Essays on Intellectual Disability

This paper is about Freddie Lee Hall and the review of the case Hall v Florida No. 12-10882 (2014), with reference to Atkins v Virginia. Mr. Hall committed multiple crimes of rape, kidnap, robbery and murder, although with an accomplice in 1978. There was an effort to refute his claims of being intellectually challenged because of the degree of planning needed to conduct such a robbery and also a consideration of the fact that he had an IQ score of 71. Automatically, the fact that he killed two people, one of them a deputy, should have gotten him a ...

Down syndrome was said to be the first intellectual disability syndrome and, at the same time, the most common form of genetic intellectual disability. People started to become aware of this syndrome when Esquirol (1845) wrote about it, although it was Down (1887) who first created an accurate description of the said syndrome (Scorza et al., 2011, p.719). It is one of the most common congenital chromosome anomaly, in which there happens to be “one extra copy of chromosome 21 in cells in the body” (Down Syndrome Ireland, 2013, p.3). This irregularity may thus, affect the physical and intellectual ...

Introduction

The issues of whether or not to treat juveniles or minors the same ways as adults when they commit a crime is a delicate one and has been debated for decades. Many authoritative figures believe they should be treated in a similar manner. However, there are many researchers that feel differently, believing that charging a child with what many consider an “adult crime” could affect the rest of their life and leave them with no hope of redemption. When making such a life-changing decision a judge or jury should already understand the social, biological, and psychological factors that differ ...

Abstract

This paper presents the research study on a public relation campaign run for positive motivation and psychological perspective of the children with physical disabilities. The paper discusses the background of the campaign #ToyLikeMe and how public relation and other communication tools falling under the umbrella of public relation helped campaign reach to millions of people across the world. The paper utilizes the knowledge of internal and external markets, launch and openings, promotional materials, social media, visuals and images and other tools to understand the importance of communication as one of the most effective strategies for the success of a ...

Introduction

Deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill involves the replacement of isolated psychiatric hospitals where patients stay for a long time before they are integrated back to the community. Deinstitutionalization has two most important aspects: reduction of the number of individuals in mental institutions by releasing them and reduction of both admission and re-admission rates in such facilities. The intention is to ensure that the number of patients retained in such facilities for long term stay is minimized as much as possible (Valentine & DeAngelo, 2016). Deinstitutionalization is a good community practice because it prevents isolation of a particular group of people ...

Introduction

The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is one of the most essential diagnostic as well as classification tools used in clinical practice especially in psychiatry, research and other related fields. The tool serves as an authoritative guide in regard to the diagnosis that can used to determine the appropriate the treatment for various mental disorders (Jacob & Patel, 2014). In the light of this, the tool contains various descriptions, symptoms as well as other criteria that is used in the diagnosis of various mental disorders encountered in clinical practice. On the one hand, the tool provides a ...

One of the aspects that were of interest to me in this article was the strategies that are put to ensure that there are efforts made in acquiring informed consent from persons with intellectual disabilities. Through analyzing the article, I wanted to understand new ideas that could possibly improve the manner of conducting the research that involve persons with intellectual disabilities. Through proper analysis and examining the mythology used, I wanted to establish an effective strategy for ensuring informed consent among persons with intellectual in regard to their medical condition.

The study’s methodology entailed interviewing strategically selected candidates. ...

According to , Intellectual disabilities, which were once referred to as mental retardation, are characterized by “below average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn new skills, from mild to profound”. The cause of these disabilities range from; genetic conditions like, Down’s syndrome and fragile X syndrome; problems during pregnancy, such as alcohol or drugs, malnutrition, certain infections etc; problems during childbirth like low oxygen tension; and illness like meningitis, whooping cough, measles or injuries like head injury, near-drowning, extreme malnutrition etc. Of the above ...

Discussion assignment

This interview is conducted in a college setting, and the method used face to face. There are two participants, the nurse as the interviewee and I as the interviewer. This interview will respond to the question of teaching, technology, and evaluation of lessons taught in the nursing college.

Interview

Question 1

Response As a mentor of future and current generations of nurses, one major role is to design, implement, evaluate and revise academic programs to ensure quality education. Since health care is ever changing, we ensure we design a curriculum to fit with this trend. The curriculum is designed to fit the ...

Health practitioners engage in educative campaigns from time to time as a way of promoting health among the people. The goal and objective of the patient education are to influence and effect behavior change that will lead to better health. Practitioners offer different lessons to the community and the patients. The purpose for carrying the lessons explained below is to educate the various health stakeholders on matters concerning their health, in this case intellectual; challenges. The rationale of the studies is to ensure that the various health stakeholders understand all the issues regarding their health, how to improve it, to ...

