Essays on Gram

An eco map, also referred to as an eco graph, is a diagrammatic representation of an individual’s personal and social relationships with his/her environment (Bennett, 2011). The eco map was developed by Dr. Ann Hartman in 1975, and it documents the interaction of people, their families, and the external environment. An eco map enables one to not only see the connection, but to also visualize the quality of the interaction between people and their environments. Words such as “positive and nurturing” and “negative and wrought with stress” are used to describe the relationships between families and their external ...

Summary: APSIC Guide for prevention of Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLASBI)

The recommendations provided for insertion are optimal site selection, hand hygiene, alcohol based chlorhexidine skin preparation and maximum barrier precautions (Ling et al 2016). It is important to know the proper catheter infection site because it can affect the risk of infection and phlebitis. It is preferred to use subclavian site for adult patients. Hand hygiene is also important because it provides protection before the catheter insertion and maintenance. There should be proper aesthetic technique. Alcohol based chlorhexhidine in skin preparation is the standard procedure used in central and peripheral venous catheters. Lastly, maximum barrier precautions must be done ...

Diagnosis

The diagnosis that can be made from the symptoms of the patient is community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP is a severe disease of the lungs that occurs in people who do not have regular access to health care services. The risk factors of CAP include old age and medical comorbidities. CAP has been defined as comprising of chest pain, productive cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, fever, sweating and shaking chills (Musher, & Thorner, 2014). Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, atypical organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumonia, fungi, and viruses may cause pneumonia.

Gram Staining

The sputum taken from the lungs after a deep cough ...

Introduction:

Nanobiotechnology serves as an imperative technique in the development of clean, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis and congregation of metal NPs having the intrinsic ability to reduce metals by specific metabolic pathways. Silver nanoparticles are particularly interesting nanoscale systems due to the ease with which they can be synthesised and modified chemically. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been widely researched due to their interesting size and shape-dependent properties [26]. These novel properties can be tailored by controlling their size, shape, composition, structure and crystallinity. Due to their size features and advantages over available anti-microbial properties, chemical imaging ...

During the second week, the CRP analysis was performed in the class. Blood testing for C-reactive protein aids in the rapid identification and verification of the progress and effectiveness of the treatment of infections, injuries and inflammation. The analysis was conducted to determine the acute infectious diseases, to monitor the effectiveness of treatment of chronic diseases (amyloidosis), monitor the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment (pneumonia, septicemia, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, etc.) (Arinzon Z. et al., 2011, p.365). In addition, it helps to define the determination of the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, diabetes but also on chronic hemodialysis ...

ANATOMY OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

The urinary tract, simply put, is the bodies system of drainage through which excess water and wastes are removed from the body. It is a multi-organ system consisting of the two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The kidneys are small organs that assume the shape of a bean and are equivalently the size of a normal human fist. They are located below the rib cage, each of them on either side of the spine. Wastewater (urine) moves from the kidneys downwards through two narrow tubes known as ureters, and it is then stored in the bladder, ...

Infections in hospital settings are a challenge in nursing because of the potential dangers that they pose to a wide number of patients. Bloodstream infections from central lines are particularly hazardous as they affect patients that are already vulnerable, meaning that they contribute to morbidity and mortality in the hospital setting (Rinke et al., 2012). Although the rates of central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) can be reduced by up to 67% through the introduction of checklists (Schulman et al., 2011), the issue continues to be important in a wide number of hospital settings. It is also important to understand the ...

Identification of the Unknown Microorganisms

Unknown #1 Unknown #2 1. The identification of bacterial strains is a common practice in clinical and medical fields. The ubiquitously present microorganisms can be both, beneficial or harmful to the host they attack or inhabit. Since times, several biochemical characteristics have been identified for many bacteria that commonly are related to humans. These characteristics and morphology have been arranged in a systematic way to identify the targeted unknown microorganism along with ruling out the ones giving negative results for the characteristic tests. This way the search was narrowed down for each of the two unknown microorganisms. The Gram ...

Introduction

Trillions of microbes constitute the “Metagenome” of the human gut. This is the organ called microbiome, which is highly essential, and offers the host benefits such as metabolic abilities, pathogen protection, immune system enhancement, and GI tract developmental modulations (De Fillipo, et al.). In their study, three questions regarding the evolution of the human microbiota have been raised. They are: (1) how does the partitioning of bacterial diversity between and within two populations studied? (2) Does there exist a correlation between the diet and bacterial diversity?; and (3) considering the varied geography and hygienic conditions, what is the bacterial ...

INTRODUCTION

Klebsiella pneumoniae belongs to Klebsiella species of Enterobacteriaceae and constitutes the normal flora of the human mouth and intestine. K. pneumonia is the most predominant and clinically critical organism. Infections with K. pneumoniae are mostly contracted from the hospitals and principally occur in patients with damaged host defenses. The objective of this study is to perform techniques to identify the bacterium in the given sample and confirm its presence by staining and microscopic analysis.

Streaking may be performed on the clinical sample using Mac Conkey agar or blood agar with the goal of isolating colonies of the organism from ...

Assignment 2

PART A - (Total 15 marks)

Cephalexin and Gentamicin The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is focused on the prevention of the synthesis of the bacteria’s cell wall through the binding and inhibiting of the cell wall transpeptidases (Katzung, Masters, and Trevor, 2012). Specifically, it attaches to the penicillin-binding protein 1A found in the cell wall of bacteria. Then, the agent disintegrates the lactam ring to allow the acylation of the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain. The formation of the cross-link of the linear peptidoglycan strands is prevented by the inactivation of transpeptidases. Since the third and last stage ...

