Essays on Ingestion

Things remembered recalled children’s jewelry from the market on July 19, 2016. The recall is referenced by the Recall Number 16-228. According to the United States Consumer Product Safety commission’s website, the reason behind the decision to recall was a violation of lead standards for children products. Specifically, the product subjected to the recall included the silver heart bracelets and the sweet charm necklaces for children. Silver heart bracelets are six inches long each of which has ten silver hearts linked by circle links. Besides, it has a lobster claw clasp for its closure and one charm ...

The number of people on the planet continues to increase and with them, the need for more and more nutritious food grows. For that reason, scientists seek research to genetically change plants and animals to provide medicine, good, and organisms not for consumption. As the public is exposed to information on genetically modified organisms (GMOs), strong opinions are forged concerning the safety of eating them. Questions arise over the risks presented to human beings and the environment, if GMOs are really necessary to supply the world with adequate amounts of food, if there are alternatives, and what surrounding ethical ...

Introduction

In 2006, an apartment complex that included a playground was built on a piece of land that was the site of a metal processing plant that operated between 1930’s and 1950’s before going out of business. Due the above reason, the land had to be assessed for any carcinogenic heavy metals. There are so many potential heavy metals that could have hazardous effects on people’s health, but the assessment mainly focused on cadmium. This is because cadmium was the most common metal used in the plant while it was operational and the metal has both carcinogenic ...

Abstract

Eating habits at the fast food joints by the university students was assessed, and conclusions were made on the same.  The aim of carrying out this research is to determine and learn the changes related to eating behavior of students in tertiary education colleges. The motivation statement under abstract is to determine how college students are affected directly or indirectly by their eating habits. To determine the result, students in different departments were interviewed and asked to fill in open or close- ended questionnaires. After conducting the study, various findings were reached. Through the student’s poor eating habits, ...

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) refers to a chronic bacterial infection of cattle that distresses some species of mammals. It is a substantial zoonosis that may spread to humans, mainly via the consumption of unpasteurized milk or the inhalation of aerosols. In developed nations, eradication initiatives have eliminated or reduced tuberculosis in cattle. As a result, human disease is currently rare. Nevertheless, reservoirs in wildlife may cause eradication challenging. Bovine tuberculosis remains popular in underdeveloped nations, and severe economic losses may take place from livestock mortalities, trade restrictions, and chronic disease. In some circumstances, this disease can similarly be a grave ...

SCIENTIFIC OPINION ON GUIDANCE ON THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN THE FOOD AND FEED CHAIN

INTRODUCTION

Food and feed can contain of elements that have internal structures that can be measured on the nanoscale for example micelles, liposomes or micelles that occur naturally. Nanomaterials is used to categorize materials according to their size. Application of nanotechnology in agriculture can contribute to improved better pest management and protection of crops through better distribution of the agrochemicals and pesticides, growth agents or hormones. It is also applied in genetic engineering, sensors that are used in monitoring ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Dr. Albert Hofmann, a Swiss synthetic chemist, was born on January 11, 1906 (Luke, 2006). He was not from an economically stable family, and sometimes, due to the illness of his father, he was forced to work. He graduated from University of Zürich, and in 1929, he got his doctoral degree in medicinal chemistry (Pallardy, n.d.). After completion of graduation, he started working with Sandoz as a Director Pharmaceutical-Chemical Research Laboratories Basel (Fusar-Poli & Borgwardt, 2008). During his work in the company, he was associated with the synthesis of compounds that are commonly found in medicinal ...

While the possible risks of using chemical substances for recreational purposes are well documented, these risks are, for the most part, personal and do not have an impact on other people. Of course, drugs can also lower one’s inhibitions resulting in dangerous actions, but if such actions are minimized, the dangers are low. For this reason, I believe that there is nothing wrong with the use of drugs for recreational purposes. In fact, some chemical substances that are legal, such as alcohol and tobacco, pose greater potential risks than illegal drugs. In particular, marijuana use creates less of ...

Q1

Tetanus

It is a disease caused by bacteria known as clostridium tetani. It affects the nervous system leading to muscle contractions. Tetanus has no cure. We use antibiotics to prevent its complications.

Common cold

It is a viral infection affecting the upper respiratory tract. Viruses spread through droplets. Antibiotics cannot be used to treat common cold.

Influenza

It is also a viral disease affecting the upper respiratory tract. It is also known as the flu. Treatment is use of antiviral drugs (Krasner and Shors).