Other Details

Introduction Of all the laws of the nation with regard to education, NCLB (No Child Left Behind) and IDEA (Individual with Disabilities Education Act) are unequivocally the most important. Together these two acts ensure the future of the nation’s young population. NCLB ensures that all children receive education irrespective of race, economic status, or other discrimination. And IDEA provides for the special needs of children with disabilities. NCLB also includes children with disabilities. As far as school education is concerned these laws take care of all students in the United States. But are these laws alone enough ...

- What theory or theories of crime best justifies or justify the imposition of capital punishment There are several legal theories that justify capital punishment in many jurisdictions. In such a punishment, the state puts one to death as a punishment for the crimes they may have committed. Legally, only capital offenses can attract capital punishments. The death sentence has always elucidated various reactions from the public, with some opposing it, and others support it. For instance, as of 2014, only 58 nations in the world actively practiced this punishment. 98 countries have so far abolished the punishment because it ...

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II:

Issues Related to Result Interpretation and Test Validity Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II: Issues Related to Result Interpretation and Test Validity The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II (Vineland-II; Sparrow, Cicchetti & Balla, 2004) is a psychometric test used to measure adaptive behavior. Adaptive behavior is defined as the ability to achieve a level of personal independence and social responsibility consistent with expected levels from individuals cultural and age group (Perry & Factor, 1989). The Vineland-II test is comprised of four domains of adaptive behavior: (1) Communication, (2) Daily Living, (3) Socialization, and (4) Motor Skills. The Maladaptive Behavior Index measures maladaptive behaviors, ...

Intellectual Disability/Mental Retardation

Intellectual disability is a generalized disorder that often appears before the onset of adulthood. This disorder is characterized impaired cognitive functioning as well as deficits that occur in either one or two adaptive behaviors. The condition was previously known as mental retardation, although the term was deemed disparaging and politically incorrect, hence the change into the more sensitive name. People with intellectual disability lack the skills that are necessary for daily life activities. However, these people can learn, and do actually learn new skills, although this is achieved at a slower rate compared to people without the disability. This is conceptualized ...

The Article: Providing an earlier warning of Emerging Drug Trends: the Fore Var System by Jane Mounteney and Siv-Elin Leirvang

In the analysis, the author postulates that the Fore Var System is one of the information systems that is anchored on the recommendations and research findings of EMCDD study. Unlike other information systems, the Fore Var System was invented to render and disseminate swift information, timely identification and regulate drug patterns in the environs of Bergen City (Mounteney & Leirvang, 2004). In other words, the Fore Var System is an effective local-regulating system that analyses, reports and monitors data about drug patterns in the city after six months. The system is an essential component for the policy makers and other ...

Autism is a neural development disorder that is characterized by an impaired social interaction. It also affects the verbal and non-verbal communication. It affects information processing in the brain and it shows symptoms as early as before 3 years of age with 90 % of all showing sensory impairment (Geschwind DH, 2009). As everyone else, children with autism are entitled to leisure and recreation activities. Brewster and Coleyshaw (2011) noted that leisure is very important to all people and lack of it can lead to loneliness, dissatisfaction, boredom, depression, anxiety, and suicidal emotions. This is why I choose this topic. ...

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Visually Impaired

A visual impaired individual is one who looses the function of vision, which occurs when a part of the eye or the brain that processes images becomes diseased or damaged. Visual impairment is a situation where a person has sight problem that cannot be rectified by the use of glasses or contact lenses. The human eye has an iris that regulates the amount of light passing through the pupil. It also has a cornea that focuses light, and a retina that changes the light signals into nerve signals that form an image when sent to the brain. When the retina or the optic nerve ...

1.0 Introduction Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition caused by trisomy 21 (the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two). Although the actual cause of Down syndrome remains unknown, several risk factors increase the chances of a baby being born with the disorders. The primary risk factor, is the maternal, with about 80% of the cases of Down syndrome occurring in babies born by women above the age of 35. Other risk factors are genetic predisposition (indicated by siblings, another baby or parent with Down syndrome), immunologic problems, hormonal abnormalities, viral infection or x-rays. The risk ...

Worldwide mental retardation (MR) is one of the most common conditions affecting 1 to 3% of the general population. Clinically the symptoms differ from one individual to the other as it depends on the severity of the condition (Mental Retardation, 2010; Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation), 2011; Intellectual disability, 2013). However, few common symptoms associated with MR are as follows: - The intellectual developing milestones are not meet as expected. - Common features shown by the individuals with MR includes unable to do the routine activities independently, impetuous, passive, causing injury to self, inconvincible, rude behavior, frustrated and ...

