Essays on Hemorrhage

After Giving Birth

NR451 RN Capstone Course Term and Year After Giving Birth Even though postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of mortality after giving birth, most health care facilities do not have a standardized measures to assess blood volume loss and rely only on visual estimations for assessing and documenting blood loss. Consequently, blood loss below 250 mL tends to be overestimated, whereas blood loss above 2,000 mL tends to be underestimated (Bamberg et al., 2015). Inaccurate diagnosis of PPH delays treatment and increases mortality risk among intrapartum and postpartum women, so the purpose of the proposed nursing plan ...

It was on a cold January night when the local police were informed of a suspicious activity reported by the neighbors in a locality. An old woman possibly living all by herself had not been seen or heard of since several days, whereas the locals had reported her of being very active and outdoorsy. Yet since two days, she had not been seen outside her home, and when a neighbor visited her, he returned back without an answer even though he waited for several minutes. They tried her number, but she would not answer as well. The police were ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Question 1: Pathophysiology of Mr. Jensen’s post-operative hypovolemia

Hypovolemia is a surgical condition that indicates the rapid fluid loss that may result in organ failures. The outcomes of the hypovolemia are mostly due to insufficient circulating volume or scarce perfusion. Often hypovolemia is secondary to hemorrhage the reason of which includes severe internal or external blood loss and GI, thoracic and abdominal bleeding maladies (Devitt, 2001). Hypovolemia involves significant fluid loss other than blood that can be further accompanied by refractory gastroenteritis and widespread burns. Hypovolemia may develop in post-surgical incidence, bone fracture, due to ...

Herbal supplements, also referred to as botanicals, have been used for medicinal purposes for a very long time. This has been despite the little evidence supporting the effectiveness of most of these products (Dasgupta & Hammett-Stabler, 2011). Although herbal supplements are regulated by the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA), they are not classified as drugs or foods but fall under a category referred to as dietary supplements. For the current assignment, I visited two drug stores and recorded information on ten herbal supplements. During the exercise, I noted that herbal supplements have not had adequate scientific scrutiny compared to conventional ...

Post-operative haemorrhage reporting

Part 1 Postoperative haemorrhage is the bleeding observed after a procedure involving a surgical operation (Bonjer and Cuesta 224). The bleeding may be delayed, or it may happen immediately after the procedure.

The prevalence of postoperative haemorrhage

In 2000, the prevalence of postoperative haemorrhage in the United States was estimated to be as follows: An occurrence of 2.24 postoperative haemorrhages with evacuation or surgical drainage per 1000 surgical discharges, 1.02 postoperative haemorrhages of people with the age range of 0 to 17 per 1000 surgical discharges and 1.5 postoperative haemorrhages among people of ages 18 to 44 per 1000 surgical discharges.

A scenario involving post-operative haemorrhage

A 40year old ...

Headache is a common complaint that afflicts most of the adult population at some point in their lives (Hainer & Matheson, 2013). Headaches are by and large a subjective phenomenon with few objectively measurable factors (McMurtray & Saito, 2014). Most headaches will be the benign, but a small percentage will indicate an underlying neurologic or systemic pathology (Hainer & Matheson, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the chief complaint, “I have headaches or a headache.” The paper will discuss the objective and subjective data that needs to be collected, headache triggers and drug treatments, and the health promotion strategies ...

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the bruising of the brain due to an impact received on the head. The brain injury can be termed as primary if its caused directly by the impact blow or secondary if its caused by reaction processes such as swelling due to inflammation. Common types TBI include hematomas, contusions, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), concussion, and coup/contrecoup lesions. The type of injuries are characterized by symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, amnesia, loss of consciousness, going into a vegetative state or a coma or death in extreme cases. There is no clearly defined body of knowledge ...

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), stroke is the fifth leading illness that causes death in the United States. It is described as one of the primary causes of adult disability (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Approximately 800,000 people in the U.S alone suffer from a stroke annually. This figure translates to one American dying after every four minutes (Caplan 19). Owing to the serious prevalence the disease represents, the illness has received requisite attention regarding prevention and treatment techniques in an attempt to reduce its incidence. As a result of its quick ...

