WHO, 2014). The first type is Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. It is found in 24 countries in west and central Africa. It accounts for over 98% of the reported cases. It is possible for someone to be infected with this type of the sleeping sickness for long durations without major signs or symptoms. When major symptoms do emerge, the patient would ...

The definition of humans in the past was greatly majored on the ape-like features that made their separation between humans and the apes difficult. In this case, human’s beings were defined as archaic humans with lower brain capacity. However, apart from the characteristics provided, there was no any single accepted definition of human beings. Therefore, there were no adequate definitions. Currently, the term human being refers to the only extant species of the genus Homo. Homo sapiens refer to the anatomically modern man who evolved from the archaic human beings. -What are the characteristics of a civilization? How do ...

Report

Glaucus atlanticus – a kind of gastropod mollusks from the unit of nudibranchs. Nudibranch called a large group of marine gastropods. These animals are related to the usual snails and slugs, but at the same time, nudibranchs have a number of unique anatomical features. For this reason, they are isolated in a special unit, which has about a thousand species. The general principle of the structure of these animals is the same as at the garden snails, the basis of body is flat foot-sole, at the anterior end of which there are stalked outgrowths - one pair carries at its ends tiny eyes, and the ...

The word "homo,” the name of the biological genus to which human belongs is Latin for "human.” It was picked initially via Carolus Linnaeus in his grouping framework. The saying "human" is from the Latin humanus, the descriptive manifestation of homo. The Latin "homo" infers from the Indo-European root “dhghem,” or "earth.” Human advancement is the evolutionary procedure paving the way to the presence of modern people. Human presented developmental capacities, which are innovative, complex, typical, and social in nature and make them unique from other surviving species. In any case, what precisely has advanced to evolve these ...

Evolution involves the change of inherited characteristics of biological populations in successive generations. The process give rise to different levels of organization and diversity that includes changes in DNA, species, molecular formations, and the basic proteins forming the organism. Human evolution has been a major subject both in history and biology. Many theories have been advance explaining the origin of man on earth. The most prominent of the theories is the Darwin’s Theory on human evolution. Darwin theory of evolution is based on natural selection. The theory explains how the environmental factors and other factors interact to favor ...

Neanderthals are the members of the genus Homo and are known extinct relatives of Homo sapiens. A large amount of fossils and other archives have been collected that has substantiated the presence of these mysterious beings. The first skeletal fossils of Neanderthals were discovered in Germany in 1856, in the Neander Valley, where a group of quarrymen found 16 bone pieces including a skull, which they thought to be a bear. The bones were analyzed to determine that the fossils belonged to ancient relatives of humans. It has been close to 150 years since the accidental discovery of Neanderthals, however, scientists are ...

Microbiology Lab

Abstract This laboratory report tries to recognize an unknown bacterial species. The Gram stain disclosed bacteria to be both gram-negative and positive and via microscopy it confirmed to be rod and cocci respectively. Now two different bacteria were on the agar. One was a coliform and other a non coliform. The bacteria were exposed to all essential microbiological techniques employed to recognize an unknown bacterial species. The unknown comprised about 1% of the total bacterial flora of humans and even most of the warm-blooded animals. The bacteria are the most extensively studied prokaryotic organism, and an essential species in the ...

A Thesis

Graduate Faculty of the Requirements for the Degree 2013 All Rights Reserved Introduction This project will focus on the botanical Family Apiaceae in Lafayette and St. Martin parishes, Louisiana. These parishes are spatially adjacent but are distinguished by different ecological habitats, making them botanically diverse. Lafayette Parish contains a prairie complex, St. Martin Parish has large areas of swamps, rivers, and lakes. The only recent publications on the identification and distribution of the Apiaceae in Louisiana occur in) and the USDA Plants database (plants.usda.gov 2011, and Thomas and Allen 1996). Since little is known about ...

Evolution, in its simplest definition is “change in form over generations” (Kottak, 1991). Like all life forms, human beings undergo changes or modifications in each generation. The question of how human beings evolved has been a subject of extensive studies. There are many existing explanations about the ancestors of modern man and theories about these have developed over the years, and along with it controversies and alternate explanations. Students of the 21st century would find theories of human evolution in their textbooks and from here they would learn about Homo sapiens, homo erectus, Neanderthal man, Cro-magnon man, and many other ...

Habitat and occurrence

Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash is also called as the big flower pawpaw. Its nativity status is L48, describing its native jurisdiction code as lower 48 states and N, referring to it being a native plant. It is endemic to Florida, found specifically in few counties such as Glades, St. Lucie, Manatee, Polk, Indian River, Hillsborough, Pasco, Levy, Flagler and few surrounding areas of central Florida (USDA).