Cholera

It is an acute infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water characterized by diarrhea and vomiting. ...

Abstract

Food safety remains a serious issue in public health. Foodborne disease is the main threat to public health. It occurs when food gets contaminated with pathogens and is then ingested into the body. Food contamination occurs when there is a flaw in the food handling process that allows food to get into contact with the pathogens. Many efforts have been made to deal with food contamination. However, the food industry still faces many challenges some of which are emerging challenges. The dairy sectors are one of the sectors in the food industries facing numerous challenges. Nevertheless, it is one ...

Chlorine is used in water treatment to reduce or eradicate microorganisms, for instance, bacteria or viruses found in water (EPA, 2011). The use of chlorine for the treatment of drinking water has significantly reduced the risks or exposures to water-borne infections or diseases. Besides, the supplies of safe or treated drinking water are paramount for the health as well as the general well-being of the public. Untreated water sources, for example, streams, boreholes, dams, wells, or rain water can harbor certain harmful or dangerous microorganisms, which when consumed may cause serious infections such as cholera, dysentery, or typhoid, as ...

Question1

An animal is a multi-cellular organism with cells that are not enclosed in a rigid cell wall. Animals differ from other organisms in two major aspects: 1) through the structure of their cell wall and (2) through their feeding habits. For example, unlike other organisms, such as plants, animals do not have a rigid cell wall. Plants on the other hand have a rigid cell wall. In terms of nutrition, animals are heterotrophs because of the way they synthesize organic compounds. Plants, on the other hand, are autotrophs. Plants are classified as autotrophs because they synthesize organic molecules directly using energy from ...

Question 1

Stress and blood sugar levels are closely linked. Stress may be caused by various environmental factors. This is especially common in today’s society that comprises of things occurring at high speeds. When the body is under severe stress, the body releases stress hormones, such as cortisol. Stress hormones cause an automatic increase in the level of blood sugar. Adrenalin, which is released during instances of flight and flight, has a similar effect. The main reason for this kind of functionality is to enable the body to have sufficient energy to react to the cause of the stress. Under ...

Influence of Coffee on Exercise

Caffeine is a pharmacologically active substance that is consumed extensively around the world today. Various dietary sources of caffeine include coffee, tea, chocolate, carbonated drinks and energy beverages (Goldstein et al., “International society” 2010). Among these dietary sources, coffee is the most significant and widely consumed source of caffeine around the world in the present times. Statistics from North America and Europe show that around 90% of the adults consider themselves as regular coffee drinkers and their average caffeine intake adds up to approximately 200mg per day (Pesta et al., 2013). Chemically, caffeine is 1, 3, 7,-trimethylxanthine i.e. ...

Chemical’s Name: Streptozotocin

This exercise is intended to help you gain and learn information about the potentially hazardous chemicals or materials in your work area. - First, identify the chemicals and materials used in your work area. - Locate the specific material data safety sheet (MSDS) for each of these materials. - Using the MSDS and other appropriate resources, complete the following exercise.

FILL IN THE BLANK

- Streptozotocin is the name of the material. - It is manufactured by Cayman Chemical Company. - If this material is flammable or combustible, there is NO DATA regarding the flash point. - ...

Corruption

The definition of corruption is the misuse of public power for private profits. We can see this occurrence in large firms or enterprises. We can also see this in most of the activities regulated by the government. To speak more about corruption, it is scanning off money for their own profits. We can see these conditions where organisation don’t work properly because of which normal people have to money for their problems to be solved. Corruption stages will differ among a country side for various sorts. For example, there can also be minoroutstanding corruption during a country with a comparatively clean ...

Abstract

Three distinct variables were theorized and examined in the parameters on the outcome of the productivity of the lactase enzyme. The assessment of the temperature, substrate composition and the pH were reviewed in this experiment. The pH values were recorded over time. The effect of the pH on the lactase production in addition to the qualities of the substrate identity and the temperature were documented. In consideration of the findings of the experiment, it was discovered that a pH between 5 - 7 is the most suitable pH for the production of lactase. In this lab report, the works of ...

Abstract

Cocaine has a variety of physiological manifestations. Cocaine is a local anesthetic that was discovered in the sixteenth century. The characteristic of being a local anesthetic is the primary attribute for its application in medicine. There are a number of compounds that have been recently created that are more effective than cocaine for the purposes of anesthesia. Cocaine also has the characteristic of being a potent vascoconstrictant. The applications of vascoconstrictant are effective for the implementation of throat and nose surgery. The application of cocaine in the nose and throat areas has the characteristic of deterring bleeding. Cocaine also has influence over the sympathetic ...

