This paper provides examples of internal and external validity from empirical qualitative peer-reviewed academic articles relating to project management in the oil and gas industry. The paper is divided into four sections highlighting internal validity, inferential external validity, theoretical external validity, and a discussion. Internal validity refers to the ‘truth value’ of the research, allowing the researcher to demonstrate a level of truth or believability in their research (Newman & Benz, 1998), specifically referring to “the causal relationships between variables and results” (Gibbert, Ruigrok, & Wicki, 2008, p. 1466). Olsen et al. (2008) address internal validity as follows: Regarding internal validity, ...
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