Patient information

The patient under review is a 42 year old female Indian who is admitted into the emergency room presenting with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Prior patient diagnosis reveals the patient had suffered from dental abscess and also a fractured tooth, which was subsequently treated with antibiotics. However, a tooth extraction procedure was carried out for the extraction of the tooth. Ensuing dental ache was treated with drugs purchased over the counter (OTC) including ibuprofen and acetaminophen before the medical prescription of Vicoprofen. The patient complains of nausea and headache in addition to vomiting copious amounts of a dark brown liquid ...

Dengue fever is one of the famous mosquito-borne human viral disease globally that is a public health emergency. This virus is transmitted through a bite from a female mosquito with the virus predominantly mosquitoes from the Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus species. It has become widespread reaching hyper-endemic magnitudes in urban and semi-urban tropics, and the dengue virus causes Dengue Fever. This condition affects infants, children, and even adults meaning nearly half of the population is at risk of this condition. Moreover, Several people are suffering from it always recover without any further issues because the fatality rate is ...

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Corresponding Address and email)

Acute ischemic stroke refers to the death of brain tissue caused by interruption of the blood flow to brain. This interruption is caused by occlusion of a cervical or cerebral artery, or cerebral vein (Uchino, Pary, & Grotta, 2011). It is among the leading causes of death in the world. According to the estimates of American Heart Association, nearly one stroke occurs in every 40 seconds in the U.S., approximating 795,000 cases of stroke per year (American Heart Association Stroke, 2015). Assessment and management of acute ischemic stroke patients need to be done as soon as ...

Write a description of the health history you would need to collect from the patient in the case study to which you were assigned. In the assessment of rectal bleeding the physicians will have to assess the duration of bleeding, the nature of the bleeding as to whether it is fresh blood-streaked or mixed-blood with stool. Similarly, the physician will assess the patient in regard to anal pain or discomfort, itchiness or lumps (Treas & Wilkinson, 2014). On the other hand, a personal history of relate illnesses such as colorectal cancer, colorectal polyp, inflammatory bowel disease will be determined to ...

Abstract

The extent of cesarean and forceps delivery has been increased over the last decade due to which the health related risks to the infant and mother has been increased. The procedure of cesarean delivery can incorporate the nerve damage whereas, the process of forceps delivery tends to cause the cerebral trauma on the infant, which eventually hinders the quality of life of the infant and also enhances the mortality rate. In this paper, the effect of the forceps delivery on the occurrence of cerebral palsy among the infants has been determined with respect to the cesarean delivery. The PICOT ...

Abstract

The field of medicine has gone through an immense transformation over the past years to the betterment of the field. In the past couple decades, there have been significant improvements in the patients imaging. There have been some imaging modalities that have been practiced in the medical sectors to help provide the body structures where standard prescriptive methods have proved ineffective. In the recent years, magnetic resonance imaging has been one of the fundamental modalities used in the imaging in the clinical medicine. There are several benefits and structural advantage that it exhibits over other imaging modalities. Among the ...

Introduction

Health providers especially in Labor and Delivery (L&D) need to enhance their skills and competence in a dynamic teamwork situation given the erratic nature and various complications during labor. There is no knowing when emergency beckons and if the systems and processes can deliver quality health care.

Identification of problem or process to be changed

Bleeding after childbirth in excess of 500 ml blood (postpartum hemorrhage) can be life threatening if the intervention is not adequate or timely. PPH can be triggered from any of these reasons: the failure of uterus to contract after delivery, genital tract tears, or placental tissue retention.

Need for the change or enhancement, including driving forces such as: Regulatory, such as OSHA mandate

- Postpartum visits ...

Selection from an 8 year-period of pulmonary valve replacement and cross sectional follow up of a commercially available biological valve, assessed with established and a new method

What This Thesis Is About

Pulmonary valve replacement is a procedure necessary in many congenital heart defects and in-valve degeneration cases. Surgical results are excellent, but the longevity of artificial valves is very limited. Our goal was to give a retrospective overview of methods and results from the year 2000 until 2008 at Rikshospital, as well as the prospective five year follow-up of a biological valve made from bovine pericardium. Follow up included clinical examination with ECG, echocardiography, spirometry, treadmill testing, echocardiography ...

