Essays on Ionization

Abstract 3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Properties and Uses 4

Sources of CO Emission and Toxicokinetics 4

Exposure Limits for CO, Sampling and Analysis 6 Protocols for Industrial CO Sampling and Analysis 6 Carbon Monoxide in Substance Priority List (SPL) 7 CO Contaminated Superfund Site 8 Carbon Monoxide Explosion Case Study with Recommendations 8 References 10 Abstract Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas, which results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, and has several applications such as effective reducing agent and manufacture of various hydrocarbons. CO is a major indoor air pollutant, and is released when combustion is carried out in confined spaces such as mines ...

The periodic table of elements, by far, stands among the most notable discoveries in the history of chemistry. Nowadays, probably everyone who has ever heard about chemistry heard about the periodic table of elements. Its implications on the scientific world are so enormous that it has even leaked out to the general public and have become associated with the chemistry itself. This is not surprising considering the scientific strength of this instrument. Using the periodic table, many characteristic properties of the elements can be predicted and many phenomena can be explained. This discovery put so much scientific knowledge together, ...

Chlorine is the most common and effective disinfectant at the moment is. Among the chlorine-free water purification methods, ultraviolet radiation, the copper and silver ions, ozonation, the use of preparations of the active oxygen of the organic polymer are widespread. In some cases a combination of above mentioned methods is the most effective. Nowadays, new technologies allow to use following methods for water perification. UV-radiation of a certain wavelength and intensity, when exposed for some time to microorganisms, damages their DNA, making them incapable of reproduction. This principle is based on UV disinfection, it kills even those bacteria which ...

Acids

There are three scientifically correct definitions that define an acid substance. Arrhenius defines an acid as a substance that made up of hydrogen that when dissolved in water breaks apart increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water. Bronsted-Lowry defines an acid as a proton (H+ ion) donor. Lewis describes acids as substances that accept electron pairs. Acids have a sour taste and are highly reactive with metals (Brent, 2009). Nitric acid is used as fertilizers, and hydrochloric acid is used to bricks.

Bases

A basic substance can also be described using definitions from the three authors. Arrhenius ...

Description of the best fire detection equipment to be installed in the Electrical Switchgear Room, Flammable Liquids Room and the Office. The best fire detection system to be installed in the Electrical Switchgear Room is the photoelectric smoke detector (FM Global, 2). This is because cables which are necessary in the Electrical Switchgear Room are mostly insulated with combustible materials which would invariably generate smoke as they burn in the event of a fire (FM Global 1). This type of smoke from such smoldering fires (characteristic of burning plastic/insulating) according to the NFPA can most effectively be detected by ...

Background information

The need for clean water for use by humanity has since time immemorial been an area of concern with scientists and scholars inventing methods that prove to be more efficient than their predecessors. The ultimate goal has always been the removal of undesirable chemicals and pathogens that would, however, render the water unfit for human and industrial consumption. In today’s contemporary society, human activity has culminated into pollution of the natural environment including water catchment areas. This has therefore made water unfit for consumption thereby prompting for more cost-effective and efficient methods for purification of this natural resource. ...

Ionization radiation effects on cells and Tissues

Overview Radiation refers to a method by which energy is transmitted through space. Radiation is caused by electromagnetic waves, with the position of the electronic wave in the electronic spectrum determined by its frequency. The high frequency waves are referred to as the ionizing radiation since they have massive energy to dislocate an electron from its position around a nucleus (Medalia, 2011). The radiation effects on human cells goes through extremely complicated stages. When the human body is subjected to ionizing radiation, there will be ionization of large molecules such as proteins. This may in turn alter the molecular ...

1. Introduction

During early days people do physical work to complete a job. The physical work made by the people made them tired and people time gets wasted. Let us take a construction work. The construction works involves major labors to construct a building, in early days people spends major time to construct a building. The labors have to give more energy to construct the building. Some of the labors even sacrificed their life by accident case inside the building. But today’s technology makes sure that the construction of any type of building can be modeled and executed within a year. Labor also ...

Instrumental Analysis

Mephedrone molecular structure Nephyrone molecular structure There are several structural differences between the three chemical substances that make adrenalin distinguishable from both Mephedrone and Nephyrone. The adrenalin molecular structure has a more stable structure more than both Mephedrone and Nephyrone. The adrenalin structure has an extra OH molecule that makes it distinguishable from the Mephedrone and Nephyrone. Several analytical tests can be used to determine this difference. There are various chromatographic techniques that can be used to test the purity of the adrenalin tablet. The first method is paper chromatography. This chromatographic method is used to analyze ...

How were Uranus's rings discovered?