Summary

Introduction The two articles focus on researches that were conducted so as to get some viable findings that involved analyzing the effects of amino acids and carbohydrates of muscular adaptations under different circumstances. Summary In the research by Ferreiraa et al. (2014), the most beneficial strategy of improving the performance of muscles is through the intake of nutrients, especially carbohydrates and protein during peri-exercise. Several methods and materials were used before coming to this conclusion. The methods used were supplementation protocol, experimentation approach and pretesting analysis. Resistance exercise protocol, muscle biopsies and blood sampling were highly ...

The morning cup of coffee and all its varieties, is under a constant scrutiny for its impacts on health and cognition of consumers. Various studies have tried to showcase the effects of caffeine on the functioning of human body; in the present essay we will discuss some of the health benefits of coffee based on existing scientific research. Coffee is derived from the dried, roasted, and crushed seeds of the coffee plant. Coffee beans are rich in caffeine, antioxidants and various other phytochemicals. Studies show that the phytochemicals derived from coffee play a significant role in lowering neurodegenerative disease risk(Mikuls ...

Introduction

Prussian blue was discovered by Diesbach and Dippel between 1704 and 1707 in Berlin and was initially used as a synthetic pigment. The new pigment of Prussian blue was less expensive but readily produced unlike the other blue pigments initially used during the blue color paintings. 1 Evidential document provides that Prussian blue was produced in Berlin between 1708 to 1716 by Frisch and Diesbach. Selling of Prussian blue was initially done by Frisch. Dippel also produced the compound while he was in Netherlands until 1714. Frisch and Diesbach attempted to keep the secrecy of the production of Prussian blue ...

Section 1, Identification

Product identifier: 1750-x Manufacturer: Statlab Medical Products Inc Manufacturer address: 23654 Telephone number: 256235 Emergency phone number: 5895622 Recommended use - use within the controlled environment of a laboratory. Restrictions on use - for laboratory use only Section 2, Hazard(s) identification The chemical contains formaldehyde that is a suspected carcinogenic. If an individual is exposed to the chemical, it may lead to eye, skin, and the respiratory system irritation. If there is contact with the chemical, one should use plenty of water to wash it off the region of contact and then ...

Article review: Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update Robert Cooper, Fernando Naclerio, Judith Allgrove, and Alfonso Jimenez

Currently, a lot of research exists on creatine supplementation, the protocols involved administering it, forms in which it exists and its potential side effects. In spite of these, there is uncertainty concerning the mechanisms through which creatine acts while in the human body to improve cognitive and physical performance. This review had a main objective of analyzing some of the more recent findings on the various effects and the mechanisms applied in creatine supplementation in health and sports. A secondary ...

Introduction

The existence of Cane toads in Australia has become a pertinent issue to the question of whether it propagates or impedes sustainability in the country. Various suggestions and views have been expressed from different quotas by the relevant theorists, researchers, and academicians. As such, it evokes various sustainability issues, including diversity, population increase, and predation among other aspects in the country. This paper will discuss the Cane Toads in relation to its advantages and shortcomings in the country’s sustainability quest. Evidently, the main focus of this discussion will be centered in Australia due to that fact that Cane Toads ...

Toxic chemicals released from industries are serious pollutants of the environment. The United States Environmental Protection Agency keeps track of the chemicals that are released every year in different areas of the nation (See Table 1).

List of chemicals released in Fairfax County in 2013

Source: Releases: Chemical Report. United States Environment Protection Agency, 2013. Web. 01 October 2014.

Lead

Lead (Pb) is an odourless, tasteless metal that has a bluish-gray colour. Though lead is a naturally- occuring metal on the earth’s crust, it is considered to be toxic to the environment and human-beings at increased concentrations.

Sources of lead pollution

Lead is released into the atmosphere as a result of a variety of human activities. ...

Warfarin as used in medicine

Warfarin is a drug that serves as an anticoagulant; it is most commonly used in the medical field to prevent thrombosis which is the formation of blood clots and thromboembolism which is the migration of these clots to other parts of the body. It is also used in the management of deep vein thrombosis, arterial fibriation and pulmonary embolism.[1] This drug is a derivative of dicoumarol a 4-hydroxycoumarin-derived mycotoxin anticoagulant that was discovered in spoiled animal feeds that are made using sweet clover.[2] The recommended dosage is 10mg of warfarin for urgent anticoagulation, after that a maintenance dosage of 5mg ...

