Essays on Hydroxyl

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

This experiment aims at studying the characteristics of titrations with the strength of different acids used in these titrations. This is done by drawing the titration curves of the different titrations that are carried out in this experiment and interpreting those curves. The units of measurement for this experiment are the standard units that are used in titrations. These are molarity (moles/liter) of substances while the quantities are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Conductometry is a type of electroanalytical method in analytical chemistry. While other electroanalytical methods use equilibria or electrodes, conductometry is different and employs the conductance of materials ...

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Introduction

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a very complicated neurodegenerative condition including the motor and non-motor manifestations that lead to neuronal loss. Currently, only symptomatic therapies are available but nothing is known yet to prevent this degenerative process. This is a multi-factorial condition with multiple risk factors that includes increasing age, genetic vulnerability, and environmental determinants. All these factors mutually play a role in the pathogenic process of PD. Medical sciences have achieved major advances in understanding the process working behind PD development that are Nigral Dopaminergic Apoptosis, Protein ...

Bio Exam

Codominant traits exist when two different alleles for a genetic trait such as flower colour, and hair texture are both expressed. The expression of codominance infers a relationship between two types of a gene. In codominance, the phenotypes of both alleles inherited from the parents are expressed ("Codominance - Glossary Entry", 2016).

Genetic expression feather colors in purple penguin ("Basic Principles of Genetics: Probability of Inheritance", 2016).

With the order of dominance as pd>pm>pl>pvl a 1 dark: 1 medium ration of phenotype among the baby penguins is expected. Marfan Syndrome is a genetic disorder that exhibits variation among affected individuals. The range of phenotypic severities is an example of variable expressivity. ...

Chemistry

2. The nano carrier needs to remain in suspension in H2O, PBS, human serum, etc. What type of polymer do you need to use to decorate the surface of the nanocarrier to achieve this goal? In order to maintain the nanocarrier in suspension in water, Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), human serum a suitable solution a polymer is needed on its surface. The polymer used needs to accomplish three goals. The polymer needs to decorate the nanocarrier surface to enhance suspension and secondly, to prevent protein absorption. Another characteristic is that the polymer evades the immune system. PLGA poly(lactic-co-)glycolic ...

Abstract

The prodrug design is an efficient and powerful method that can be practised in a wide range of parent drug compounds, administration routes and preparations. Its main goal is to overcome the drawbacks of regular drug compounds by effectively targeting the drug's particular site of action for improved therapy. This assignment seeks mainly to depict the different classifications of prodrugs and the role these play in drug design through the use of several examples. A brief description highlighting the modern aspects of prodrug design is also covered here.

Introduction:

Prodrugs are inactive forms of drug compounds that undergo chemical or ...

Abstract

This is a Laboratory Journal of Organic Chemistry Note for synthesis reaction data obtained in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory — all information was experimentally conducted. This article should be used as a reference when conducting your own synthesis reactions.

The three synthesis reactions covered in this experiment are all substitution reactions. The first synthesis is a reflex reaction leading to yielding of primary alcohol, and involves 2 reactants – NaBr and H2SO4. Since it is bimolecular in nature, it can be easily classified as a Sn2 reaction.

The second synthesis can be carried out easily in the presence of only one ...

Abstract

This paper will investigate whether or not artificial artificial affect obesity. Everything that is sweeten with sugar can now be sweetened with an artificial sweetener; and for pennies morewe can have all the pleasures of sweet with half the calories; and so we slip onto ignorant bliss unaware that we might be adding calories instead of taking off calories,

As Americans we have a phobia of hard work, so rather than reading the label on food we look for the word “diet.” Recent studies have shown that we might be putting on more weight with fewer calories from sugar. ...

Essay Examination

Living things have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from non-living things. They respond to variations in environmental conditions for instance decrease or increase in temperature. A living thing is able to detect the changes in the environment and react in a manner that can help it maintain the normal external and internal conditions. For example, most living animals move away from high temperatures. Plants too, respond to the saline environment by excluding sodium and chloride ions. Living things also respire. As a result they take in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxides. Moreover, living things acquire nutrients and energy from the ...

Aim

The experiment aims to study the effect of substrate concentration on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from banana extracts using spectrophotometric techniques.