1. What is Normal hematocrit ranges?

The normal hematocrit ranges are dependent on two things which are the age and sex of the individual. However, it is only dependent on sex after adolescence. The normal hematocrit ranges are: 55%- 68% for Newborn babies, 47% - 65% for one week old babies, 37% - 49% for one month old babies, 30% - 36% for three month olds, 29% -41% for one year olds, 36% - 40% for 10 year olds, 42% - 54% for adult males, and 38% - 40% for adult women.

2. What is Occult blood?

An occult blood is defined as a negligible amount of blood present ...

Introduction

Cerebrovascular accident refers to stroke in which the blood flow to the brain is interrupted due to a rupture of an artery to the brain or blockage, resulting in oxygen deprivation and consequent death of brain cells. Our brain needs a steady oxygen supply to have blood pumped throughout the body effectively. The blood flowing through the arteries to the brain carries the oxygen. In the case of a cerebrovascular accident, one or few of these arteries get ruptured or blocked, thereby interrupting the flow of the oxygen-rich blood to the oxygen. Within 60-90 seconds of oxygen deprivation, the brain cells in ...

The TV series Crime Scene Investigation has for some time been one of the viral and most watched series in the world. With its combination of both reality and fiction, much attention is gained from the viewers who criticize and at the same time big up the captivating work of executive producer Jerry Bruckheimer alongside Anthony E. Zuicker, Ann Donahue and Carol Mendelsohn. CSI is a series depicting the crimes (especially murders and kidnappings) committed in most, if not all of the cities around the continent. Moreover, it shows how these crimes are solved to find the unknown truths and ...

Shock is also called “vascular collapse” and can be a result of assault on body’s homeostasis. Such assaults can be profuse hemorrhage, severe trauma or burns, extensive myocardial infarction, massive pulmonary embolism, or uncontrolled bacterial sepsis. In particular, the “hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood and fluid loss make the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working”. Here we will be elaborating on Hypovolemic Shock, which is a result of hemorrhage or body fluid loss. The principle mechanisms involved are inadequate blood ...

(Author)

Abstract

Unplanned extubation can be defined as the premature removal of ETT. It can be deliberate or accidental. Usually, it is caused by mechanical ventilation, which is the common process in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Unplanned extubations represents fourth most common adverse event in NICUs in North America. Unplanned extubation can result in several complications such as acute cardiorespiratory deterioration, bronchospasm, hypotension, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and subglottic stenosis. Duration of intubation, short length of ETT, less common use of sedatives and muscle relaxants, and time spent out of bed in the hand of parents, i.e. movements, are some of ...

Ebola’s first case was reported in Africa in 1970s but in 2014, the outbreak was devastating. This deadly disease causes mild fever, severe headache, vomiting and unexpected hemorrhage in the carrier of this virus. The role of public health departments is critical in this outbreak because the outbreak has been sudden, and an emergency response rate has been quite slow. It is important that public health departments should arrange a surveillance system to identify VHF (Viral Hemorrhage Fever ) in patients. It is crucial that pre-epidemic emergency response should be developed, and precautions should be reinforced throughout the health care ...

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Introduction The National Stroke Association (2009) defines stroke as an ‘attack’ to the brain cells and tissues that often cuts off perfusion. Hemorrhagic strokes results when a blood vessel that supplies a certain area of the brain breaks or ruptures causing blood leakage into the brain tissue (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). Prevalence of stroke in the United States (US) is estimated at 800,000 per year and mortality rate is about 160,000 people per year (National Stroke Association, 2009). In Canada, stroke accounts for more than 14,000 deaths per year (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). However, ...

[Author’s Name] [Insititutional Affiliation] A stroke is a cerebrovascular event resulting in rapid functional cell death in local tissue. Strokes, also known as cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) are a major cause of disability globally (Doyle, Simon, & Stenzel-Poore, 2008) and occur due to a disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This disturbance in cerebral blood flow commonly results in a period of ischemia, an interruption to the delivery of oxygen to the brain tissue. Focal ischemia due to occlusion of brain artery is the cause of more than 80 % of all strokes (Flynn, MacWalter, & Doney, 2008). The other major cause ...