Introduction

Death with dignity is certainly the first death act in the decade involving Oregon’s physician-assisted Act which was passed on November 4 by voters in Washington. This act is symbolic as it is the second act that permits physicians to assist ill patients in terminating their lives through prescribing poisonous doses of medication. ‘Death with dignity’ is modeled following Oregon’s law that includes certain safeguards designed to protect both patients and physicians. Enacted on October 27, 1997, Death with Dignity Act allows ailing Oregonians to terminate their lives using unpaid self-administration of lethal medications, specifically prescribed by a ...

Cocaine is an illicit drug that is made from the leaves of the coca plant. Cocaine can be manufactured in several. A common method involves copping the coca leaves and mixing this with ammonia and lime. Following this, the mixture is placed into barrels with diesel gasoline. The active component of cocaine dissolves into the gasoline and the gasoline is filtered out from the rest of the mixture that is discarded. Sulfuric acid is then mixed with the diesel mixture. This allows for the formation of cocaine sulfate. The cocaine sulfate is then mixed with more lime to neutralize ...

Cardiomyopathy is the measurable impairment of the myocardium function for any cause, normally causing heart failure. Cardiomyopathy is commonly associated with signs such as dyspnea also referred to as shortness of breath, and legs swelling also referred to as peripheral edema. Persons suffering from cardiomyopathy are usually at risk of severe kinds of irregular heart beat as well as rapid cardiac death (Kasper). There are several types of Cardiomyopathy including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, among others. Dilated cardiomyopathy is the commonest type of cardiomyopathy that, in most cases, affects grownups between the ages of ...

There have been a huge number of cases of synthetic drug use in Baltimore. The names that are commonly used to refer to the drugs are Bath Salts, K2 and Spice. The youths are the most vulnerable group. The number of youths using synthetic drugs has exhibited an increasing trend. In 2010, there were less than ten teens involved in the use of synthetic drugs. This increased to over 20 youths in 2011. Among the 20 cases that were reported to the Maryland Poison Center, an institution that is run by the Maryland School of Pharmacy, one of the youths ...

Introduction

Caffeine is an ingredient in a variety of beverages including coffee, tea, chocolate drinks, cola drinks. Caffeine is also included in some prescription medications (McKinley Health 2004). Caffeine has long been regarded as an ergogenic aid as it has been shown to increase muscle contractibility, aerobic endurance and enhancement of fat metabolism. (McKinley Health 2004). Caffeine acts as a mild stimulant to the central nervous system and the effects of caffeine can be modulated by the subject’s age and body mass (McKinley Health 2004). Caffeine has been shown to improve performance, including endurance, when taken prior to exercise (Ryu et ...

Regulation of body pH occurs either through pH regulation or pH compensation. Regulation occurs as a combined effort of buffer systems, and respiratory and renal systems. Normal metabolism produces acidic wastes, for example, carbonic and lactic acid. These products increase acidity of body fluids and cause a shift in body pH away from the normal alkaline nature. Buffers help to prevent the shift towards an acidosis, and hence maintain pH of the blood and the body. Buffers also facilitate maintenance of narrow pH ranges of body fluids. Maintenance of this narrow range is crucial since biochemical reactions are affected by concentration ...

Overconsumption of Sucrose and Fructose may contribute to certain types of Cancer 1. Introduction Though it is hard to establish, the link between cancer and glucose does exist. This is especially disturbing given the fact that the link between diabetes and glucose has been of particular interest to the science community for the past three decades. The bottom line is that most of the problematic cum chronic illnesses in the world today are to a large extent lifestyle diseases. In fact, research has advanced to the extent that the link between strains of diabetes and those of cancer ...

Wd Count: 1472

Introduction

Dextropropoxyphene is a drug used as a painkiller. The mild opioid can alleviate long-term or short-term pains. Dextropropoxyphene is an opioid that is a morphine-related drug. It acts on the neural system in the spine and the brain and hence relieves pain. The drug has been available for use by blending it with other drugs or on its own. In the recent past, use of the drug has been rejected by several countries, among them Australia, because of safety reasons. In Australia, the drug has been recently in March 2012 following discoveries that Dextropropoxyphene can cause changes in the electrical activity ...

