Essays on Hypothyroidism

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A 17 years old girl was born on term. At the age of 2 years, the girl went into an unconscious state and admitted to a hospital. Laboratory diagnosis represented severe level of diabetic ketoacidosis (Nagy et al., 2010). Some important signs of diabetic ketoacidosis are abdominal pain, hypotension, rapid shallow breathing, and dehydration (Buttaro, 2013). Blood glucose level of the girl was 37.6 mmol per liter. After thorough diagnosis, type 1A diabetes was found and she was given insulin treatment (Nagy et al., 2010). At the age of 11 years, she became pale and started ...

The three mental complications that include dementia, delirium, and depression have similar symptoms which make it difficult to determine the exact condition the patient suffers from (Yasin, 2013). As such, it becomes very important to learn the diagnosis procedure. Such practice helps in instilling some sense of accuracy when it comes to differentiating the three conditions (Alonso, Chatterji & He, 2013). This paper seeks to analyze a typical case study whereby the patient has presented her scenario with specific details of the condition as it represents itself symptomatically.

Reflection on Case Study 2 Patient’s Presentation

The case under analysis is the second one which involves an old ...

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder that results from thyroid hormonal deficiency. In the U.S. and other regions that have sufficient iodine consumption, autoimmune thyroid or the Hashimoto disease, normally causes hypothyroidism, while worldwide, iodine deficiency is the leading cause.

Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism can be caused by malfunctioning of the hypothalamus, thyroid, or pituitary gland, as all of these result from the same “negative feedback mechanism” (McCann, 2011, p. 496). Despite belonging to the same mechanism the hypothalamus malfunction rarely causes hypothyroidism, and when it does, it is called ‘secondary hypothyroidism’. While the malfunction of the gland is referred to as ‘primary ...

Based on the initial symptoms, the patient most likely suffers from hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormone disorder. Further clinical tests and an examination of the family’s medical history reveals that the particular disorder could be Hashimoto’s disease; also called Hashimoto thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis is classified as an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, one's immune system attacks the body’s tissue specifically the thyroid gland (Skugor & Wilder, 2006, p.2). By attacking the thyroid gland, the disease reduces the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones of substantial quantity. This condition leads to hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone deficiency presents with ...

BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES GRID

INSTITUTUIONAL AFFILIATION The purpose of this paper is to identify the major systems of the human body which, include the Nervous System, the Cardiovascular System, the Endocrine System, the Respiratory System, the Musculoskeletal System, and the Lymphatic System. The organs for each specific system will be identified, a brief explanation of each bodily function will be provided, and major diseases afflicting the system will be discussed.

Taylor (n.d.) clarifies that the sensory system comprises of the cerebrum, spinal line, tangible organs, and the majority of the nerves that associate these organs with whatever remains of the body. Together, these ...

Neurological and/or neurovascular components of the major types of headaches

Introduction

Headaches are classified as one of the most renowned neurological complaints. At some point in life, most people experience headaches, and the World Health Organization (WHO) consider the phenomenon as the most disabling condition because of the harmful effects on the quality of life. According to Winn (2011), headache is a common physical manifestation of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and either produce either new primary symptoms or worsen pre-existing symptoms in patients with a prior headache history. The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) provides a clinical criterion that categorizes headaches into ...

This reference is a National Institutes of Health website that focuses mainly on the basic information on hypothyroidism. This reference provides an introduction into the topic by defining hypothyroidism as well as providing various causes of hypothyroidism. The website also offers information on the symptoms of the condition, different tests that are used to diagnose the disease as well as different treatment options. The information from the paper will be useful in introducing the paper and giving basic concepts on the topic.

- How would propylthiouracil affect metabolic rate in a normal rat? Explain why.

It would decrease metabolic rate since propylthiouracil decreases the production of thyroid hormone (“Propylthiouracil,” n.d.).

- Explain the action of insulin on body cells.

Insulin acts on the body cells by promoting absorption of glucose from the blood stream to the body cells. This is done when insulin attaches to the insulin receptors in cells triggering a response that increases the levels glucose transporters (GLUT4) (Cartailler, n.d.).

- If the body is not producing enough insulin what happens to levels of that substance (your answer to ...

PATIENT PROFILE

A 29 year old female Caucasian who has a 7-month history of heavy irregular menses, a 5-pound weight gain, constipation and history of decreased energy

SUBJECTIVE

There is a family history of thyroid disease in the patient's mother (Nissenson, A. R., 2009). Moreover, from the physical examination, the patient is overweight with a body mass index of 26.09 kg/m/m. Computed Tomography also shows enlargement of the thyroid gland without the presence of any nodule.

OBJECTIVE

Thyroid function test which includes serum thyrotropin concentrations and ; thyroxine, resin triiodothyronine uptake; free thyroxine index (FTI), Thyroxine, Thyroid stimulating Hormone are all serum parameters that are measured. clinical ...

1) What blood test would you order and why? (1 point) - Quantitative hCG blood test: measures serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels (US FDA, 2013) - Above normal hCG values: determines if patient is having a normal pregnancy and the number of fetuses as well as gestational age, or if amenorrhea is due to hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, or ovarian cancer (Ratcliffe et al., 2008; US FDA, 2013) - Below normal hCG values: indicates ectopic pregnancy, fetal death, incomplete abortion, or threatened spontaneous abortion (US FDA, 2013) 2). What is her estimated date of confinement (EDC) ...