Wilms tumor

Wilms Tumor Introduction Wilms Tumor or otherwise nephroblastoma is a rare form of kidney cancer that is often diagnosed on children more than on adults. The medical condition was first identified and described by the German surgeon named Dr. Max Williams (1867-1918) (Nordqvist, 2010). Although the tumor is often the most malignant among children particularly during the age three to four years old, but there are cases where both kidneys are affected. In the United States, there are about 500 cases of Wilms tumor reported, with almost 90% of the sufferers survive at least five more years (Nordqvist, ...

Introduction

Von Willebrand disease (vWD) can be defined as the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality depicted in humans, even though it can as well be acquired from other medical conditions. It occurs as a result of a quantitative or qualitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is a multimeric protein needed for adhesion of platelet. It is recognized to affect humans as well as dogs, and on rare occasion cattle, swine, cats, and horses. There exist three types of vWD namely acquired, inherited and platelet or pseudo type.

Symptoms

In several individuals with von Willebrand disease vWD, the symptoms are mild, or they ...

Introduction

Body-Literature Review - The importance use of oxytocin use in obstetrics - The importance of Oxytocin use in postpartum haemorrhage - Oxytocin use by paramedics - Summary

Conclusions

Recommendations Abstract This document embraces a literature review research into the feasibility of oxytocin for the management of postpartum haemorrhage in the pre-hospital setting. Scientists have discovered that oxytocin has shown to have reduced the risk of postpartum haemorrhage yet only some ambulance services are equipped with the drug. This discussion explores reasons for paramedic professionals electing not to have oxytocin in their execution units and ultimately ...

Thesis Proposal: 1st Draft

How Temperature Effects Platelet Function During Hypothermic and Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass ABSTRACT Background During the process of Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB), the physiology of platelet functions subjected to different temperature conditions largely determines whether a patient will experience increased or reduced postoperative bleeding. This research paper showed that platelets levels in normothermic patients are preserved better than in the hypothermic patients.

Methods

Meta-analysis test was applied in numerous peer-reviewed journals. Among the articles I reviewed, one hundred patients were randomized into the normothermic perfusion (35 to 37Cº, N=50) and the mild hypothermic CPB group (27-32Cº, N=50). They compared temperature ...

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine benefits of ultrasound over MRI as an imaging modality for assessing fetal brain. This study establishes that these two imaging modalities mainly play matching roles. Several differences exist in relation to the laws, abilities, technology and guidelines governing abortion. These differences have a significant effect on how pathologists use prenatal imaging in their treatment procedures. Based on the roles that each method plays and other predetermined factors, a person has to select the most suitable and applicable imaging modality. The benefits and confines of the two imaging modalities when establishing a fetal brain are ...

Introduction

In this paper, the pathopyiology of syncope is discussed with emphasis on Mr. Peter’s medical history and factors that could have contributed to his syncope. Further, the paper discusses the colonoscopy and its findings, his right hemi colectomy and the complications arising from his fall.

Pathopysiology of Syncope

Syncope is the transient loss of memory that occurs when cerebral blood flow falls to below half the normal value resulting in a brief period of inadequate oxygen, glucose and other nutrients supply to the brain tissues (Hainsworth, 2004). Syncope occurs rapidly, lasts for a short duration and the patient almost always recovers spontaneously. Syncope ...

Vaginal vs. Cesarean section vs. other modes of delivery – and Postpartum Hemorrhage in Perinatal database from China. Association between modes of delivery vaginal vs. cesarean section vs. other modes of delivery and postpartum hemorrhage in Perinatal database from China. Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the causes, if not leading cause, of maternal morbidity recognized worldwide with 140,000 cases annually. The most common cause of hemorrhage is uterine atony, leading to postpartum hysterectomy, a process proved to be related to cesarean delivery. The purpose of this study is to confirm and identify the relationship between these ...