Work Cited

United States Department of Agriculture and the Natural Resources Conservation Service: The PLANTS database. Asimina obovata (Willdenow) Nash. 2013. Web. 30 Sep 2013. < http://plants.usda.gov> Phenology A. obovata (Willd.) Nash belongs to ...

A cladogram tree showing Anthropoidea, Catarrhini, Haplorrhini, Hominoidea, Primates, and Strepsirrhini.

Anthropoidea, Catarrhini, Haplorrhini, Hominoidea, Primata, and Strepsirrhini,. k Question 1 In the scientific classification, humans and apes; chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans are grouped in the same family “hominidae” while monkeys were earlier grouped in the family “Cebidae” but now in the family “Atelidae”. In accordance to scientific researches, human are said to be more closely related to chimpanzees than monkey; looking at their anatomy and genetics. Human evolution shows the evolutionary process that brought about the differences in appearance of the modern man and other hominids. Using genetics and anatomy, we can tell which of the two; ...

- Fitzroy River Turtle (R Leukops) - The Biology Fitzroy River Turtle, Rheodytes leukops is also called the white eyed river diver referring to its Latin name. Locally, it is sometimes called the “bum breathing turtle referring to its ability to utilize cloacal ventilating. This method of breathing improves its breath-holding capacity and enabling it to colonize riffle zones and take advantage of the associated greater densities of food resources during the wet season and early dry season. . “R. leukops was first described as a new genus and species in 1980 (Legler and Cann,1980) and most publications ...

Polyvinylidene fluoride polymer first exhibited the piezoelectric effect in the year 1969 followed by the pyroelectric effect some years later, leading to the development of numerous applications of pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity. PVDF possesses many attractive features as a tactile or touch sensor. Tactile sensors can be used to monitor skin conditions. They find use in minimally invasive surgery. Tanaka et al. developed an active palpitation sensor to detect hypertrophy and prostate cancer. Pyroelectric and piezoelectric polymers help in energy conversion. The Energy Harvesting Eel device created by Taylor et al. used piezoelectric polymers for the conversion of mechanical flow energy ...

(City, State) Lactic acid fermentation refers to a biological process where sugars such as fructose, glucose, and sucrose undergo conversion to form cellular energy lactic acid. The process is an anaerobic kind of fermentation reaction and takes place in a number of bacteria as well as in animal cells like the muscle cells (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The application of lactic acid fermentation is broad especially in the food industry (Tempeh, 2008). Some of the bacteria that are involved in the production of lactic acid include pediococcus cerevisiae, leuconostoc mesenteroides, bifidobacterium bifidus, and streptococcus lactis (Tempeh, 2008). The process is also ...

It is shared with primates, uniquely human and genius homoAll shared have a form of communication; primates actually are the species that look like man for example chimpanzees and gorillas. They use symbols to communicate. The Japanese macaques had the ability to pass knowledge for example in communication, learning tricks for survival among others. 2. Fire. It is used and shared with all hominines, Shared with Genus Homo and Uniquely Human. Primates have a flat face and four limbs and a given dental formulae in relation to the factor; fire, the used fire to get warm for example the homo sapiens, ...

Betta Splendens: Aggression levels in males in the presence of a female stimulus

Abstract The aggression is one of the behaviors that have been studied in the Betta splendens. In this study, the male Betta splendens behavior is affected by the presence of different stimuli such as female presence. They interact differently aggressively with the other males when the female are present. Three stimuli were tested where each of them has a different effect on different behaviors.

Introduction

Betta splendens has a normal name Siamese fighting fish and is a popular species among the freshwater aquarium fish. The genus name for this fish is derived from ikan bettah, which is a local dialect of Malay (Luna, ...

Biodiversity Report

The term biodiversity refers to the extent of variation of biological form that is living forms in terms of flora and fauna within an ecosystem, terrestrial or marine. Generally speaking, ambient temperature and humidity are conducive to terrestrial biodiversity. If we are in a lookout for an ambient temperature and humidity, it is mainly the equatorial belt at low altitudes that comprises of highest biodiversity on land (Gaston, 2000). Similarly, in case of marine ecosystems, highest biodiversity is found in those oceanic belts which have highest surface temperatures. Accordingly, mid latitudinal region of all the oceans of the world ...