1. Diagnosis of the disease and justification (1 paragraph) The patient is suffering from constipation. Constipation mostly refers to having bowel movement less than three times per week. Constipation is usually accompanied by hard stools or passing of the stool is difficult. Furthermore, the patient suffering from constipation is experiencing pain while passing stools or he/she may not be able to have a bowel movement after straining for more than 10 minutes. The symptoms of constipation may also be, as a result, of the condition of the feces that changes from the normal or usual feces. Constipation is, therefore, refer ...

Thyroid is a large endocrine gland found around the neck in animals. It is located below the thyroid cartilage which forms the Adam’s apple. The thyroid gland regulates the rate at which energy is used in the body, it makes proteins and controls the body’s sensitivity to the hormones. It achieves these goals by producing the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). These hormones control the rate of growth and how other body systems function. The T3 and T4 hormones are manufactured from tyrosine and iodine. In addition thyroid produce calticonin, a hormone which is responsible for balancing of calcium ...

Introduction

Hypothyroidism is a condition mainly characterized by low concentration of serum T4 (thyroxine) hormone. When this happen during pregnancy is known as maternal hypothyroxinemia. Adequate Thyroid hormone (T4) levels are critical during first trimester of gestation when the only source of T4 hormone of the fetus comes from the mother. A deficiency of T4 hormone constitutes a risk factor in the neurodevelopment and growth of the fetus . Severe mental retardation is one of the major conditions observed in children with non sufficient levels of thyroxine (T4) hormone during early fetal developing stages. It is now well documented, that thyroid hormone ...

Abstract

The body has two main systems that are involved in the maintenance and reestablishment of homeostasis, nervous system and endocrine system. The endocrine system is made up of groups of organs that are involved in the production of chemical messengers known as hormones. Some of the major endocrine glands that are found in a human body include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, pineal, gonad, adrenal, and pancreas glands. Although biological observations that are grounded in the functions of endocrine systems were noted by some of the ancient cultures, the modern understanding of various endocrine glands and the way they produce ...

J.K has acute kidney failure with Rhabdomyolysis. Acute kidney failure happens when the kidneys are suddenly not able to sift waste products from the blood. This results to accumulation of waste and affects the chemical balance of the blood. Rhabdomylosis is caused by skeletal muscles injury (Grau, Poch, &Bosch, 2009). The injury of the skeletal muscles results to the production of different intracellular muscle ingredients. In this case, J.K had an acute renal failure with Rhabdomyolysis because of cocaine and heroin use. Cocaine and heroin cause damage to myocyte. Damage to the myocyte leads to an entry of sodium ...

Introduction

Down syndrome also referred to as trisomy 21 is a genetic abnormality that is associated with a chromosomal condition characterized by the availability of a third chromosome 21 copy either in part or fully . The disorder is usually manifested by slow cognitive capabilities, slight to moderate intellectual debility, hypotonia in infancy and weak muscle tenor. . Physical characteristics encompass distinctive facial characteristics such as a flat facial outline, eyes slanting upwards, macroglossia, epicanthic eyelids, flat nasal bridge, small limbs, petite body frame, palmer crease, microgenia and smaller heads compared to the body frame . The slow cognitive capabilities are usually manifested by a major delay ...

Community Health Nurse

Hypothyroidism is a clinical syndrome in which there is either deficiency or absence of thyroid hormone in the body. This manifests as a decrease in the metabolic rate in the body, which is seen as a slowing in physical and mental activity in the body. (Orlander, 2013) Thyroid function is controlled by two other organs, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. A defect in function of any of these two organs can lead to hypothyroidism. Moreover, localized disease of the thyroid gland itself can also lead to hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is usually a primary pathology in which there is inability of the thyroid ...

Abstract

Since the development of fast foods or processed foods in the 1970s and the evolving nature of human life, obesity became a global pandemic, attacking not just the developed nations but also the developing nations. Outdoor activities and healthy meals are now replaced by fatty foods and the internet. A few would develop obesity due to a medical condition or health problem, which may also put them at risk to obesity-related health complications. As a result of this, increase of obesity and obesity-related complications are recorded each year as it gradually increases around the globe. While many complain with the slow development ...

Notably, obesity has been a social challenge facing our nation in the recent years. The cases of obesity have tripled over the past year and this has raised concern in the health community. Obesity occurs when one takes in more fat than the body can synthesize through the normal activities. The body stores those extra calories in the form of fat and the cumulative process leads to obesity. The NHLBI has conducted showing that due to the recent economic crisis hitting the nation, cases of obesity are expected to rise even more in the next two years (NHLBI Obesity Education ...

Abstract

Depression refers to a mental condition that is characterized by several symptoms that include but are not limited to: lethargy, isolation, prolonged periods of sadness, sudden emotional outburst such as crying for no particular reason, bouts of rage, self destructive tendencies such as cutting or biting, anxiety, paranoia, loss of appetite or unusual increase in appetite characterized by binge eating, insomnia and hostility. Recent estimates indicate that 1 out of every 10 individuals in the United States in termed as clinically depressed. The study also found that those likely to e depressed are: persons without any source of income, those ...