Introduction

An enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and works as a biological catalyst. The enzyme possesses three major characteristics. The first characteristic is that they act to increase the rate at which a given reaction takes place. This enables most cellular reactions to take place at up to million times faster compared to their rate in the absence of an enzyme. Secondly, most enzymes act specifically on a single reactant known as a substrate to produce the ...

Introduction:

Clean non-polluted water is a major basic requirement for all the living things. Nowadays, its availability becomes a major problem in the ecosystem. This problem is expected to increase in the future due to population growth and industrialization processes. The processes discharge of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes contribute largely to the contamination of existing natural waters in the environment. Therefore, at the present moment, it is important that the pathogens and pollutants are completely removed from the waste water to cater for the needs of domestic use, industrial use, and irrigation purposes. This paper discusses two processes of oxidation and ...

Chapter review

Chapter review Matter is anything that has mass and occupy space. The smallest particle of matter is referred to as an atom. An atom is the basic substance of the matter. An atom consists of; tiny subatomic substance. These substances are; proton, electron, and neutron. The protons are positively charged; electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. The atom is divided into two parts, the center that consists of the neutrons and proton and the outer part which consist of the electrons. An atom has different properties; a physical property can be seen and observed without ...

Identification of Codeine by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Group Members: Aim The present practical exercise aims at examining a commercial Panadeine tablet for the presence of codeine and paracetamol using GC-MS. Introduction Methyl morphine, codeine, occurs in opium at low concentrations. Codeine is a pro-drug because it undergoes metabolism or demethylation, in vivo, to form the active analgesic morphine. The experiment 3 involves a pH dependent extraction technique. The process separates the active constituents of Panadeine. Before extracting Panadeine, however, Eosin B undergoes extraction in order to demonstrate the effect of pH on the solubility of the compound. The GC-MC allows for the separation of a mixture ...

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2 Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2 In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum chloride is not a ...

Abstract

This research paper will discuss the significant contribution of DNA fingerprinting in the criminal justice system for being able to provide a reliable basis for conviction. DNA fingerprint analysis is referred as an accurate indicator to determine the guilt and innocence of an accused. The history, importance and various DNA fingerprinting techniques shall be discussed. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is considered as more superior than other forensic science methods since the technology has improved over time. DNA fingerprinting has allowed the test of smaller amounts of material, faster testing procedures and more conclusive results. Finger ridge analysis is science and ...

Introduction

The term lipids is used to refer to a group of organic compounds that are naturally occurring and that are all soluble in non-organic solvents such as benzene , chloroform, acetone and ether but not soluble in water. The later characteristic means that lipids can also be defined as amphiphilic or hydrophobic small modules. This amphophilic nature of lipids essentially allows them to be able to form structures such as liposome’s, vesicles or membranes when subjected to aqueous environments. The biological lipids mainly originate from two major build-blocks or biochemical sub-units: isoprene and ketoacyl groups. Another distinct characteristic of lipids ...

Introduction

Steroids play a central role in enhancing human growth, development and normal health, since they take part in development of secondary sexual traits, reproduction, gene expression, neurological and cardiovascular functions and maturation among others. Accordingly, imbalances in the metabolic mechanisms of steroids in humans is associated with an array of health complications such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer among others. The foregoing underscores the importance of steroid profiling to establish its levels in humans, particularly in disease diagnosis, because it enables health professionals to understand a variety of steroid-related health conditions. For efficiency and accuracy, a good profiling method is ...

A)Pathophysiology of crocidolite.

Pathophysiology refers to both the pathological and physiological effects of a disease or injury. Crocidolite is a type of asbestos which is blue in color which has very thin fibers hair like fibers. This makes it the most dangerous type of asbestos as these thin fibers are very easily inhaled when blown by the wind where the asbestos occurs naturally (Australia) and when people are working with it especially during mining. This type of asbestos is used mainly for insulation as it is sprayed on walls, ceilings, boilers ovens and pipes. Crocidolite falls under the category of respirable dusts. These ...

Introduction

The activities that take place in a living organism are mainly controlled through the use of enzymes. Enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and functions as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a given reaction. An enzyme as a protein molecule has three main characteristics. First, an enzyme has its basic function is as to increase the reaction rate and this makes most of the cellular reactions occur more than million times that they would have if the enzyme was absent. Second, almost all enzymes act in a specific manner with only one substrate in order to produce the ...