Introduction

Bacillus Subtilis are the organisms that are aerobic, Gram Positive, spore-forming belonging to the Bacillus genus. The organisms are together with other species that are closely related play a crucial role in disease, food poisoning as well as food spoilage. Lack of methods that are standardized for the identification of the organisms whether coming from the food or environment has made the tests to be difficult. Use of morphological as well as physiological tests have offered the best ways to identify organisms in the laboratory although there are inconsistent and lack of reliance in these methods. Identification of an ...

Abstract

In this essay, a description is done of the Bacteria species Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium botulinum. Their common ground and similarities are presented, being a part of the Low G+C Bacteria, or Firmicutes: Gram-Positive, rod-shaped and fermenters. Additionally, it is also discussed what are their contrasting traits, that keep them distinguished, together with what are the factors used for the various strains’ differentiation, within each species. Keywords: Lactobacillus casei, Clostridium botulinum, characteristics, similarities, differences, phenotype, structure, phylogenetics.

Low G+C Bacteria – Firmicutes The Bacteria regarded for this essay are part of the Low G+C Bacteria, or Firmicutes. ...

Abstract

The internal temperature of the cold-blooded organisms is dependent on the temperature of the surrounding in order to maintain their own temperature. An increase in temperature leads to an increase in metabolism processes, which also lead to increased heart activity. In this experiment, the effect of temperature of the rate of metabolism was studied. This was done using cold-blooded animals, Mytilus species, to determine the effect of temperature on metabolism. The increase in temperature led to an increased heart rate. It was thus concluded that temperature affects the rate of metabolism.

Introduction

A poikilotherm or cold-blooded organisms are those organisms ...

Human intelligence is a vital factor on in the study of the evolution. It entails the common mental capability that involves the ability to reason, solve problems, plan, think abstractly and learn quickly. Generally, intelligence is an overall term that describes a variety of interrelated mental abilities. Several theories have been postulated to explain the evolution of human intelligence. The theories are closely tied to the evolving of the human brain and development of human language. Intelligence interpretation and perception is diverse and varies relatively with scenarios presented. Recognition of intelligence is not well elaborate. Many scholars agree that recognizing ...

Human beings are believed to have evolved from apes, nonhuman and human like forms. Genetically human beings are linked to have evolved from the great ape. The earliest fossils that are considered to be the remains of human beings are the genus of australopithecines which are dated 4 million years ago and from australopithecines now came the genus homo. Genus homo evolved from australopithecine ancestors. Creationists have argued that australopithecines belong to the genus homo because of the similarities they share with them. There are four ways in determining whether a fossil is of that of an australopithecine and not ...

In “Republic”, Socrates depicts a picture of people who are imprisoned inside a cave. They have been in the cave since childhood and what they know is what has been happening inside the cave only. The people are sitting down facing forward. They cannot look sideways or backwards because they are tied. This prevents them from seeing what is on their sides and what is behind them (Plato & Bloom 160).

Behind the people, there is a fire and behind it, there is a wall. On the top of the wall there are different statues being manipulated by people behind the wall. The people ...

Salmonella

Scientific name of the causative organism: Different serovars of Salmonella enterica

I. Classification

Superkingdom: - Bacteria

Kingdom: - Bacteria

Phylum: - Proteobacteria

Order: - Enterobacteriales

Family: - Enterobacteriaceae

Genus: - Salmonella

Species: - S. enterica.

Strain: Salmonella enterica has more than 2500 strains of which Typhi and Paratyphi are the most common.

II. Structure and morphology

If bacterial:

Shape: Salmonella are rod shaped bacteria with diameters ranging from 0.7 to 1.5µm and about 2 to 5µm in length. Arrangement: Glycocalyx: Cell wall: Bacteria of this genus are gram negative. Cell wall components: S. Typhi has a Polysaccharide capsule Vi on ...

Homo Erectus

The evolution of the vertebral column has been quite unclear ascribed to limited fossils of Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene hominids. However, the few samples discovered, have contributed significantly to the development of knowledge in line to evolution and understanding of the postcranial skeleton or otherwise the hominids. The distinctive features which encompass dental and cranial pieces avail the earliest evidence of hominids and their existence (Jurmain, Kilgore &Trevathan, 2009). The immediate hominid ancestors, as well as the modern humans, are discerned from apes by more perceptible features than the teeth and jaw dimensions (Jurmain, Kilgore &Trevathan, 2009). Examples of the ...

This manual identifies bacterium according to their functional attribute as well as according to their structure and arranging them according to a certain specific familial arrangement (University of Idaho 1). For instance, in this study and using Bergey’s Manual, we are supposed to identify the species and genus of a sample of bacteria. By using the Bergy’s manual and through identifying the bacterium according to their functional attribute as well as according to their structure and arranging them according to a certain specific familial arrangement; the following is derived