William Herschel was the first observer to mention that Uranus has a ring system in 1789. It was only a speculation since the astronomers that time could not observe any rings around Uranus. The discovery of the Uranian ring system was observed almost 200 years later by James Elliot, Edward, Dunham, and Douglas Mink in 1977. The discovery of the ring system of Uranus was only an accident when they grabbed the opportunity to observe the atmosphere of the planet using the occultation of the star SAO 158687. In their observations, they found out that the star suddenly disappeared for five ...

Analytical methods to evaluate seed dormancy in legumes

Abstract Legumes are known to have multiple health benefits. The seed coat in particular contains a number of bioactive compounds which possess antioxidant activity. Of great interest is the relationship between the chemical composition of the seed coat and its role in seed dormancy. Modern technological approaches are currently used to further identify these compounds and determine their role in seed development; these include NRIS FTIR, mass spectroscopy, electron microscopy and chromatography. The following review describes the constituents of the legume seed coat and their respective roles in dormancy and other stages of seed development. The review also highlights ...

Investigating the Functions of Proteins

The steps made so far in the process of gene mapping has opened up ways in which more studies are done on the human DNA. ENCODE and Genome researchers have so far sequenced more than 90 genomes. With the understanding of genes and their loci, it has been easier to locate and carry out studies on a single gene. Most genes code for various proteins in the body of an organism; it has become paramount that the roles of these genes be identified and prescribed out. The knowledge of the functions of each gene, or the protein it codes for, ...

[Class Name]

Aim/Objectives The aim of this experiment is to quantify the how much salicylic acid is collected between three different urine samples. A control sample, samples taken from subjects taking sodium bicarbonate to make the urine more basic, and samples from subjects taking ammonium chloride to make the urine more acidic. Using the assays provided, we will attempt to quantify the amount of salicylic present in the urine sample by the concentration and pH level since the ionization of salicylic acid is dependent on urinary pH.

Abstract/Introduction

Salicylic acid, a major component of Aspirin, is a compound used to ease ...

Hemoglobinopathies: Analytic Diagnostic Techniques

Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemia’s are a kind of Genetic disorders caused mainly by a mutation or deletion of Globin genes in Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consist of α or β Amino acid chains. An alteration in α chain production leads to α Thalassemia and alteration in β chain causes β Thalassemia. Hemoglobinopathies on the other hand may be caused due to the structural abnormalities or alteration of amino acid sequences in the Globin genes. These are mainly hereditary and constitute to around 4 to 5% of the world population. (WHO Statistics, 2012) Each year around 250,000 to 300,000 new born children have either hemoglobinopathies or thalassemia. Both ...

Introduction

An enzyme is a protein with catalytic properties in biological systems. During an enzymatic reaction, a substance, called the substrate, binds to the active site of the enzyme and is then turned into one or more substance(s), called the product(s). The enzyme itself is not consumed or altered during the reaction. The enzyme activity depends on factors, including pH, temperature, buffer composition, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors. Enzymes have an optimal pH at which their activity is maximal. pH determines the ionization states of certain amino acids at the active site that are critical ...

Introduction

During the Solubility Product experiment you calculated the Solubility Product, Ksp, for calcium hydroxide, an ionic solid that is sparingly soluble in water. This was achieved by titrating a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 prepared at a certain temperature. The saturated, aqueous, solution of Ca(OH)2 is represented in equation form as shown below.

The equilibrium expression for calcium hydroxide is shown below.

Ksp = [Ca2+][OH–]2 Eq. 1 Equilibrium constants are temperature-dependent and the value of an equilibrium constant can be related to temperature and the Gibbs Free Energy, Gº, through the equation: ∆G°=-RTlnK Eq. 2 In this case we can substitute our ...

D. - The location of the equivalence point on the graph An equivalence volume for the reaction can be determined using the point in the graph with the greatest slope (Clark, 2002). This point was between 14mL and 16mL of NaOH. The equivalence point is determined by the midpoint between the two points, which is 15 mL. - The volume of NaOH added at the endpoint of the titration for the first trial - The volume of NaOH added at the endpoint of the titration for the second trial. The volume of NaOH that ...

Cell phone use has effects and impacts in the long run when health and risks are concerned. Studies have shown that there are effects that are associated with the use of cell phones. There is some amount of electromagnetic radiations that are emitted by all cell phones. This is a point of concern with the way in which mobile phones are used with a close proximity to the head while they are being used. The main point of contention is the amount of radiation that can be considered to be safe and that one which can be considered to be harmful ...

Currently the market has a need for portable water de-ionization units that can be rented or purchased.

Market requirements for leases includes excellent service levels as the cost of down time for an industry is far greater than the actual cost of product. Hydro World is providing the market with a variety of water purification system options from purchasing to production volume to purity. The largest chunk of potential customers requiring our services and products are small companies 70%, large companies 28%, and individuals accounting for the 2%.

Product and Service Description

Prominent trend in modern industries is outsourcing where chief financial officers conclude that it would be cheaper for another body to produce for them products and services. ...