Introduction

Growth and development is an umbrella term for everything that happens to an organism after a certain period of time that leads to maturity. Human growth and development are two terms that are usually misinterpreted and at times, interchanged. It would be important to know as early as now that these two terms do not carry the same meaning and are therefore not interchangeable. Growth refers to the process wherein part of an organism’s body increases in size, diameter, or length. One practical example of growth that typically occurs in humans is the increase in the size, diameter, and ...

References

Abel, G., & Wiegel, M. (2009). Visual Reaction Time: Development, Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Beyond. Sex offenders: Identification, risk assessment, treatment, and legal issues (pp. 110-113). USA: Oxford University Press. Ackerman, A. (2011). Sex offenders, female. In Stange, M., Oyster, C., & Sloan, J. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Women in Today’s World. (pp. 1308-1310). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412995962.n744. Basile, K. C., Chen, J., Black, M. C., & Saltzman, L. E. (2007). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence victimization among U.S. adults, 2001-2003. Violence and Victims, 22(4), 437-448. Brand, J. (2009). The best kept secret: Mother-daughter ...

Intellectual disability

The American Association of Intellectual and development disabilities defines intellectual disability or mental retardation as that form of disability that is characterized by significant limitations of both functional and intellectual behavior that is generally expressed in the social, adaptive and conceptual skills. It’s generally known to originate before the child reaches the age of 18 years.

Hardman, Drew and Egan, in their book, ‘Human Exceptionality: School, Community and Family’ adopt the above definition, with an assertion that the extend of the disability or rather the severity of the condition is influenced by the individuals participation and their interactions ...

Learning disabilities

Learning disabilities are troubles, related to the brain of a child which affect the brain’s competence to learn, receive, analyze, memorize and in concentrating. The symptoms of learning disabilities are developed in a child at very early age though they may not be recognized before a child reaches schools. Parents and teachers may play a huge role in the whole episode since a child spends maximum time in the house with parents and with teachers in the school. Learning disabilities are found in different forms and may vary from child to child. Dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, dyspraxia, aphasia, Auditory Processing Disorder, and Visual Processing ...

A mini thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Curationis in Psychiatry, University of the Western Cape.

ABSTRACT Within South Africa there is a growing need for qualified Professional Nurses, as mental health nursing has consistently emerged as an unpopular career choice within the comprehensive nursing program (R425). Nurses that have completed the R425 program report fear, mistrust, and dislike of the mentally ill as reasons for not pursuing a career in mental health nursing. As such, the nursing profession struggles to attract graduates into this discipline. Professional nurses with additional training in mental ...

Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior

According to American Association of Mental Retardation, intelligence is the general mental capability (2002). Mental capability is the ability of an individual to plan, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. From a teacher of students with intellectual disability (MR) perspective, intelligence is the ability to figure out things by pulling together reasoning, experience, and observation (Dage, 2010). Normally, intelligence is measured using Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Standardized tests, prepared by professionals, are used to measure IQ. An IQ score of 70 or below indicates present of intellectual disability in an individual. Intelligence cannot be taught in ...

Educating Special Needs Students

Intellectual disability is a disability, which mostly originates before the age of eighteen years but may appear at any age. Intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior necessary for everyday social and practical skills (Carlson, 2009). It occurs due to developmental defects before birth or brain injuries during or after birth. Intellectual disability comprises mental retardation, minor intellectual deficits, specific learning disability, brain injuries, and neurodegenerative diseases. Intellectual disabilities impair learner’s conceptual, social, and practical skills. These skills are fundamental for the learning process to take place effectively. For instance, mental retardation ...

Introduction

This study was conducted by Frenkel S. and B. Bourdin. They carried out this research to assess the various memory sytems (short term) from a developmental view of patients of Down’s syndrome (DS). The study compared the patients’ performance to those of normal individuals of similar mental age. Down’s syndrome is the most common cause of Intellectual Disability (ID). Down’s syndrome, also named Trisomy 21, is a genetic condition which is caused by the partial or full presence of an additional 21st chromosome (Frenkel and Bourdin, 2009). The extra chromosomal material delays the development of a child physically and ...

Introduction

Autism is a childhood developmental disorder that affects the brain’s normal development of communication and social skills. It is a physical condition that appears in the first three years of life and is linked with abnormal biochemistry in the brain. The causes of autism are not ascertained but autism is largely attributed to genetic predisposition and the environment. A plethora of research studies have also suspected other causative factors like mercury poisoning, diet and vaccine sensitivity among others but these factors are yet to be proven (Pubmed, 2010). Autism has a variety of symptoms depending on the level of infection ...