General Purpose: To analyze

Specific purpose: To analyze for my audience the use of symbolism in Ernest Hemingway’s novel A Farewell to Arms Central idea: The novel contains many instances of symbolism; the symbolism primarily corresponds to Hemingway’s feelings about war and the people who are in wars. I. Introduction

A. Hemingway uses symbolism throughout the novel

1. He condemns warfare. 2. He admires people who serve during wartime.

B Thesis and preview of main points

The symbolism expresses Hemingway’s condemnation of warfare and his admiration of the soldiers, ambulance drivers, medical personnel, and others. 1. Rain symbolizes death. 2. Physical objects symbolize different intangible qualities. 3. Catherine’ ...

Postpartum Hemorrhage

Introduction Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significantly life-threatening complication that can occur after both vaginal and caesarean births (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Simpson and Creehan (2008) define PPH as the amount of blood loss after vaginal birth, usually more than 500mL, or after a caesarean birth, normally more than 1000mL. However, the definition is arbitrary, attributed to the fact that loss of blood during birth is intuitive and widely inaccurate (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). In line with this, studies have suggested that health care providers consistently underestimate actual blood loss, thus, an objective definition of PPH would be any amount of bleeding ...

The Immorality of Abortion

Since the Supreme Court overturned section 287 of the Criminal Code in 1988, making abortion legal with few restrictions, abortion has remained a hot topic for lawmakers and the public (Duhaime ¶ 12-13). There are two groups of people on opposing sides concerning abortion, and both possess strong feelings about the issue. On one side, people who support abortion believe that it is a woman’s right to choose what happens to her body. On the other side, people opposing abortion often believe that the procedure ends the life of a human being who has a right to life. The murder of a human being is ...

LIVER DISEASE

Pathophysiology of the Disease Liver disease is a major concern all over the world. The initial stages are referred to as hepatic fibrosis. In case of severe and critical advancement, the stage is called cirrhosis. In this stage the disease is not reversible; the fibrous is scarred and the hepatic structure is characterized with interconnecting bands (Regenstein & Dickerson, 2006). Normal working of the liver is hindered by the resulting insufficient blood flow and continuous destruction of hepatocytes (Sorrell, Maddrey & Schiff, 2011). The etiological factors which lead to cirrhosis include Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and abuse of ...

Response to question- 1.

In responding to this question, Mr. T‘s ability to cope with such an emergency influences the outcome. Hence, monitoring symptoms indicative of tissue hypoxia are crucial to managing hemorrhage. This would be addressed in this following pages of this paper.

Hemodynamics is specifically related to how blood flows through the cardiac (heart) and systemic circulation (body organs and tissues)( Marieb, & Hoehn, 2007). The function of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the cardiovascular system. In monitoring these activities the pulse rate is measured as well as blood pressure levels in evaluating pressure at different parts ...

Introduction

It has been realized that dolphin has the ability to heal quickly soon after a shark bite. The dolphins are also able to resist infections, be protected from excessive blood and loss and restore their normal body contours after the bite. A close study has established that this can provide insights for care of human injuries resulting from different forms of accidents. The response of dolphins has provided encouraging results to scientists who are looking for the remedies and treatments of human injuries. The shark bites usually causes very big contours on the dolphins’ bodies that could be fatal to a ...

Skin Biopsy

More often than not, a skin sample may appear to be abnormal with regards to the fact that the skin has changed color, shape, or appearance. The change in skin color, shape, or general appearance can be due to skin cancer, fungal infection, psoriasis or any other infection of the skin. To confirm the actual cause of such abnormality on the skin, dermatologists usually recommend a skin biopsy, which involves the removal of part of the skin for use in the histological examination or any other relevant tests. The word biopsy is derived from Greek words ‘bios’ meaning ‘life’ and ‘ ...

Introduction:

Losing a loved one is a very painful experience especially when someone is lost through maternal means. As far as culture diversity is concerned, many communities around the world have different expectations when it comes to maternal mortality on whether to lose the baby or the mom. In most communities, they opt for the child to die and the mom to survive while in others, they prefer the baby to survive and lose the mom even though such believers are very minimal around the world. Maternal mortalities of both the mothers and the infants are increasing at a very high level around ...