Vitamins are essential organic nutrients required in minute amounts for the body's optimal functioning. They could be water soluble or fat soluble. Water soluble vitamins include; vitamins Band C, while the fat soluble vitamins are; Vitamins A, D,E,K. Vitamin A was the first fat soluble Vitamin to be discovered in 1913.

Vitamin A's structure is depicted to the right. Retinol is the precursor of of retinal and retinoic acid. Both are active metabolites of retinol. Retinal plays an important role in vision while retinoic acid is the intracellular messenger which affects the transcription of some gene( Bates ...

Obesity refers to the excess accumulation of body fat to levels that can have adverse effects on the health of individuals (World Health Organization 63). This often leads to reduced life expectancy and increased health complications among victims. One is considered obese if their BMI index is between 25 and 30.These ones are considered to be pre-obese, while for people whose BMI is above 30 are considered obese. Obesity cases have in the recent past increased in the United States, a situation which most doctors say is attributed to the lifestyle and the food consumption of majority of the victims ( ...

Introduction

Vegetarianism is the practice of consuming plant-based diets such as fruits, vegetables, without or with the inclusion of eggs or dairy products, and with the ruling out of meat including poultry, seafood and red meat. At the same time, abstaining from animal slaughter by-products, such as animal-derived gelatin and rennet, may as well be put into practice but vegetarianism may be implemented for diverse reasons. Numerous American skeptics refrain from eating meat out of reverence for better healthy life but such moral enthusiasm has been codified under a variety of religious viewpoints, together with the perception of animal rights. But ...

I. Introduction to exercise

Every year, nearly over 300,000 deaths are accredited to inappropriate diet and devoid of exercise, and a sedentary lifestyle has for long been recognized as an autonomous risk dynamic for cardiovascular disease. Even though physical dormancy escalates risk for both morbidity and all-cause mortality, it is one influence wherein alteration can create dramatic enhancements in health. Systematic exercise has been revealed to develop lipid aberrations, diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypertension control, with the paramount benefits recognized by sedentary persons who start to exercise (Braith et.al, 1995). Nonetheless, reactions to exercise interventions are regularly extremely adjustable among persons, and research ...

Several scientific and non-scientific articles have been blamed this sweetener, HFCS, as a grave sponsor of the mounting obesity rate in the United States and other nations that use it. Customary corn syrup usually has glucose as the major constituent at100 percent. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate that is the principal sugar employed by the cells of the human body for energy production. HFCS is not similar to the usual corn syrup. It is produced by utilizing an enzyme to transform glucose to fructose, a similar simple sugar but an isomer to glucose. An amalgam is then generated between this novel ingredient ...

Introduction

Glucose- a monosaccharide- is one of the simplest sugars utilized as a primary source of energyat the cellular level. Glucose is essential because some vital organs such as the brain and the red blood cells wholly rely on it as an energy source.

With reference to glucose metabolism, the glycolytic pathway(figure 1) offers the fastest means to energy production. Hence in case of energy deficit the body will break down any available glucose prior to utilizing other sources of energy such as amino acids, pyruvate and glycerol. Glucose is usually preserved in the body as glycogen (polysaccharide) especially in the ...

INTRODUCTION

General overview

Preparation of yoghurt takes place through milk fermentation process with various cultures of bacteria comprising of streptococcus subspecies mixed with lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies and thermophiles (Barbano, 2009). Basically, yoghurt comes in two types: distilled and set (Augustin et al., 2003). The author further explains there is a difference in the main procedure through which these yogurts are manufactured. In the set yoghurt (inclusive of fruit on the bottom), the formation takes place in retail pots as the fermentation of the lactic acid bacteria proceeds into lactic acid generating a structure of continuous gel in the container of the consumer. ...

Background information on Giardia

Giardia is luminal intestinal flagellated protozoan parasite. Giardia lamblia( also known as G. intestinalis or G. duodenalis) is the most common species that usually exhibits a typical fecal-oral lifecycle. Giardia lamblia) colonizes the upper portions of the small intestine and is the most common protozoan isolated from human stools. The prevalence is estimated at 200 million clinical cases per year [ CITATION Annd3 \l 1033 ]. Giardia lamblia exists in two forms, an active form called a trophozoite, and an inactive form called a cyst. The active trophozoite attaches to the lining of the small intestine with a "sucker" and is responsible for causing ...