Panther I.D.:

“The expression of ampicillin resistance and luciferase enzyme genes by E. coli transformation using the pUC18 and lux plasmids” Abstract The transformation process allows the uptake of DNA from the environment, with the incorporation and expression of genes. During this process, changes in the DNA of the receptor cell occur, producing some selective advantages in some cases, such as resistance to antibiotics. pUC18 and lux plasmids were used to determine the transformation process in Escherichia coli. Cells were made competent by the addition of calcium chloride and heat shock in order to induce the incorporation of the ...

Introduction

Wen highly trained, motivated and talented athletes meet for competition there is a very small margin of defeat and victory. When everything else is on a level platform, nutrition becomes the determinant between losing and winning. Many athletes ignore key dietary issues and only focus on supplementing their diet with vitamins, minerals and proteins. Any professional athlete knows the value of nutritional support when it comes to performance(Perez-Schindler, Hamilton, Moore, Baar, & Philp, 2015). There is a lot that is involved including energy requirements, body mass, the type of foods, the sport involved and much more. All these factors ...

The children in the sample group were observed and interviewed on February 16, 2016. The researcher received verbal permission of the ECE practitioner in the group. Based on the interactions with the students, I observed that the total number of students in the interviewed comprised of mixed gender. There were a total of eleven students in the group. The eleven students were separated according to their gender. The majority of students (7) were girls and the remaining 4 students were boys. The interview was confidential and the procedure was conducted at the left side of the school age room. ...

Purpose

This experiment sought to determine the value of the surface tension of water and paraffin oil from the downward pull on a horizontal ring fastened to a spring.

Apparatus

The following materials were used in the experiment: Platinum-iridium ring equipped with stirrup (circumference L=4cm)

Spring

Paraffin oil Distilled water Petri dish Weight pan Striker Level Jolly balance with adjustable platform Scale to determine the paraffin oil density Suitable weights Bunsen burner Tweezers Introduction Surface tension refers to the energy required to expand a liquid’s surface area (Ozment, John, and Conrad, 391). Liquid molecules are attracted to one another by adhesive ...

Infection in cancer patient with febrile neutropenia: epidemiology, microbiology and management

Abstract Febrile neutropenia (FN) is characterised by a decrease in neutrophils number to values below 500 cells/ mm3 and an occurrence of fever higher or similar to 38.3ºC. It commonly occurs in cancer patients as a result of chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy destroys carcinogenic cells but also attacks in many cases some normal cells including essential elements of the immune system. Fever is one of the characteristic symptoms of FN and is usually associated with the presence of an infection caused by various microorganisms. Bacteria, including Gram-positive isolates (currently dominating) and Gram-negative species (dominant in the 1970s), are usually ...

What are three major causes of chronic bronchitis?

The three major causes of chronic bronchitis are cigarette smoking, long time exposure to air pollutants (such as industrial or chemical fumes), and inhalation of toxic gasses (Madell, 2016).

What are the major pathologic airway changes are associated with chronic bronchitis?

Chronic bronchitis is the condition affecting human beings that cause a continuous irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tube. Bronchial tubes are airways that carry air to and from the lungs. Exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollutants, or toxic chemicals causes a persistent cough that leads to the formation of excessive amounts of sticky mucus in the airways that result in inflammation and fibrosis. The mucus blocks ...

The field of microbiology was very limited until the discovery of the microscope, though it did exist in a very practical sense. Though scientists were ultimately wrong about what actually carried and transmitted the plague, for example, they were correct in hypothesizing that it came from an outside source. Between then and now, the microscope was developed, and has been improved upon more and more. Now we have a great classification scheme for prokaryotes (assuming bacteria). It follows the standard domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The standard for most eukaryotes is also the same for ...

Microbe-Host Analysis

Microbe-Host Analysis

Introduction

It is unknown how long Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus or staph) has been on this planet. We have been too busy trying to conquer all of successful attempts that it has made to evade our weapons against to establish an intricate epidemiologic profile of it. We do know when it was discovered to be a harmful bacteria, though. One of the primary toxins of staph, PVL, was first discovered by an assistant in Belgium by the name of H. van de Velde in 1894. He was taking care of some rabbits in a laboratory and noticed a ...

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INTRODUCTION:

Pathologists or microbiologists play a very vital role in the management and diagnosis of any disease. They get immense help by performing certain series of tests which aids them reaching to a conclusion. One such test is called as gram staining which is used widely as the most primitive test for the identification of various bacteria According to Beveridge, the gram stain essentially delineates bacteria into two broad categories. It does that by giving color to these bacteria and bacteria that attains purple or violet color are ...

Virulence and Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention

InstitutionVirulence and Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention of Opportunistic Bacterial Infections We live in a day that was much like 100 years ago, before antibiotics existed at all. The reason for this is that almost as soon as a new antibiotic is introduced, bacteria develop resistance to it. In 2008, a type of bacteria was found in China that has 45 specific genes meant solely to confer resistance to antibiotics just in its plasmid. Plasmid is a cellular material generated by bacterial colonies that are hard to penetrate with antibiotics, even without resistance genes (Lutz, 2016). As the search for ...