- Chemistry of Cholesterol C27H45OH is the molecular formula of cholesterol. The molecules consist of three regions: a hydrocarbon tail, a hydroxyl group, and a a ring structure region with 4 hydrocarbon rings. The solubility of the hydroxyl group in water can be attributed to its polar nature. The 4-ring region that also comprises cholesterol is a common ring in all steroids. The rings have a carbon atom at each corner with two hydrogen atoms that extend off the ring. That is why it is called a hydrocarbon ring. The ring region and the tail region cannot dissolve in water, as they are both ...

Question 2

Non covalent bonds attach the paired bases that compliment each other. The bond serves a strengthening feature in attaching the complimentary pairs. The bases that are complimentary in the bases of a DNA are G= guanines, A= adenines, C= cytonines and T= thymines. The bonding process of bases is done when G bonds with C, T bonds with A. This is the rule for bonding of the DNA bases. These are strongly found between the base and nucleotides that are completed when the four bases interact to make a adenosine monophosphate (Audesirk, et al., 2011).

Structure of the DNA 3

The polymer of the DNA is referred ...

Water Contaminants from Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries

Water Contaminants from Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries

Abstract

In industrial processes, the generation of waste waters is unavoidable sometimes. It is therefore important to develop process for decontaminating this water. The treatment of toxic effluent that contains pharmaceutical and industrial chemicals cannot be satisfactorily attained through the use of conventional processes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been very vital and successful in their application to degrade these toxic compounds found in water. The high generation of extremely powerful oxidizing agent like the hydroxyl radical forms the back bone of the AOPs. This method is capable of destroying organic compounds until ...

Abstract

Oxidation is a common problem in olive oil due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acid, this leads to nutritional losses and quality degradation, especially under microwave heating. A number of studies have been done to add natural antioxidants to reduce oxidation. This project examines the possible application of olive leaves to reduce or inhibit olive oil oxidation under microwave heating. Olive leaves were able to increase the total polyphenol content as well as reducing the peroxide value in olive oil. However, the microwave heating caused severe quality degradation (increasing peroxide value and reducing total polyphenol) especially after 10 ...

NITROGEN AND COPPER DOPED SOLAR LIGHT ACTIVE TIO2 PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER DECONTAMINATION

Abstract: A new category of photocatalytic coating that can degrade chemical as well as bacterial contaminants under visible sunlight wavelengths was generated by the deposition of a stable photocatalytic TiO2 film over the internal lumen of glass bottles by means of a sol–gel technique. Such a coating was produced either in doped or undoped form. This coating used copper and/ or nitrogen for producing visible light-active TiO2 films that were normalized or annealed at 600 ◦C and were characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation of methylene blue was seen to accelerate with doped and undoped TiO2 films ...

Different parts of a car are made of different material. The choice of material to make different parts of a motor vehicle is influenced by factors like amount of stress handled by the part, cost of material compared to other alternatives and purpose of the part e.g. decoration etc. These are some of the factors the determine type of material a motor vehicle part is made of. An example of material and part on a car made using the material is given below. (A) Ferrous alloy 1.0 Part made of ferrous alloy

Engine components e.g. bolts and nuts, engine ducts and ...

Regulation of body pH occurs either through pH regulation or pH compensation. Regulation occurs as a combined effort of buffer systems, and respiratory and renal systems. Normal metabolism produces acidic wastes, for example, carbonic and lactic acid. These products increase acidity of body fluids and cause a shift in body pH away from the normal alkaline nature. Buffers help to prevent the shift towards an acidosis, and hence maintain pH of the blood and the body. Buffers also facilitate maintenance of narrow pH ranges of body fluids. Maintenance of this narrow range is crucial since biochemical reactions are affected by concentration ...

According to Shortliffe and Cimino (2006), Bioinformatics enables students understand the processes involved in biotic systems. Biotic systems support in the study of how complex social systems interact by accumulating information, forming restrained behavior and maintaining prebiotic evolution models. Shortliffe and Cimino assert that developing this database we need to develop and design complex interfaces that researchers use to access the available data, revise it and then submit the data (2006). Bioinformatics helps to study, analyze and interpret data that involve amino acid and nucleotide sequence. Using of the computer has also improved the study of bioinformatics hence enabling ...